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Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing ProtocolBeacons help establish the drums Beacons are broadcast by drums Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops Dn increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelx@+&S7@+  S76@L6Beacons: Rules of HierarchyA node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node s level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n3&7)3 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. 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S H 6V  `P   P*   H 6[  `   R*  H H 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.tы C;@(  l  C ],@PP   '  <+ m ]Computer Science Technical Report Rice University, 2004 Slides by Ece Gelal and M. Faloutsos^^$A H  0޽h ? 33  `(  l  C *<    l  C (*<p  H  0޽h ? fԇl  p $( L   r  S 0 <    r  S 0 <   H  0޽h ? 33)     i (  l  C P <    l  C  <  X2  0 pp X2  0P  X2  0P @ X2  0P X2  0P  X2  0  X2  0  @X2  0 @X2  0 P pX2  0  X2  0  X2  0 PP X2  0P @X2  0P PX2  0  @  <P   0  <`   1  < P p  2  < `4  3  < v&O LevelH  0޽h ? fԇl  $( | r  S k <    r  S p~ <  H  0޽h ? 33  $(  r  S } <    r  S 0 <p   H  0޽h ? 33   (  d&  r  S p <    l  C  <P P  H  0޽h ? 33  ($(  :7 (r ( S <    r ( S < `  H ( 0޽h ? 33  x(  l  C <    l  C < 0  X  0A ?`8x  <0@10___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  T$DART = Dynamic Address Routing Table%%H  0޽h ? fԇl  D(  Dl D C <    l D C  <   H D 0޽h ? fԇl  0P(  Pl P C PR+<    l P C S+<  H P 0޽h ? fԇl  (  l  C z<    l  C 0|<  H  0޽h ? fԇl  T(  Tl T C P<    l T C <P   H T 0޽h ? fԇl  X(  Xl X C .<    l X C  0<  H X 0޽h ? fԇl   d(  dl d C 0H<    l d C  <P    H d 0޽h ? fԇl  0h(  hl h C Pe<    l h C f<  H h 0޽h ? fԇl  1)@`(  `l ` C 0<    X ` 0A?+0 ` 0@0p * USafari Routing overview"H ` 0޽h ? fԇl  P(  l  C 0<    l  C <  H  0޽h ? fԇl  `(  l  C P<    l  C "<    H  0޽h ? fԇl  p,(  ,r , S p<    l , C <  H , 0޽h ? 33  0A(  0r 0 S @<    r 0 S `<P p  X 0 0A?@  0 0 @ UPDR versus network size"H 0 0޽h ? 33b    (  l  C <      B <p`  X  0A?1`H  0޽h ? fԇlb   ( Lԇl l  C '<#   X  0A?  B) <  H  0޽h ? fԇl  rj(  l  C 0j<    X  0A?    Bm <   X  0A?  H  0޽h ? fԇl  h`( > l  C 0<    X  0A?Pp   B < @   X  0A ?E@    0  0 .Avg. # of hops to LOOK UP a coordinate in DHT.*F/,H  0޽h ? fԇl  (  l  C  <    l  C . <  H  0޽h ? fԇl   L.(  LR L 3 H    L C  H @   <(Algorithm runs after each change in DARTH L 0޽h ? 33  xk(  xR x 3 H    x C  H @   yCA beacon of level n transmits beacon of level n in every tn seconds9H x 0޽h ? 33    |Z( t  |R | 3 H    | C < H @   hTIf prefix matching = n, then use DSR, intra-cell routing. COORDINATE S ARE THE SAME!H | 0޽h ? 33  0((  R  3 H     C @Q H @   6"No additional maintenance overheadH  0޽h ? 33  @T(  R  3 H     C _ H @   bNLookup of a nearby node does not necessitate communication with a distant nodeH  0޽h ? 33  K(  R  3 H     C p H @   YENodes make individual decisions to provide and preserve the hierarchyH  0޽h ? 33  B(  R  3 H     C - H @   P<Each node associates itself with the coordinate of its drum.H  0޽h ? 33  `g(  R  3 H     C @ H @   uaChoose a random number, Listen for collision, if there is collision choose another random number H  0޽h ? 33  P"(  R  3 H     C Pt H @   0Overhead due to drum floods H  0޽h ? 33dxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&V|'%$@!~ bM5εSjP <G?F{MIM&A|-J|<̒{M4U[Z] _9D759>|'%$@!~ bM5εSjP <;49pGCM&A|-J|<̒{M4U[Z] _9D759>|'%$@!~ bM5εSjP ;7$KEb3G0ZE'.s3Ds|9F>n)#85"n)#85"n)#85"6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d%gʚ;<4dddd%gʚ; <4BdBd%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %1ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale .Z'Z<Z]Z'Z.'<]  ContributionSelf-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tabled%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleN!>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing ProtocolBeacons help establish the drums Beacons are broadcast by drums Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops Dn increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelx@+&S7@+  S76@L9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqstuvwxyz{|}~1-level we have fewer clusterheads *W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of HierarchyA node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs*zZ]Zz]/!"*,.012    E = p (  l  C 06<    l  C <   X2  0p@ X2  0X2  0` ` R2  s * R2  s * P dB  <DjJ Pp   <4{\b0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ED_k dB @ <DjJP P P  <h g0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ED_k dB  <DjJ    <p, PU 0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  OD_k+1H  0޽h ? fԇl80___PPT10.tb  D(  Dl D C <    l D C  <   H D 0޽h ? fԇlr7 9Z s |"9D( / 0DTimesca((h@h10DHelvetica((h@h10 DSymbolca((h@h10 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 1'    ' "#$!&% 'b$+Jkdf_b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8 ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d%gʚ;<4dddd%gʚ; <4BdBd%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %1ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale .Z'Z<Z]Z'Z.'<]  ContributionSelf-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tabled%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleN!>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing ProtocolBeacons help establish the drums Beacons are broadcast by drums Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops Dn increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelx@+&S7@+  S76@L9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads *W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of HierarchyA node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs*zZ]Zz]/!"*,.012    E = p (  l  C 06<    l  C <   X2  0p P X2  0@X2  0` ` pR2  s *  R2  s *  PdB  <DjJ Pp   <4 p0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ED_k dB @ <DjJP P P  <h)D 0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  ED_k dB  <DjJ @   <p, PU 0___PPT106___PPT9B___PPTMac11   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography  OD_k+1H  0޽h ? fԇl80___PPT10.tbr["9g s 7"s9mPD( / 0DTimesca((h@h10DHelvetica((h@h10 DSymbolca((h@h10 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 1'    ' "#$!&% 'b$+Jkdf_b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8 ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d%gʚ;<4dddd%gʚ; <4BdBd%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %2ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale .Z'Z<Z]Z'Z.'<]  ContributionSelf-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tabled%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleN!>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol!Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops Dn increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelxG+&S7G+  S7HEL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads *W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of HierarchyA node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs*zZ]Zz]/!"*,.012   ($(  :7 (r ( S <    r ( S < `  H ( 0޽h ? 33r.t s  t9LD( / 0DTimesca((h@h10DHelvetica((h@h10 DSymbolca((h@h10 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 1'    ' "#$!&% 'b$+Jkdf_b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8 ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d%gʚ;<4dddd%gʚ; <4BdBd%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %2ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale .Z'Z<Z]Z'Z.'<]  ContributionSelf-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tabled%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleN!>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelxG+&T7G+  T7HEL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads *W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of HierarchyA node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs*zZ]Zz]/!"*,.012   ($(  :7 (r ( S <    r ( S < `  H ( 0޽h ? 33r) s 91 D( / 0DTimesca((h@h10DHelvetica((h@h10 DSymbolca((h@h10 ` .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 1'    ' "#$!&% 'b$+Jkdf_b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8 ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d%gʚ;<4dddd%gʚ; <4BdBd%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %12ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale .Z'Z<Z]Z'Z.'<]  ContributionSelf-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tabled%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleN!>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell b>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discovery &',  &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelxG+&T7G+  T7HEL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads *W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy(A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1*,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesf7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!   0 $$( (,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %   $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G  B*  $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell:V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#Z&Z%nZjZ5Z    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM        a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointP1-/-   Scalability<PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd$=< $ Overhead 4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.33H   3Mobility]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- ConclusionsProposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. 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 3'    ' "#$!&% '( ) $b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8:; ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d;%gʚ;<4dddd;%gʚ; <4BdBd;%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %4ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc NetworkingFF, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale x.'<]'.'<]  Contribution Self-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tablef%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleTZ!Z>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell d>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discoveryZ Z&Z'Z,ZZ &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelzG+&T7G+  T76GL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads ,W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy (A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1,,,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesh7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!  0  $$((,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %  $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G B* $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell<V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#&%nj5    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM       a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointR1-/-   Scalability <PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd&=Z<$ Overhead  4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths 2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.3Z3H   3Mobility ]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^Z^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- Conclusions Proposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. 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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  3'    ' "#$!&% '( ) $b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8:; ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d;%gʚ;<4dddd;%gʚ; <4BdBd;%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %4ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking FE0, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale x.'<]'.'<]  Contribution Self-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tablef%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleTZ!Z>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell d>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discoveryZ Z&Z'Z,ZZ &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelzG+&T7G+  T76GL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads ,W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy (A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1,Z,Z,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesh7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!  0  $$((,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %  $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G B* $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell<V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#&%nj5    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM       a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointR1-/-   Scalability <PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd&=Z<$ Overhead  4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths 2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.3Z3H   3Mobility ]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^Z^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- Conclusions Proposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs(z]z]/!"*,.012  C;@(  l  C ],P  '  <+ m ]Computer Science Technical Report Rice University, 2004 Slides by Ece Gelal and M. 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 3'    ' "#$!&% '( ) $b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8:; ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d;%gʚ;<4dddd;%gʚ; <4BdBd;%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %4ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking FE0, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale x.'<]'.'<]  Contribution Self-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tablef%/n$;O%/$; O,55 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleTZ!Z>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell d>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discoveryZ Z&Z'Z,ZZ &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelzG+&T7G+  T76GL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads ,W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy (A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1,Z,Z,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesh7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!  0  $$((,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %  $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G B* $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell<V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#&%nj5    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM       a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointR1-/-   Scalability <PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd&=Z<$ Overhead  4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths 2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.3Z3H   3Mobility ]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^Z^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- Conclusions Proposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs(z]z]/!"*,.012  g_@(  l  C ],P  K  <+ _|`___PPT10@8___PPT9xpn___PPTMac11H@ ,namd$ Times Roman  ,namd$ Times Roman  ,namd$ Times Roman  ,namd$ Times Roman  ,namd$ Times Roman  S At Ad/Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 2007 Or Computer Science Technical Report Rice University, 2004 Slides by Ece Gelal and M. 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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  3'    ' "#$!&% '( ) $b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8:; ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d;%gʚ;<4dddd;%gʚ; <4BdBd;%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %25ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking FE0, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale x.'<]'.'<]  Contribution (Self-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Address = concatenation of cluster ids Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tablez%/nK;O%/ %;O>S5 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleTZ!Z>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell d>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discoveryZ Z&Z'Z,ZZ &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelzG+&T7G+  T76GL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads ,W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy (A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1,Z,Z,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesh7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!  0  $$((,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %  $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G B* $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell<V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#&%nj5    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM       a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointR1-/-   Scalability <PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd&=Z<$ Overhead  4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths 2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.3Z3H   3Mobility ]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^Z^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- Conclusions Proposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. 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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  3'    ' "#$!&% '( ) $b$Bbes?l$o_b$A~n3I?5Aΰb$o L1(ltLsTb$JD}-]Nd2;Fb$|2BnOf m@b$]ߊ`98OmB?[,{b$eB0(W[{MLb$Nd_5HxX.;b$_sa_:qѾ'+jc $@8:; ,pʚ;>6ʚ;g4wdwdH8ppp@ <4!d!d;%gʚ;<4dddd;%gʚ; <4BdBd;%ʚ;F X___PPT1080 ___PPT9@8n.ܘՇ\j&PNG  IHDR [AsRGBgAMA7 cHRMz&u0`:pQ<$PLTE333ff33̙3f33ff̙fffE3tRNS0J cmPPJCmp0712ZREIDATWc`dPJB#r*d16QRƉ@yc\d@ OBM]PkZ IENDB`H 0h___PPT2001D<4Xh___PPTMac11@f   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography   ,namd$ Helvetica  ? %25ESelf-Organizing Hierarchical Routing for Scalable Ad Hoc Networking FE0, (ProblemUse of wireless devices is rapidly increasing Decentralized, self organizing systems Current ad hoc routing protocols are limited in scalability Mobility increases routing overhead Success of the protocols is challenged in large networks Need for routing protocols that scale x.'<]'.'<]  Contribution (Self-organizing hierarchical routing Proximity-based multi-level hierarchy of cells Address = concatenation of cluster ids Hybrid Routing using this hierarchy Proactive hierarchical, among cells On-demand, within cell Mapping of unique IDs to hierarchical addresses using a distributed hash tablez%/nK;O%/ %;O>S5 The Main IdeaEach node belongs to a cluster of level L, or is clusterhead (Drum) for that level Drums broadcast their existence with beacons Nodes hear beacons and Join cluster Take over drum roleTZ!Z>U  $0 {DART versus SAFARIWhat is common? Hierarchical addressing Map IDs to addresses via a hash table Difference from DART Explicit group names (instead of prefixes) Reactive Routing within same level-1 cell d>U>U  Safari Overview: HierarchyNodes organized in multi-level cells Level k cells grouped into Level k+1 cells Cells are identified by drums (= head) Automatic self-selected Drums are the backbone of the hierarchy Nodes choose a 1-level higher drum The one closest in hops%+'@$%+'? $,$ Safari Overview: RoutingeSelf-organize into clusters: Drums transmit periodic beacons Nodes keep DHTs (distr. hash tables) Look up ID of node to find its address Route towards the drum of the cell of dest. Up: Follow the reverse path of most recent beacon Down: Seek a lower-level cell s.t. dest. is its member Within: Any node in cell of dest. initiates on-demand route discoveryZ Z&Z'Z,ZZ &',vG]V-& Beaconing Protocol"Beacons help establish the drums Drums broadcast beacons periodically: Seq #, coordinate, beacon level, hop count Forwarded by all nodes within Dn hops D_n increases with n: higher level, larger cell Higher level beacons w/ lower freq. Assumes:Topology changes less frequent at higher levelzG+&T7G+  T76GL9 Clusterhead and hierarchy k-level clusterheads  rule a D_k radius area At k+1-level we have fewer clusterheads ,W.(. '6Beacons: Rules of Hierarchy (A node at level n, must have a leader at level n+1 There is no other n-level node near by There is a reason why you are at level n At least two clusters near you at level n-1,Z,Z,Eb Drum Level SelectionAlgorithm runs at each node, after each change in DART New entry or timer expiry Assure DART satisfies certain conditions If violated, change the node level appropriately Aids efficiency under dynamic changesh7)n1&7)1 & Membership AlgorithmInvoked after drum level selection Nodes choose a unique drum in 1-higher level (closest drum) Whose DART entry has not expired Then each node is assigned a coordinate, based on its drum Consider Di is a drum, L is a leaf node COORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))RAND(b) COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) Coordinate is vital in routing_Z!Z;ZhZZ2&!  0  $$((,, 004488l% The Routing Table: DARTDrum Ad Hoc Routing Table (DART) Nodes store beacons they forwarded Store: beacon contents, time_rcvd, Drum_ID A timer starts with each new entry When expired,I rethink my membership drum level selection algorithm and membership algorithm invoked!#n+#n%A!#+# %  $$Addressing -- ImplicationsCOORD(Di)=COORD(PARENT(Di))Rand(b) if b then Pr{2 nodes get same coordinate} COORD(L)= COORD(PARENT(L)) All leafs in a cell have the same coordinate Drum IDs at each level create a hierarchical address (coordinate) for each node that is a member.$0-b   + $$((,,00b44Proposed Routing Protocol[1. Proactive Inter-Cell Routing Deliver pkts from src to level-1 cell of dest Drums broadcast info to All its nodes All nodes of its sibling cells (same parent at n+1) By following the reverse path of beacons 2. On-demand (Reactive) Intra-Cell Routing Deliver pkts to final dest. within level-1 cell Via any on-demand routing protocol!GB*1W G B* $$((3,,%-#Proactive Inter-Cell RoutingEUnlike conventional clustering Clusterheads suffer bottleneck Drums need not be along the path at all Extract coordinate from pkt, Lookup DART Longest prefix matching between two coordinates Get the sequence # of the longest prefix match Compare with sequence # in pkt header If not worse, replace entry in pkt with DART infoG)0/&2G)0 /&2P R&Reactive Intra-Cell RoutingEach node, upon receiving a pkt, checks if the dest is in same level-1 cell as itself Coordinates are the same If coordinates match, use DSR within cell<V*V*,eExample #Address Resolution"Senders wish to send pkts to an ID But protocol forwards to a coordinate Map nodeID to its current coordinate Implemented like DHTs Each node inserts (ID,coordinate) pair at a set of k nodes Node reinserts whenever its coordinate changes Any node can lookup the coordinate by hashing the ID#&%nj5    $$3((,,600544>3++Address Resolution - Locality?We don t want to look up a coordinate in LA from a node in Japan! Store hash not only in random k nodes; but also in closest k nodes Insert, with i least significant coordinate components replaced by random hash value When coordinate changes in i least significant coordinates, reinsert at a subset of nodes only When A looks up B s coordinates Iteratively query all nodes at greater distancesZZ Z1PM       a$$((C,, 00144  Performance EvaluationwDn= 3 hops Transmission range = 250 m. Topology: fixed density: 50 nodes in 1000m x1000m area Mobility: random waypointR1-/-   Scalability <PDR: fraction of application layer packets successfully rcvd&=Z<$ Overhead  4Overhead asymptotically approaches a constant value.$54% Path Lengths 2Avg # of hops btwn a random src and a random dest.3Z3H   3Mobility ]1000 nodes. 95% PDR with 100% mobile nodes. Total overhead almost same as in the static case.^Z^&DHT Scalability9Avg. # of hops for all pkts to STORE a coordinate in DHT.*F:$- Conclusions Proposed routing algorithm scales well. Periodic beacons are an overhead. A lot of patch-like details create complication Beacon period Beacon forwarding Drum level selection: complicated Coordinate caching in DHTs(z]z]/!"*,.012 rs h;_