Aftab, Omar, et al. “Information Theory and the Digital Age.” web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon2.pdf.
Allen, Garland E. “The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor: An Essay in Institutional History.” Osiris 2, no. 2 (1986): 225–64.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Rev. ed. New York: Verso, 2006.
Aspray, William. “The Scientific Conceptualization of Information: A Survey.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 7, no. 2 (1985): 117–40.
“The Atlantic Telegraph Expedition.” Times (London), July 15, 1858.
Auden, W. H. “Foreword.” In Dag Hammarskjöld, Markings. New York: Knopf, 1964.
Bandara, Lashi. “Explainer: The Point of Pure Mathematics.” The Conversation, August 1, 2011. theconversation.com/explainer-the-point-of-pure-mathematics-2385.
Barzman, Norma. The Red and the Blacklist: The Intimate Memoir of a Hollywood Expatriate. New York: Nation Books, 2003.
Beauzamy, Bernard. “Real Life Mathematics.” Lecture, Dublin Mathematical Society, February 2001. scmsa.eu/archives/BB_real_life_maths_2001.htm.
Beek, Peter J., and Arthur Lewbel. “The Science of Juggling.” Scientific American 273, no. 5 (November 1995): 92–97.
Bello, Francis. “The Information Theory.” Fortune, December 1953, 136–158.
———. “The Young Scientists.” Fortune, June 1954, 142–48.
Blackman, R. B., H. W. Bode, and C. E. Shannon. “Data Smoothing and Prediction in Fire-Control Systems.” Summary Technical Report of Division 7, NDRC, Volume I: Gunfire Control, ed. Harold Hazen. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, 1946.
Branford, Benchara. A Study of Mathematical Education. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908.
Brewer, Brock. “The Man-Machines May Talk First to Dr. Shannon.” Vogue, April 15, 1963, 139.
“A Brief History of Gaylord Community Schools—1920 to 1944.” Otsego County Herald Times, May 2, 1957. goo.gl/oVb0pT.
Brown, Anne S. “Historical Study: The National Security Agency Scientific Advisory Board, 1952–1963.” Washington, DC: NSA Historian, Office of Central Reference, 1965.
Brueggeman, Brenda Jo. Deaf Subjects: Between Identities and Places. New York: New York University Press, 2009.
Burke, Colin B. It Wasn’t All Magic: The Early Struggle to Automate Cryptanalysis, 1930s–1960s. United States Cryptologic History, Special Series, Volume 6. Center for Cryptologic History. Washington, DC: National Security Agency, 2002.
Burks, Frances Williston. Barbara’s Philippine Journey. Yonkers-on-Hudson, NY: World Book, 1921.
Bush, Vannevar. “As We May Think.” Atlantic, July 1945.
———. Pieces of the Action. New York: Morrow, 1970.
Carter, Samuel. Cyrus Field: Man of Two Worlds. New York: Putnam, 1968.
Cerny, Melinda. “Engineering Industry Honors Shannon, His Hometown.” Otsego Herald Times, September 3, 1998.
Chiu, Eugene, et al. “Mathematical Theory of Claude Shannon.” December 2001. web.mit.edu/6.933/www/Fall2001/Shannon1.pdf.
Clarke, Arthur C. Voice Across the Sea: The Story of Deep Sea Cable-Laying, 1858–1958. London: Muller, 1958.
“Claude Shannon Demonstrates Machine Learning.” Bell Laboratories, 2014. www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPKkXibQXGA.
“Claude Shannon: Father of the Information Age.” University of California Television, 2002. www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8.
Clymer, A. Ben. “The Mechanical Analog Computers of Hannibal Ford and William Newell.” IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 15, no. 2 (1993): 19–34.
Cocks, James Fraser, and Cathy Abernathy. Pictorial History of Ann Arbor, 1824–1974. Ann Arbor: Michigan Historical Collections/Bentley Historical Library Ann Arbor Sesquicentennial Committee, 1974.
Conway, Flo, and Jim Siegelman. Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener, The Father of Cybernetics. New York: Basic, 2005.
Cook, Gareth. “The Singular Mind of Terry Tao.” New York Times, July 24, 2015.
Coughlin, Kevin. “Claude Shannon: The Genius of the Digital Age.” Star-Ledger (New Jersey), February 28, 2001.
Crawford, Matthew. Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work. New York: Penguin, 2010.
Crow, James F. “Shannon’s Brief Foray Into Genetics.” Genetics 159, no. 3 (2001): 915–17.
Davenport, C. B. Naval Officers: Their Heredity and Development. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1919.
Dean, Debra. The Madonnas of Leningrad. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
De Cogan, Donard. “Dr. E.O.W. Whitehouse and the 1858 Trans-Atlantic Cable.” History of Technology 10 (1985): 1–15.
De Rosa, L. A. “In Which Fields Do We Graze?” IRE Transactions on Information Theory 1, no. 3 (1955): 2.
Dembart, Lee. “Book Review: Putting on Thinking Caps Over Artificial Intelligence.” Los Angeles Times, August 15, 1989.
Diaconis, Persi, and Ron Graham. Magical Mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Doob, J. L. “Review of A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Mathematical Review 10 (1949): 133.
Dunkel, Otto, H. L. Olson, and W. F. Cheney, Jr. “Problems and Solutions.” American Mathematical Monthly 41, no. 3 (March 1934): 188–89.
“Enrico Rastelli.” Vanity Fair, February 1932, 49.
Ephremides, Anthony. “Claude E. Shannon 1916–2001.” IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter, March 2001.
Feynman, Richard P. Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman. Reprint ed. New York: Norton, 1997.
Fisher, Lawrence. “Bernard M. Oliver Is Dead at 79; Led Hewlett-Packard Research.” New York Times, November 28, 1995.
Freeman, John Ripley. “Study No. 7 for New Buildings for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.” MIT Libraries, Institute Archives and Special Collections. libraries.mit.edu/archives/exhibits/freeman.
Freudenthal, Hans. “Norbert Wiener.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/norbert-wiener
Friedman, Norman. Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era. Barnsley, England: Seaforth, 2008.
Frize, Monique, Peter Frize, and Nadine Faulkner. The Bold and the Brave. Ottawa, Canada: University of Ottawa Press, 2009.
Fry, Thornton C. “Industrial Mathematics.” Bell Systems Technical Journal 20, no. 3 (July 1941): 255–92.
Fussell, Paul. Class: A Guide Through the American Status System. Reissue ed. New York: Touchstone, 1992.
Gallager, Robert G. “Claude E. Shannon: A Retrospective on His Life, Work, and Impact.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 47, no. 7 (2001): 2681–95.
———. “The Impact of Information Theory on Information Technology.” Lecture slides. February 28, 2006.
“Gaylord Locals.” Otsego County Herald Times, November 15, 1934.
“Gaylord’s Claude Shannon: ‘Einstein of Mathematical Theory.’ ” Gaylord Herald Times, October 11, 2000.
Gertner, Jon. The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. New York: Penguin, 2012.
Gifford, Walter. “The Prime Incentive.” Bell Laboratories Records. Vols. 1 and 2. September 1925–September 1926.
Gleick, James. The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. New York: Pantheon, 2011.
Golomb, Solomon W. “Claude Elwood Shannon.” Notices of the AMS 49, no. 1 (2001): 8–10.
———. “Retrospective: Claude E. Shannon (1916–2001).” Science, April 20, 2001.
Graham, C. Wallace, et al., eds. 1934 Michiganensian. Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1934.
Guizzo, Erico Marui. “The Essential Message: Claude Shannon and the Making of Information Theory.” MS diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003.
Hamming, Richard. “You and Your Research.” Lecture, Bell Communications Research Colloquium Seminar, March 7, 1986. www.cs.virginia.edu/~robins/YouAndYourResearch.html.
Hapgood, Fred. Up the Infinite Corridor: MIT and the Technical Imagination. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Hardesty, Larry. “Explained: Gallager Codes.” MIT News, January 21, 2010. news.mit.edu/2010/gallager-codes-0121.
Hardy, G. H. A Mathematician’s Apology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Harpster, Jack. John Ogden, The Pilgrim (1609–1682): A Man of More than Ordinary Mark. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 2006.
Hartley, Ralph. “Transmission of Information,” Bell System Technical Journal 7, no. 3 (July 1928): 535–63.
Hartree, D. R. “The Bush Differential Analyzer and Its Applications.” Nature 146 (September 7, 1940): 319–23.
Hatch, David A., and Robert Louis Benson. “The Korean War: The SIGINT Background.” National Security Agency. www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/korean_war/sigint_bg.shtml.
Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.
———. “Alan Turing as UK-USA Link, 1942 Onwards.” Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook. www.turing.org.uk/scrapbook/ukusa.html.
Horgan, John. “Claude E. Shannon: Unicyclist, Juggler, and Father of Information Theory.” Scientific American, January 1990.
———. “Poetic Masterpiece of Claude Shannon, Father of Information Theory, Published for the First Time.” Scientific American, March 28, 2011. blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/poetic-masterpiece-of-claude-shannon-father-of-information-theory-published-for-the-first-time/.
Hunt, Bruce J. “Scientists, Engineers, and Wildman Whitehouse: Measurement and Credibility in Early Cable Telegraphy.” British Journal for the History of Science 29, no. 2 (1996): 155–69.
Inamori, Kazuo. “Philosophy.” Inamori Foundation, April 12, 1984. www.inamori-f.or.jp/en/kyoto_prize/.
“Institute Reports on Claude Shannon.” Otsego County Herald Times, February 8, 1940.
INTOSAI Standing Committee on IT Audit. “1 + 1 = 1: A Tale of Genius.” IntoIT 18 (2003): 52–57.
Isaacson, Walter. The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.
Jain, Naresh. “Record of the Celebration of the Life of Joseph Leo Doob.” www.math.uiuc.edu/People/doob_record.html.
Jerison, David, I. M. Singer, and Daniel W. Stroock, eds. The Legacy of Norbert Wiener: A Centennial Symposium in Honor of the 100th Anniversary of Norbert Wiener’s Birth, October 8–14, 1994, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1997.
Johnson, George. “Claude Shannon, Mathematician, Dies at 84.” New York Times, February 27, 2001.
———. Fire in the Mind. New York: Vintage, 1995.
Johnson, W. E. “The Logical Calculus.” Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 1 (1892): 3–30, 235–50, 340–57.
Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. New York: Macmillan, 1953.
———. How I Discovered World War II’s Greatest Spy and Other Stories of Intelligence and Code. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach, 2014.Kahn, Robert E. “A Tribute to Claude E. Shannon.” IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2001, 18–22.
Kaplan, Fred. “Scientists at War.” American Heritage 34, no. 4 (June 1983): 49–64.
Kettlewell, Julie. “Gaylord Honors ‘Father to the Information Theory.’ ” Otsego Herald Times, September 3, 1998.
Kimball, Warren F., ed. Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence. Vol. 3. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Kipling, Rudyard. “The Deep Sea Cables.” In Rudyard Kipling’s Verse. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1922.
Kline, Ronald R. The Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We Call Our Age the Information Age. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
Koestler, Arthur. The Act of Creation. London: Hutchinson, 1976.
Lewbel, Arthur. “A Personal Tribute to Claude Shannon.” www2.bc.edu/~lewbel/Shannon.html.
Lewes, George Henry. The Principles of Success in Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1901.
Livingston, G. R. “Problems for Solution.” American Mathematical Monthly 41, no. 6 (June 1934): 390.
Lucky, Robert W. Silicon Dreams: Information, Man, and Machine. New York: St. Martin’s, 1991.
MacKay, David J. C. Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Massey, James L. “Information Theory: The Copernican System of Communications.” IEEE Communications Magazine 22, no. 12 (1984): 26–28.
McEliece, R. J. The Theory of Information and Coding: Student Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Merzbach, Uta C., and Carl B. Boyer. A History of Mathematics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Minck, John. “Inside HP: A Narrative History of Hewlett-Packard from 1939–1990.” www.hpmemoryproject.org/timeline/john_minck/inside_hp_03.htm.
Mindell, David A. “Automation’s Finest Hour: Bell Labs and Automatic Control in WWII.” IEEE Control Systems 15 (1995): 72–80.
———. Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
“MIT Professor Claude Shannon dies; Was Founder of Digital Communications.” MIT News, February 27, 2001. newsoffice.mit.edu/2001/shannon.
Mitchell, Silas Weir. “The Last of a Veteran Chess Player.” Chess Monthly, 1857.
Morse, Philip McCord. In at the Beginnings: A Physicist’s Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.
Moulton-Barrett, Maria. Graphotherapy. New York: Trafford, 2005.
“Mouse with a Memory.” Time, May 19, 1952, 59–60.
“Mrs. Mabel Shannon Dies in Chicago,” Otsego County Herald Times, December 27, 1945.
Nahin, Paul J. The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.
Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind: The Life of Mathematical Genius and Nobel Laureate John Nash. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.
National Register of Historic Places application. Edmund Dwight House. Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System. mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=WNT.19.
Norberg, Arthur L. “An Interview with Bernard More Oliver.” Charles Babbage Institute for the History of Information Processing, August 9, 1985.
“NSA Regulation Number 11-3.” National Security Agency, January 22, 1953. ia601409.us.archive.org/16/items/41788579082758/41788579082758.pdf.
Nyquist, Harry. “Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed.” Bell System Technical Journal (April 1924): 324–46.
———. “Certain Topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory.” Transactions of the AIEE 47 (April 1928): 617–44.
“Obituary: Thornton Carl Fry.” American Astronomical Society, January 1, 1991.
Oliver, B., J. Pierce, and C. Shannon. “The Philosophy of PCM.” Proceedings of the IRE 36, no. 11 (November 1948): 1324–31.
O’Neill, Bradley. “Dead Medium: The Comparator; the Rapid Selector.” www.deadmedia.org/notes/1/017.html.
Owens, F. W., and Helen B. Owens. “Mathematics Clubs—Junior Mathematics Club, University of Michigan.” American Mathematical Monthly 43, no. 10 (December 1936): 636.
Owens, Larry. “Vannevar Bush and the Differential Analyzer: The Text and Context of an Early Computer.” Technology and Culture 27, no. 1 (1986): 63–95.
Perkins, Thomas. Valley Boy: The Education of Tom Perkins. New York: Gotham, 2007.
Perry, John. The Calculus for Engineers. London: Edward Arnold, 1897.
Pierce, John. “Creative Thinking.” Lecture. 1951.
———. “The Early Days of Information Theory.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 19, no. 1 (1973): 3–8.
———. An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals, and Noise. 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1980.
Pinsker, Mark Semenovich. “Reflections of Some Shannon Lecturers.” IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter (Summer 1998): 22–23.
Platt, John. “Books That Make a Year’s Reading and a Lifetime’s Enrichment.” New York Times, February 2, 1964.
Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Gold-Bug.” In The Gold-Bug and Other Tales. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum. Mineola, NY: Dover, 1991.
———. “Maelzel’s Chess Player.” In The Complete Tales of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Vintage Books, 1975.
Polster, Burkard. “The Mathematics of Juggling.” qedcat.com/articles/juggling_survey.pdf.
Poundstone, William. Fortune’s Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street. New York: Hill & Wang, 2005.
———. How to Predict the Unpredictable: The Art of Outsmarting Almost Anyone. New York: Oneworld, 2014.
Powers, Perry Francis, and H. G. Cutler. A History of Northern Michigan and Its People. Chicago: Lewis, 1912.
Price, Robert. “A Conversation with Claude Shannon: One Man’s Approach to Problem Solving.” IEEE Communications Magazine 22, no. 6 (May 1984): 123–26.
———. “Oral History: Claude E. Shannon.” IEEE Global History Network, July 28, 1982. www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Oral-History:Claude_E._Shannon.
Ratcliff, J. D. “Brains.” Collier’s, January 17, 1942.
Rees, Mina. “Warren Weaver.” In National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 57. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987.
“Remembering Claude Shannon.” Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, March–August 2001. chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/cached/chapter6/6_19b_surveyresponse.htm.
Report of the Joint Committee to Inquire into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1861.
Rheingold, Howard. Tools for Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
Rosser, J. Barkley. “Mathematics and Mathematicians in World War II.” In A Century of Mathematics in America, Part 1. Ed. Peter Duren. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1988.
Russell, Bertrand. “The Study of Mathematics.” In Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays. London: Longman, 1919.
Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. New York: Random House, 1994.
Saxon, Wolfgang. “Albert G. Hill, 86, Who Helped Develop Radar in World War II.” New York Times, October 29, 1996.
Schement, Jorge Reina, and Brent D. Ruben. Between Communication and Information 4. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1993.
Shannon, Claude Elwood. “The Bandwagon.” IRE Transactions—Information Theory 2, no. 1 (1956): 3.
———. Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers. Ed. N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner. New York: IEEE Press, 1992.
———. Claude Shannon’s Miscellaneous Writings. Ed. N. J. A. Sloane and Aaron D. Wyner. Murray Hill, NJ: Mathematical Sciences Research Center, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1993.
———. “Development of Communication and Computing, and My Hobby.” Lecture, Inamori Foundation, Kyoto, Japan, November 1985. www.kyotoprize.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1kB_lct_EN.pdf.
———. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication.” Bell System Technical Journal 27 (July, October 1948): 379–423, 623–56.
———. “Problems and Solutions—E58.” American Mathematical Monthly 41, no. 3 (March 1934): 191–92.———. “A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits.” Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 57 (1938): 471–95.
———. “A Theorem on Color Coding.” Bell Laboratories. Memorandum 40-130-153. July 8, 1940.
———. “The Use of the Lakatos-Hickman Relay in a Subscriber Sender.” Bell Laboratories. Memorandum 40-130-179. August 3, 1940.
Sicilia, David B. “How the West Was Wired.” Inc., June 1997.
Snell, J. Laurie. “A Conversation with Joe Doob.” 1997. www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/Doob/conversation.html.
Standage, Tom. The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-Century Chess-Playing Machine. New York: Walker, 2002.
“Step Back in Time: A New County Seat and the First Newspaper.” Gaylord Herald Times, reprinted January 6, 2016.
Sterling, Christopher H. “Churchill and Intelligence—Sigsaly: Beginning the Digital Revolution.” Finest Hour 149 (Winter 2010–11): 31.
Sutin, Hillard A. “A Tribute to Mortimer E. Cooley.” Michigan Technic, March 1935.
Sutton, R. M. “Problems for Solution.” American Mathematical Monthly 40, no. 8 (October 1933): 491.
Thomson, Silvanus P. The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. London: Macmillan, 1910.
Thomson, William. “The Tides: Evening Lecture to the British Association at the Southampton Meeting, August 25, 1882.” In Thomson, Scientific Papers, vol. 30. Ed. Charles W. Eliot. New York: Collier & Son, 1910.
Thorp, Edward O. “The Invention of the First Wearable Computer.” Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, October 1998, 4–8.
Tompkins, Dave. How to Wreck a Nice Beach: The Vocoder from World War II to Hip-Hop: The Machine Speaks. Chicago: Stop Smiling Books, 2011.
Trew, Delbert. “Barbed Wire Telegraph Lines Brought Gossip and News to Farm and Ranch.” Farm Collector, September 2003.
Tribus, Myron, and Edward C. McIrving. “Energy and Information.” Scientific American 225 (1971): 179–88.
Turing, Alan. “Alan Turing’s Report from Washington DC, November 1942.”
Van den Herik, H. J. “An Interview with Claude Shannon (September 25, 1980 in Linz, Austria).” ICCA Journal 12, no. 4 (1989): 221–26.
“Vannevar Bush: General of Physics.” Time, April 3, 1944.
Von Foerster, Heinz, Margaret Mead, and Hans Lukas Teuber, eds. Cybernetics: Transactions of the Eighth Conference March 15–16, 1951. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1952.
Von Neumann, John. “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC.” In The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers. Ed. Brian Randell. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1973.
Waldrop, W. Mitchell. “Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age.” MIT Technology Review, July 1, 2001. www.technologyreview.com/s/401112/claude-shannon-reluctant-father-of-the-digital-age.
Weaver, Warren. “Careers in Science.” In Listen to Leaders in Science. Ed. Albert Love and James Saxon Childers. Atlanta: Tupper & Love/David McKay, 1965.
———. “Four Pieces of Advice to Young People.” In The Project Physics Course Reader: Concepts of Motion. Ed. Gerald Holton et al. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.
———. Science and Imagination: Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1967.
Weyl, Hermann. Space—Time—Matter. 4th ed. Trans. Henry L. Brose. New York: Dover, 1950.
Whaland, Norman. “A Computer Chess Tutorial.” Byte, October 1978, 168–81.
Whitehouse, E. O. Wildman. “The Law of Squares—Is It Applicable or Not to the Transmission of Signals in Submarine Circuits?” Athenaeum, August 30, 1856, 1092–93.
———. “Report on a Series of Experimental Observations on Two Lengths of Submarine Electric Cable, Containing, in the Aggregate, 1,125 Miles of Wire, Being the Substance of a Paper Read Before the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Glasgow, Sept. 14th, 1855.” Brighton, England, 1855.
“Who We Are.” Douglass Residential College, Rutgers University. douglass.rutgers.edu/history.
Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1961.
———. Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964.
Wildes, Karl L., and Nilo A. Lindgren. A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882–1982. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986.
Wilson, Philip K. “Harry Laughlin’s Eugenic Crusade to Control the ‘Socially Inadequate’ in Progressive Era America.” Patterns of Prejudice 36, no. 1 (2002): 49–67.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. Trans. G. E. M. Anscombe et al. Ed. P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. 4th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009.
“Youthful Instructor Wins Noble Award.” New York Times, January 24, 1940.
Ytrehus, Øyvind. “An Introduction to Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding.” Telektronikk 98, no. 1 (2002): 65–78.
Zachary, G. Pascal. Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
Zorpette, Glenn. “Parkinson’s Gun Director.” IEEE Spectrum 26, no. 4 (1989): 43.
Claude Elwood Shannon Papers. Library of Congress. Washington, DC.
Claude Shannon Alumnus File. Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI.
Claude Shannon Alumnus File. Seeley Mudd Library. Princeton University. Princeton, NJ.
Institute of Communications Research Records. University of Illinois Archives. Urbana, IL.
Kelvin Collection. University of Glasgow. Glasgow, Scotland.
Office of the President Records. MIT Archive. Cambridge, MA.
Vannevar Bush Papers. Library of Congress. Washington, DC.
Warren S. McCulloch Papers. American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, PA.
Barzman, Norma. Interviewed by the authors, December 21, 2014.
Ephremides, Anthony. Interviewed by the authors, May 31, 2016.
Fano, Robert. Interviewed by the authors, October 23, 2015.
Fry, Thornton C. Interviewed by Deirdre M. La Porte, Henry O. Pollak, and G. Baley Price, January 3–4, 1981.
Gallager, Robert. Interviewed by the authors, August 8, 2014.
Graham, Ronald. Interviewed by the authors, August, 23, 2014.
Greenberger, Martin. Interviewed by the authors, May 5, 2016.
Jacobs, Irwin. Interviewed by the authors, January 1, 2015.
Kailath, Thomas. Interviewed by the authors, June 2, 2016.
Kleinrock, Leonard. Interviewed by the authors, September 16, 2016.
Lewbel, Arthur. Interviewed by the authors, August 8, 2014.
McMillan, Brockway. Interviewed by the authors, January 4, 2016.
Moulton-Barrett, Maria. Interviewed by the authors, January 2, 2015, and January 21, 2016.
Pollak, Henry. Interviewed by the authors, August 7, 2014.
Roberts, Larry. Interviewed by the authors, September 26, 2016.
Shannon, Betty. Interviewed by the authors, November 12, 2015.
Shannon, Claude. Interviewed by Friedrich-Wilhelm Hagemeyer, February 28, 1977.
Shannon, Claude, and Betty Shannon. Interviewed by Donald J. Albers, 1990.
Shannon, Peggy. Interviewed by the authors, December 9, 2015.
Thorp, Edward. Interviewed by the authors, March 21, 2016.
Verdú, Sergio. Interviewed by the authors, September 6, 2015.