1 00:00:24,240 --> 00:00:27,910 um welcome everyone welcome back to uh theory of computation and um just to recap uh where we are we um [Music] have been looking at time complexity and space complexity and um we just finished approving what are called the hierarchy theorems uh which you know in a nutshell basically say that if you allow the computational model to have a little bit more resource a little bit more time a little bit more space then you can do more things so with certain conditions so we proved that last time it was a proof basically by a diagonalization i don't know if you recognized the diagonalization there but um you know when you're encoding a machine by an input and then basically running all possible different machines that's essentially a diagonalization so today we're going to build on that work to give an example of what we call a natural intractable problem we'll say a bit more about what that means and then we're going to talk about something which is a different topic but nevertheless related having to do with oracles and methods which may or may not work to make to solve the p versus np problem which of course is a big open problem in the field okay so the time and space hierarchy theorems because we're going to be using those today um they say that if you give a little bit more uh space here so if you're for space constructable functions functions that you can actually compute within the amount of space that they uh specify um you can act you can show that the things that you can do in that much space is probably is larger than what you can do in less space and you have can prove a similar slightly weaker fact about the time complexity classes so what that means is that the uh these classes form a hierarchy so as you add more time or let's say in this case space from n squared to n cubed to enter the fourth you get um larger and larger classes which i'm kind of illustrating here by putting putting a dot there which shows that there's something that we know that's new in those classes as you as you go up um these uh these different bounds and this is going to be true for space complexity and it's also going to be true for time complexity um so and one of the corollaries that we pointed out last time um is that uh p space is a properly includes um non-deterministic log space nl so n l is a proper subset of p space so this stuff in p space that um is not in nl and remember this notation here this means proper subset um one of the things that uh a follow-on corollary that we didn't mention last time but that's something that you uh you should know is that um the tqbf problem you know our piece-based complete problem is an example of a problem that's in p space obviously but we know it's also not in nl and in order to get that conclusion you have to look again at the proof that tqbf is p-space complete and observe that the reductions that we gave in that proof can be carried out not only in polynomial time but they can be carried out in log space and therefore if tqbf turned out to go down to nl um then because everything in piece base is log space reducible to tqbf that would bring all of p space down to nl but that we just proved is not the case so therefore tqbf could not be an nl okay and we're going to be using that kind of reasoning um again in this in this lecture uh so just a quick check in um these are a few more or less easy maybe more or less tricky um follow-ons uh that you can conclude from the uh time and space hierarchy theorems plus some of the other things we've proven along the way and so just uh as a check of your understanding maybe these a little bit on the tricky side so you have to read them carefully which of these are known to be true um based on the material that we've presented and this is also you know just material that's you know the facts that we know to be true in uh complexity theory um some launch that poll and just just check off the ones that we can prove okay i'm going to close it down so please answer quickly if you're gonna okay one two three and uh okay well the two leading candidates uh are correct so it's uh and the two that are the laggards here are in fact the ones that are not true uh so a and a and d are not true um based on what we know and um b and c are true so let's understand first of all a we know is false because 2 to the n plus 1 is just 2 times 2 to the n and so that's just uh these two bounds differ only by a constant factor and so in fact they're the same complexity class and so you don't get proper containment for a so that that we absolutely know is false um d um well if we could prove that then we would have solved a famous problem because we don't know whether even p equals p space so if p equal p space then certainly p space would equal np which is in between the two and so uh we don't know how to prove p space is different from np as based on the current state of knowledge of the field um so this would not be something that we know to be true uh based on what things we've said now b follows directly from the time hierarchy theorem because 2 to the 2n is the square of 2 to the n and that is asymptotically a larger um a significantly larger bound and so uh um you can prove that um time two to the end is properly contained it properly contains time two to the n c is a little trickier um because you need to remember savage's theorem now savage's theorem applies to space but you also need to remember that what you can do in time in non-deterministic time n squared you can also do a non-deterministic space n squared which then in turn you can do in deterministic space n to the fourth um which is properly contained within space n to the fifth so you can prove that p space properly contains not deterministic time n squared okay it's just a bunch of containments there that's perhaps a little the a and c are perhaps so in a sense it may be the most tricky of the of this group okay um so let's move on so we're going to introduce today two new classes um and you know i actually i want to go back to here you know what are we trying to what are we going to be trying to uh accomplish in today's lecture so we're going to be looking at provable intractability so our a problem being intractable for us means it's outside of p so we can't solve it in polynomial time for our for our um perspective we're going to call that an intractable problem now this problem over here um that's sitting in time 2 to the n but not in the smaller classes so this is an intractable problem that's outside of p um but this example of a language if you remember how the um time hierarchy theorem or the space hierarchy theorem was proved basically this language itself is not an interesting language for other than the purpose that it serves to be in that class and not in a lower class but it's not a language that anyone would care about and it's not even a language that is easy to describe it's just a language that some touring machine um uh decides whether a turing machine is specially designed to have the property that its language is at a particular complexity level but otherwise there's no nice description of that language it's not like a to the end b to the n or some you know um uh equivalence of two dfas or something like that so i would say that that language is in a sense it serves its purpose but it's not a natural language that you really care about so one of the go the go one of the goals of today's lecture is to give an example of a natural language a naturally occurring language in a sense um that's easy to describe where you can prove that that language is intractable is actually outside of p so that's that that's a bit of motivation where we're going um so along the way we're going to prove we're going to introduce these exponential complexity classes exponential time and exponential space which are um exponentially bigger than polynomial time in polynomial space classes so it's 2 to the n to the k in both cases two to the two to a polynomial and um the first five of these classes l through p space we've already seen and exponential time and exponential space extend the containments that we've already seen so you have to double check that you understand why p space is a subset of exponential time but that's because that you know as we showed going from space to time you can do that with an exponential increase uh that's the cost of the simulation and going from time to space you don't need any increase at all anything that you can do in a certain amount of time you can do in that much space so anything you can do in a certain amount of space you can also do an exponentially more amount of time okay so those were simple theorems that we proved right at the very beginning now the hierarchy theorems allow us to conclude some separations among these classes so we already looked at this one nl versus p space and we saw that because nl is by savage's theorem in deterministic log squared space which is properly contained in polynomial space you get a separation between those two classes um provably so and for similar reasons polynomial space to exponential space you're going to get a a separation from the space hierarchy theorem and polynomial time to exponential time you get a provable separation by virtue of the hierarchy theory um now we're going to define complete problems for these two classes exponential time and exponential space so we have exponential time complete it's going to be analogous to what we showed before which is that it's a member of exponential time and every problem in exponential time is reducible to it let's say in polynomial time though it's not going to really turn out to be matter it could be in log space um some simple method of doing the reduction is going to be good enough let's say polynomial time it's a typical definition here and the same thing for exponential space complete we'll say it's exponent it's exponential space complete if it's an exponential space and anything else in exponential space is polynomial time reducible to it okay now but the important thing is that if something is exponential time complete you know it's outside of p for the same reasons we've now seen several times namely that if an exponential time complete problem ended up being in p then because everything else in exponential time is reducible to the complete problem they would also be in p and so exponential time and p would be equal but we just said they're not equal because of the hierarchy theorem so the logic is the hierarchy theorem separates the class and then the complete problem inherits the difficulty of the larger class so the complete problem cannot be any lower than the other problems in the class because they're all reducible to it okay um so the same thing is going to be true for an exponential space complete problem can't be even in p space because exponential space and p space are different and and if it's not in p space it's not going to be in p and so in both cases if you have a problem that's complete for exponential space or exponential time we know that those problems are intractable and our strategy then for giving a natural intractable problem intractable problem is to show it's complete for one of these classes and it's actually going to turn out to be an exponential space complete problem that we're going to give as our example okay so that is the plan um i think it's a good time to let's just take a few questions here uh to make sure we're all on the same page as what we're uh as what we're doing so let me just read i got a couple questions already in here [Music] so this is a little bit of a side comment that somebody's asking what's interesting question basically is it possible that we may not be able to prove solve the p versus np problem that it's just it's not a problem that one can answer from the basic axioms in mathematics if i'm interpreting the question correctly uh there are certain problems in mathematics um you know i think i perhaps i mentioned earlier in the term the problem of whether there is a set whose size is in between the integers and the real numbers you know we know the real numbers are larger in size than the integers you know that was our first example of a diagonalization and is there a problem of size strictly in between the two bigger than the integers smaller than the real numbers so that's a problem that was posed a long time ago it was one of hilbert's problems and was eventually shown to be unanswerable using the basic axioms of mathematics so the question is maybe p versus np is in the same category um it could be that could be true of any unsolved problem in mathematics but at least our experience has shown that the kinds of problems that at least have been shown to be unsolvable you know from uh mathematical axioms tend to involve infinities and very large things things that are very far from our intuitions and something as down to earth as p versus np at least it would be very surprising to me if that turned out to be un uh unanswerable using our our mathematical axioms but who knows oh this is another good question do the time and space hierarchy theorems have non-deterministic variants yes they do they're much harder to prove however we're not going to cover them but you can also prove that non-deterministic time um n-cubed properly includes non-deterministic time n squared you're not going to be responsible for that don't worry if you try to fig if you try to actually prove that you'll see the diagonalization um doesn't directly work um and so uh you have to do something fancier you know it just uh people are asking about which reduction method to use you know again you know the kinds of reductions that we encounter are always very simple so we're just going to be working with very weak notions of reductions not interesting yet generally to consider powerful kinds of reductions like um polynomial exponential time reductions or things like that so it's just not something that people really think about much um i mean i can talk about it at at length offline but let's just assume that our reduction strength is something very low that log space is going to be good enough to do all of the reductions in this class um okay so let's move on then um so here's and here is the problem that we're going to spend the next 20 minutes or so proving to be uh exponential space complete um i have to do a little introduction first so this is this is not the problem but this is related to the problem so the problem of testing if two regular expressions are equivalent do i just write down two regular expressions do they generate the same language so that problem actually turns out to be in p space so it's not going to be exponential space complete it's actually in p space i don't think we're going to have to i thought about presenting it in lecture it's not that hard to show but it just took too much time and doesn't really introduce new methods it's a good exercise actually using savages there um but maybe we'll do it in recitation um or if the lecture miraculous miraculously ends earlier i'll do it at the at the end but i don't think we'll have time um so that's a but that's a setup for the intractable problem that we're going to talk about which is very related now okay before we get to that so if i have a regular expression i'm going to enhance the kind the i'm going to hand enhance our regular expression in one simple way by allowing exponents or exponentiation and that means if i regul if i have a regular expression r um i can write r to the k to mean r concatenated with itself k times sort of we've been sort of informally using that all the way along anyway like when we talk about zero to the k one to the k um so if we're going to formally allow that when we write down regular expressions in some cases that might allow the regular expression to be much smaller especially if we're writing down k in binary because i can write r to the million with just a few symbols if i have exponentiation but if i don't have exponentiation then i have to write r concatenated with r out a million times and i get a much much longer and exponentially longer expression if i don't have that exponent as a way of describing regular regular expressions and that's going to make a big difference so now the equivalence a problem for regular expressions with exponentiation that's what that little up arrow means well that signifies now i'm giving you two regular expressions but they're allowed to have x the exponentiation operation in addition to the um standard regular operations um so now testing whether two of these regular expressions that have exponentiation that problem turns out to be exponential space complete okay so here's the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation that's an exponential space complete problem and as we pointed out that means this problem is provably intractable so there are you know there's just no way in general to solve that problem in polynomial time that's proven that's known um so we're going to go through the reduction um i think it's going to be our last reduction of the term of proving problems complete for some class but this one has each one of those has their own kind of um thing that makes it special okay so first of all we have to show that it's in exponential space and i'm not that's really going to rely on this other fact that we didn't prove so i'm going to go over that very quickly um but the interesting part is doing the reduction so if i have something in exponential space then i can show that i can reduce it to the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation okay so quickly arguing part one that we're in exponential space basically what you do is you take your two regular expressions that you want to test to see if they're equivalent but now they have exponentiation and as a first step you get rid of the exponentiation you just expand the things out by repeating um the the parts that have the exponents um and of course that as i said that's going to make the expression themselves exponentially bigger but now you run the p-space algorithm on those two exponentially larger expressions so the input to the p-space algorithm is now exponential in the original input size but it's p-space in that enlarged input so that's going to give you an exponential space algorithm in the original input size because you know you expanded it to become exponentially bigger and then you run the p space algorithm on that expanded um problem okay um so that gives you an exponential space algorithm for uh for this problem um but now what we're gonna do the interesting part is the reduction so given some language in exponential space say decided by some turing machine in that amount of space 2 to the n to the k we're going to give a reduction that maps a to this equivalence problem got it that is the plan so let's make sure we're all together on the plan before we go ahead and carry out that plan so good good you know if you're got you know we haven't we just sort of set things up here in a sense um for what we're going to be doing so feel free to ask a question on just this you know the plan this part has it's going to get technical because as doing these reductions always is there's a simulation involved and you know you have to kind of you know describe that simulation in its own way so now we're going to be simulating in a certain sense m on w you know the the decider for this exponential space problem a uh we're going to take m on w i'm going to somehow have to express the fact that m accepts w using this equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation okay um so no questions why don't we keep when we move on then so here's we're gonna we have i have three slides on this but they're kind of dense i'm sorry to say um so here is the plan as usual um we're gonna map a with a polynomial time reduction to the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation so that means we're going to have to take an input which may or may not be an a and produce two regular expressions with exponentiation which are going to be equivalent when w is in a or when m accepts w okay so it's going to be as these things always are these are going to be in terms of the computation history for mnw but in this case it's going to turn out to be convenient convenient to work with the rejecting computation history for m on w so remember we have a turing machine m um it's a decider so that means it always holds for strings in the language it ends up at a q accept state for things not in the language it ends up at a q reject state so a rejecting computation history is the sequence of configurations the machine goes through from the start configuration until it ends up at a configuration with a reject state a rejecting configuration okay and we're going to make a regular expression that describes all strings except for that one it's going to avoid describing a rejecting computation history for m and w otherwise it's going to describe all possible strings now if m does not reject w so there is no rejecting computation history namely m accepts w by the way so if m accepts w does not reject w it does not have a rejecting computation history what is r one describing well it's describing in that case everything because there is no rejecting computation history so it's describing every other string besides so that means it's describing all strings if there is no rejecting computation history in the case that m accepts w so what does that suggest we should use for r2 r2 is going to be the regular expression that just generates all strings so we'll be testing whether r1 generates all strings or not which is the same as saying does um m except w or not okay so r2 is going to be you know i would like to say sigma star but sigma is really the input to m so and gamma is the tape alphabet for m so we have a lot of greek letters to play with so we're going to use delta for the alphabet that we write the computation histories in and if you want to get reminded what that delta is you know a computation history can have a tape alphabet symbol for m it can have a state symbol for m or it can have a delimiter pound hashtag so it's either delta this capital delta alphabet is a tape alphabet symbol or a state something representing a state symbol or a hashtag that's just doubt so don't get you know i always go i always feel bad if somebody gets confused by something that's supposed to be very simple don't get confused by delta star this is just all possible strings over the alphabet delta okay so what does r1 look so my job is to do r1 r2 i already told you r1 now has to describe all those strings except for the rejecting computation history so everything that fails to be a rejecting computation history so it fails either because it started wrong or it ended wrong or it's wrong somewhere in the middle and by wrong i mean it fails to correctly describe the way the machine operates if it's ending up rejecting w right so i'm going to describe all those possible strings um you know by breaking it down in those into those three categories starts wrong ends wrong or somewhere computes wrong along the way okay so rejecting computation history looks something like this you know there's here's the start configuration as we you know you know usually envision it you know it's a start state looking at the first symbol of the input and there's the rest of the input um so let me just write this out um this is a rejecting computation history now so the start first configuration the second one and so on and so on until we end up at a rejecting computation is a rejecting uh configuration now for convenience i'm going to uh insist that all of these configurations are the same length it's going to make my life easier in doing the proof because then why can i do that um well i'm just gonna take them you know because usually you think of the configurations they start small because they're just basically length in but you know this is using exponential space they're kind of getting longer and longer let's just pair them all out with blanks so that they're all the same size so as i've indicated over here we're adding in a bunch of blanks that's going to be a lot of blanks here right to make sure they all have length 2 to the end of the k which is the maximum size of a configuration when you have that much space um [Music] all right so um i'm going to construct so basically that's my job i'm going to construct r1 so that it generates all all those strings so i'm sort of wrote a little box around that thing i'm trying to that's that's my that's my to-do and i'm also gonna it's gonna help me in the coming slides because they're a little bit dense um when i'm gonna draw this sort of reddish pinkish box around something that means that i'm going to try to describe all strings except for that one okay so that that one is um uh that's the one you know i i want to avoid describing that one because that's the rejecting computation history but i don't want to describe everything else that's my that's my that's my wish all right um so here's a check-in before we move forward but we can also maybe we should just take some questions even before we launch the check-in how are we doing here so is our one describing you know i'm not well r1 is a regular expression so are we over here we're talking about a this is just an ordinary computation history but it ends with a reject that's all a rejecting computation history is just one that's a little different at the end the machine just ended up projecting instead of accepting otherwise everything has to be you know um spelled out in accordance with the rules of the machine and the start configuration um yeah we're assuming if you're in yeah we're assuming one rejecting uh state yeah that's the way we actually define turing machines in the first place but who's arguing yeah there's one there's one reject state we're all deterministic correct um why do we need the padding because i want to make these all the same size all of these configurations that's going to help me later in terms of describing the invalid configurations the ones that are not legal configurations legal rejecting configurations so just simply a matter of convenience um but just accept it for now i just want all of those configurations to be the same length in my uh rejecting computation history otherwise i'm not going to you know i'm just encoding that rejecting computation history in this particular way um so people asking about the detail is a bad start yeah that's yet to come i have two more slides on this so i'll tell you about how we're going to do those so our bad start uh that's a good question is our bad start or all these are all the strings that don't start this way we'll see it in a second but our bad start or all the things that don't start with the you know they they start bad they they're they're not a uh um they're not starting with the start configuration uh they're starting with some other junk um do we need only one rejecting computation history what about the other ones you know this is a deterministic machine so there's only going to be one if i prescribe the lengths as i've done there's going to be only one rejecting computation history because it's deterministic everything is going to be forced from the beginning should r1 be the not of those three no i'm trying r one is describing all of the strings except except this uh this one string so i'm capturing all the different possible ways a string could fail to be the string and he could start wrong it could be wrong along the middle somewhere or so i have to union them together because i'm disgraced as in as as i always believe negations are the most confusing thing to everybody including me um so we're describing all the things that are not this string we're trying to stay away from that one we want to describe everything else okay oh um i think i better move on here i got a lot of questions talk to the tas uh all right check in how big is this rejecting computation history anyway interesting there's a lesson here i got a big burst of answers right at the very beginning all wrong but then the bright the people who took a little bit more time to think uh started getting um the right answer which is so it's like we got a close election here and folks though i have to report i hope we don't have to do a recount okay come on guys answer up 10 seconds this is not super hard stop the count yeah i think we better stop it that's we're on the edge um okay three seconds and polling share results well um the correct answer is in fact c why is that because each configuration is 2 to the n to the k so that's how much space the machine has exponential space but the amount of time which is each one of you know the the number of configurations is going to be the amount of time that's used um is going to be exponentially more than even than that so it's going to be 2 to the 2 to the n to the k is how many steps the machine can run and that's going to be how long the computation history could be so it's a very long thing and when you think about it um the regular expression we are generating how big is that the regular expression and a lot of people playing off my comments here uh about what the votes legal or not okay so let's focus here so the um so this is doubly exponentially large how big is the regular expression that we're generating well that has to be produced in polynomial time so it's only polynomially big so we have this little teensy weensy relatively speaking regular expression which is only poly enter the k it's having to describe all strings except for this this particular string which is 2 to the 2 to the n to the k so in a sense this string is that that you know is related to that regular expression is doubly exponentially larger than that and that kind of presents some of the challenge in uh doing the reduction in creating constructing that regular expression anyway okay so let's move on and start doing this is the hard stuff here is the bad start which is it challenging enough uh even this little piece is going to be a little bit challenging to to describe so just rewriting what from the previous uh slide so we're trying to make r1 which is generating all those strings except the rejecting computation history frame on w um it's in those three parts right now i'm describing the bad start piece so that's going to describe all strings that don't start with this c1 so let me write that out here it's going to generate all strings that don't start with c1 c start or c1 which is as as specified looks like this so any string that doesn't start with these symbols doesn't start exactly like this should be um described by bad start that regular expression okay so that in itself is going to be further subdivided and the the reason for that is it's not that it's not that hard to understand i'm gonna bad start is gonna get the accomplish its goal by saying well anything that doesn't start this way either it doesn't start with a q0 or doesn't or doesn't have a w1 in the next place or doesn't have a w2 in the next place or somewhere along the way it has a wrong symbol each one of these guys is going to be about one of those symbols being wrong in some particular place okay so i'm going to show you what those look like so right now i'm i'm going to focus my little um uh attention on describing all strings except for this one and then everything you know all strings that start with with something except for this one okay so just remember delta is the alphabet for the computation histories um and there's some notation here delta sub epsilon we've seen this before is you're going to add in epsilon as a as an allowed thing for uh delta so it's all the symbols or or epsilon that now i think thought of as a set here and furthermore it's going to be convenient to talk about all the symbols in delta except for some symbol so like at the very beginning q0 i want to talk about all the symbols except for the q0 symbol because that's what i'm going to be used to start off um you know our bad start it's going to be anything except for q0 okay so let's just see how that looks so here is s0 the very first part of our bad start it's going to say um i'm trying to color the sort of the the active ingredient here in in the pink color uh so delta with q0 removed followed by anything so this little regular expression here describes all strings that don't start with a q0 so as i'm indicating over here all strings that don't start with the q0 is what s0 describes so you have to you have to understand that because it's just going to build up from there um [Music] so what do we want to say for s1 what's going to be all strings that don't have w1 in the second place so i'm going to write that over here so s1 is anything in the first place i mean if the first place was wrong s0 took care of it so i'm just going to keep my lights simple so if all i want to do is describe all of the thing places where the second symbol is wrong namely it's not w1 so anything in the first place something besides w1 and this in the next place and then anything at all afterwards those are all strings that don't have location so i'll write it over here like that now s2 simile's going to take now i'm going to since i have exponentiation let's use that for convenience um delta delta or just delta squared so anything in the first two places then not w2 in the next place and then anything so that's going to capture this part so this is what these different s's do and you can sort of get the idea so dot dot this sn is going to describe everything except for wn in in that location which is going to be the n plus first location actually and now i have to continue on doing that for the blanks so now if you think with me um let's just take a look how that's going could go so so now the next symbol which is skipping over the m plus one that i've already taken care of i want to say it's not a blank symbol in this very first location after the input so again i'm describing these non these strings which are not the start configuration so it's not it could fail because it's not there's not a blank where there's supposed to be a blank um and if i do suppose i do that for each one of these guys that would work but but what think this is actually not going to be a good solution for us because there are exponentially many blanks over here this is a hugely long configuration and so there's exponentially many blanks if i do it this way i'm going to end up with an exponentially large regular expression and that's not doable in polynomial time so i have a more complicated way of getting the same effect which is i don't really expect you to fully parse through this right now in real time in lecture but let me try to help you what i'm going to do is skip over these first initial n plus 1 places and then a variable number of places which is indicated by the next piece here and and the way that works is so these are all strings of length n plus one through the the the the end of the configuration um and to understand that uh you know it's almost a little too technical to even try but let's let's see if i put delta to the seven that's all strings of length seven but if i put delta sub epsilon to the seven if you think about what that means that's all strings of length between between 0 and 7. okay because i can either have an epsilon in as my or a symbol from from delta and so that's what i'm doing over here i'm getting a variable length space spacer of deltas um that are going to then end up at a certain location i'm going to say at that place then i have a non-blank because all i need to do is describe the strings that fail to have a blank somewhere in this range so i've got to sort of have a kind of a variable spacer out to that spot where that missing blank might be um okay so that's what this describes okay if you didn't get that don't worry uh that is a technical point you can try to think about it offline and then at the very very end i'm going to describe uh what happens make sure that you know describe the strings that fail to have a pound sign a hashtag in that location how i describe all strings that don't start right okay that's a lot of work just to do that little piece uh fourthly the next two pieces are easier surprisingly okay so um you can jump in with a question um but uh maybe i should move push on um so now i'm going to describe the bad move and bad reject pieces um and bad reject generates all strings that don't contain the str the q reject symbol so that's going to certainly describe all of the uh strings that don't end correctly and that's just simply uh the delta with the q reject symbol removed and then any string of those so that's all strings that don't have q reject so that's going to describe all strings uh that um don't end with a q reject plus some other junk strings along the way but that's all that's all never a problem to put in other strings that you're going to might be capturing in some some other part of the regular expression that you know of bad strings you just want to make sure you don't put in that one uniquely good string which is the rejecting computation history and lastly um we're going to use the notion of the neighborhoods this might be you might think this is the hardest part but in fact not that hard so these are all of the um the strings that have somewhere along the way um a violation uh according to m's rules you want to describe all of those as well i'm going to do that in terms of the neighborhoods but the neighborhoods now are going to be stretched out they're not not you know we don't have a tableau anymore so they're not so easily visualizable but it's the same idea the neighborhood so this is abc and def but now it's an illegal neighborhood def does not follow from abc if all the neighborhoods are legal then the whole competition is is a legitimate computation provided it starts and ends correctly so if it's not a legitimate computation there's got to be an illegal neighborhood somewhere and i'm going to just describe all strings that have an illegal neighborhood and the interesting part is you have to describe you have to place that separator between abc and def so this is another place where we're going to critically use the exponentiation um to uh and and the fact that all the configurations are the same length that's where we we're using that we know exactly how far apart the bottom of the 2x3 neighborhood is from the top of the 2x3 neighborhood okay so we're going to take a union over all illegal 2x3 neighborhoods neighborhood settings i should say and there's only a fixed number of those for the same reason that we had in the cook eleventh theorem there's a fixed number of those depending upon the machine and now we're gonna have say we're gonna start with anything here's the top of the neighborhood here is the separator that separates the top from the bottom in the two consecutive configurations here see i going to see i plus one inside my computation history and then after that uh separator i put in the the second part of the neighborhood which is the def okay it's a little bit yeah you have to really be comfortable with the way we've been presenting these other uh reductions up until now if to really get this so um anyway i think we're at the break um so we can just take questions uh during the break if you have any and um i will otherwise uh see you in five minutes you know in my description back here so let me just take this off um um for bad reject uh it looks like i'm doing kind of overkill and maybe doing something wrong here i'm describing all strings that don't never reject anywhere but as long as i don't describe the legitimate rejecting computation history i do describe all strings that don't end correctly um i'm good i could go through more effort to make sure that i'm only describing the very last configuration here as being as not having the reject but you know [Music] that would just be more work and i don't need to do that work so maybe it would be good just understand why this is sufficient what i've described here and it's not going to cause me any problems um okay some i'm getting a note from my uh from one of my tas thomas saying that the notion bad perhaps is confusing because bad sounds like rejecting yes i mean bad in the sense of not describing a legal uh computation history if you can think of another name i'm happy to switch that for future years too late for now but yeah i don't mean that rejecting i mean that it's not just not it's ill it you know it's i don't know what the right term is illegal um or i i'm not sure what a good how are the neighborhoods defined here what is the tableau here i think you do need to think about it after lecture but um the the tableau you can think of the tableau now here just written out linearly they're all of the rows now instead of nicely organized into a table they're just appeared consecutively because i'm just trying to describe i need to do it to describe a string whether my regular expression doesn't really make sense to think about i mean you can fold it up into a tableau if you like and then and then abc and def will just line up but here if you think about them written consecutively this is exactly how far apart they end up being um [Music] are there only polynomially many illegal neighborhoods so we have to know that that's why i kind of corrected myself it's not illegal neighborhoods that we're told because there the number of neighborhoods in this picture is vast but the neighbor number of neighborhood settings the way to set these values to abcdef and there's only i mean these are symbols that can appear in the in a configuration um uh of the machine so these are there's only a fixed number of symbols that can appear here um that depend upon the the the definition of the machine so it's not only polynomial there's a constant number of these things that only uh only the depends on the machine so yeah you have to think about what's going on i there's a lot this is a lot in the slide i um it history for reject it's a bad history for rejecting somebody's suggesting yeah it's a bad history what is fake news maybe we should be fake fake would be a good term nah that's not so good i don't know um yeah two by three the reason two by three is two by three is the right so somebody's asking why two by three two by three is exactly the size as you need to to say that if all the two by three neighborhoods are correct everywhere in the computation history then the whole history is going to be consistent with the rules of m it's going to be a legal representation of a computation of m um so if the string which is allegedly a computation history has a bad neighborhood somewhere a bit 2x3 neighborhood somewhere then um well if it's not a legal computation history it's got to have a bad um neighborhoods two by three neighborhoods somewhere anyway um okay let's move on um to uh because i think we're out of time here um uh our timer is up five we're gonna shift gears now anyway so if you got a little lost in the previous proof we're gonna talk about something different and in some ways a little bit i think a little lighter less technical and that's about oracles okay so um okay what are oracles organs are a simple thing um but they're they're in a useful concept uh for a number of reasons um and especially because they they're gonna tell us something interesting about methods which may or may not be useful for proving the p versus mp question when someday somebody hopefully does that so um what is an oracle an oracle is free information you're going to give to a turing machine which might affect um the difficulty of solving problems and the way we're going to represent that free information is we're going to allow the turing machine to test membership in some specified language without charging for for that for the work involved so um i'm going to allow you to have any language at all some language a and say a turing machine with an oracle for a is it isn't written this way m with a superscript a it's a machine that has a black box that can answer questions is some string which the machine can choose in a or not and it gets that answer in one step effectively for free um [Music] so you can imagine depending upon the language that you're providing to the machine that may or may not be useful so for example suppose i give you an oracle for the sat language that can be very useful it could be very useful for deciding sat for example because now you don't have to go through a brute force search to solve sat you just ask the oracle and the oracle is going to say yes it's satisfiable or no it's not satisfied but you can use that to to solve other languages too quickly because anything that you can do in np you can reduce the sat so you can convert it to a sad question which you can then ship up to the oracle and the oracle is going to tell you the answer so then you know the word oracle already sort of conveys something magical we're not really going to be concerned with the operation of the oracle so don't ask me how does the oracle work or what does it correspond to in reality it doesn't it's just a mathematical device which provides this free information to the turing machine which enables it to compute certain things it turns out to be a useful concept that's used in cryptography where you might imagine the oracle could could provide the factors to some number or the password or to some system or something free information and then what can you do with that so this is a notion that comes up in other places um so if we have a an oracle we can think of all of the things that you can compute in polynomial time relative to that oracle so that's what we um the terminology people usually use sometimes called relativization or computation relative to having this extra information so p with an a oracle is all of the language that you can decide in polynomial time if you have an oracle for a um [Music] let's see yeah if somebody's asking me is it really free or does it cost one unit you know it's even just setting up the oracle and writing down the question to the oracle is going to take you some number of steps so you're not going to be able to do an infinite number of oracle calls in in zero time so charging one step or zero steps not going to make a difference because still have to formulate the question um so uh the as i pointed out p with a sad oracle so all the things you do in polynomial time with this satellite includes np does it perhaps include other stuff or are they or does it equal np um would have been a good check-in question but i'm not going to ask that the uh in fact it seems like it contains other things too because cohen p is also contained within p given a sad oracle because the sad article answers both yes or no depending upon the the answer so if the formula is unsatisfiable the oracle is going to say no it's not in the language and now so you can do the complement of the sat problem as well the unsatisfiability problem so you can do all of co and p in the same way you can also define np relative to some oracle so all the things you can do in with a non-deterministic turing machine where all of the branches have separately access and they can ask multiple questions by the way of the oracle um independently um so let's take let's do another a little bit of a more challenging example uh the main formula language which i hope you remember from your homework so those are all of the formulas that do not have a shorter equivalent formula they are minimal you cannot make a smaller formula that's equivalent that gives you the same boolean function um so you showed for example that that language is in uh p space as i recall and there was some other yet another two problems about that language um the complement of the min formula problem is an np with a sad oracle so mull that over for a second and then we'll see why [Music] and that's because here's an algorithm an np an an np with a sad oracle algorithm so um so in other words now i want to i you know though i want to kind of implement that strategy which i argued in the homework problem was not legal but now that i have the sad oracle it's going to turn make it possible where before it was no was not possible um so let's just understand what i mean by that uh so if i'm trying to uh do the the non-minimal formulas namely the formulas that do have a shorter equivalent uh uh uh formula um so i'm gonna guess that sort of formula called psi and now the the challenge before was testing whether that shorter formula was actually equivalent to fee because that's not obviously doable in polynomial time but the equivalence problem for formulas is a cohen p problem or if you'd like to think about it the other way any formula in equivalence is an np problem because you just have to the witness is the assignment on which they disagree so two formulas are equivalent if they never disagree and so that's a co-np problem okay so a sad oracle can solve a coin problem namely the equivalence of the two formulas the input formula and the one that you not deterministically guessed and if it turns out that they are equivalent a smaller formula is equivalent to the input formula you know the input formula is not minimal and so you can accept and if it gets the wrong formula it turns out not to be equivalent um then you reject on that branch of the non-determinism just like we did before and if the formula really was minimal there's not going to be none of the branches is going to find a shorter equivalent formula so that's why this problem here is in np with a sad oracle okay so now i'm gonna we're gonna try to investigate this on my uh we're getting near the end of the of the lecture we're gonna look at the um you know problems like well um suppose i compare p with a sad oracle and np with a sad oracle could those be the same well there's reasons to believe those are not the same but could there be any a where p with an a oracle is the same as np with an aortal it seems like no but actually that's wrong there is a language there are languages for which np with that oracle and p with that oracle are exactly the same and then and that actually is an interest it's not just a curiosity it actually has relevance to strategies for solving p versus np um which hopefully i'll have time to get to um can we think of an oracle like a hash table i think hashing is somehow different in spirit of sort of um i understand there's sort of some similarity there but i don't see that hashing is a way of um uh you know finding a sort of a short name for for objects um which has a variety of different purposes why you might want to do that and so i don't really think it's the same uh let's see in an oracle question okay let's see how do we use sat oracle to solve where the two formulas are equivalent so okay let's getting back to this point how can we use the satellite oracle to solve whether two formulas are equivalent well we can use a sad oracle to solve any np problem because it's reducible to sad right you know in in other words if p you know with a sad oracle contains all of np so you have to make sure you understand that part um uh but you know like if you have like the clique problem you can reduce if i give you a clique problem which is an np problem and i want to use the oracle to test if the formula if the graph has a clique i reduce that problem to a sad problem using the cook leaven theory and knowing that a clique of a certain size is going to correspond to having a formula which is satisfiable now i can ask the oracle and if i can do np problems i can do co-np problems because p is a deterministic class even though it has an oracle it's still deterministic it can invert the answer something that non-deterministic machines cannot necessarily do okay so i don't know maybe that's let's move on um so there's an oracle where p to the a equals np to the a which kind of seems like kind of amazing at some level because here's an oracle where the non-determinism if i give you that oracle non-determinism non-determinism doesn't help um and it's actually a language we've seen it's tqbf why is that well here's the whole proof if i have an np with a tqbf oracle let's just check each of these steps i claim i can do that with a non-deterministic polynomial space machine which that no longer has in oracle the reason is that if i have polynomial space i can answer questions about tqbf without needing an oracle i have enough space just to answer the question directly myself and i use my non-determinism here to simulate the non-determinism of the np machine so every time the np machine now you know branches now deterministically so do i every time one of those branches asks the oracle a tqbf question i just do my polynomial space algorithm to solve that question myself but now np space equals p space by savage is there and because tqbf is piece based complete for the very same reason that a sad oracle allows me to do every np problem a tqbf problem allows me to do every piece based problem and so i get np contained within p for tqbf oracle and of course you get the containment the other way immediately so they're equal what does that have to do with um [Music] uh somebody said you know i'll i'll just i don't want to run out of time so i'll take any questions at the end um what has this got to do with the p versus empty problem okay so this is an actual this is a very interesting connection um and uh so you know remember we just showed through a combination of today's lecture and yesterday's lecture uh and and um uh uh i guess thursday's lecture that this problem this equivalence problem is not in p space and therefore it's not in p and therefore it's intractable right we just that's what we just did um [Music] we showed it's complete for a class which is provably outside of p probably bigger than p um well that's what that's the kind of thing we would like to be able to do to separate p and np we would like to show that some other problem is not in p some other problem is intractable namely sat if we could do sat then we're good we've we've sal p and np so we already have an example of being able to do that could we use the same method um which is something people did try to do many years ago to show that sat is not in p so what is that method really well that method the guts of that method really comes from the hierarchy theorem that's where you're actually proving problems are hard you're getting this problem with the through the hierarchy uh construction that's provably um outside of p space or and outside of p um that's a diagonalization and if you and you look carefully at what what's going on there um so we're going to say no we're not going to be able to self-set show stats outside of p in the same way and the reason is suppose we could um well the hierarchy theorems are proved by diagonalization and you know what i mean by that is that in the hierarchy theorem there's a machine d which is simulating some other machine m so um to remember what's going on there remember that we made a machine which is going to make its language different from the language of every machine that's running with less space or with less time right that's how d was defined it wants to make sure its language cannot be done in in less space so it makes sure that its language is different that it doesn't it simulates the machines that use less space and does something different from what they do well that simulation um if we had an oracle if we're trying to show that um you know if we provide both the simulator and the machine being simulated with the same oracle the simulation still works every time the machine you're simulating um asks a question the simulator has the same oracle so it can also ask the same question and can still do the simulation so in other words if you could prove p different from np using basically a simulation which is what what a diagonalization is then you would be able to prove that p is different from np for every oracle so if you can prove p different mnp by a diagonalization that would also immediately prove that p is different from np for every oracle because the or the the the argument is transparent to the oracle if you just put the oracle down everything still works but here is the big but um it can't be that um we we know that p a is that we know this is false we just exhibited an oracle for which they're equal it's not the case that p is different from np for every oracle sometimes they're equal for so many oracles so something that's just a basically a a very straightforward diagonalization to you know something that's at its core is a diagonalization is not going to be enough to solve p and np because otherwise it would prove that they're different for every oracle and and sometimes they're not different for some oracles so that that that's you know that's an important insight for what kind of in the method will not be adequate to prove p different from np and this comes up all the time um you know people who are make proposed hypothetical solutions that they're trying to show p different from np one of the very first things people ask is well would that argument still work um if you put an oracle there and um often it does which points out there was a flaw um anyway uh last check-in so this is just a little test of your knowledge about oracle's um why don't we in our remaining minute here uh let's say 30 seconds and then we'll we'll we'll do a wrap on this and i'll point out which ones are right oh boy we're all over the place of this one uh it is you're liking them all looks well i guess the one the the ones that are false are lagging slightly um okay um okay let's let's conclude um did i did i give you enough time there i share results um uh so in fact um uh um yeah so having the an oracle for the compliment is the same as having an oracle so the this is certainly true np said equal cohen p said we have no reason to believe that would be true and we we don't know it to be true so this is b is not a not a good choice then that's the laggard here min formula um well is in p space and anything in p space isn't reducible to dq bf so this is certainly true and same thing for np with tqbf and cohen p with the tqbf once you have tqbf um you're going to get all of um a p space and as we pointed out you're going to this is gonna be cool as well um so uh why don't we end here and i think we're this is the that that's my last slide so oh no there's my summary here this is what we've done and i will uh send you all off on your way um how does the interaction between the turing machine and the oracle look yeah i didn't define exactly how the machine interacts with an oracle you can imagine having a separate tape where writes the oracle question and then goes into a special query state you know you can formalize it however you like they're all going to be any reasonable way of formalizing it is going to be come up with the same notion in the end um it does show that p with a tqbf oracle equals p space yes that is correct good point why do we need the oracle to be tqbf wouldn't sat also work because it could solve any np problem so you're asking does p with a sad oracle equal np with a sad oracle not known and and not believed not to be true but we don't don't have a compelling reason for that but uh no one has any idea how to do that because for example you know we showed the um uh the complement of min formula is an np with a sad oracle um but no one knows how to do because there's sort of two levels of non-determinism there there's guessing the smaller formula and then guessing again to check the uh equivalence and they really can't be combined because one of them sort of exit an exist type guessing the other one is kind of a for all type guessing um and so uh that's no one knows how to do that in polynomial time with the sad oracle so it generally believed that they're not the same um in the check and why was b false b was um is the same question does np with the sat oracle equal coin p with a sad oracle i'm not saying it's false it's just not known to be true if you can you know it doesn't follow from anything that we've shown so far and i think you know that would be something that um well i i guess it doesn't immediately imply any famous open problem so you know uh i wouldn't necessarily you wouldn't expect you to know that it's an unsolved problem but it is um okay could we have oracles for undecidable languages absolutely would it be helpful well if you're trying to solve a solvent undecidable problem it would be helpful but people do study that you know in fact the original concept of oracle's was um presented in the um what was derived in the compute computability theory um and a side note you can talk about reducibility that i don't want to go there too complicated but um what is not known to be true again um what is not known to be true is that np with a sad oracle equals cohen p with the sad oracle or equals p with the sad oracle nothing is known except the obvious relations among those those are all on unknown and just not known to be true or false um is np with a sad oracle equal to np probably not np with a sad oracle for one thing contains cohen and p because it's even more powerful we pointed out that p with a certain oracle contains with it it contains coin p and so np with the satellite is going to be at least as good and so it's going to contain cohen p and so probably not going to be equal to np unless shockingly unexpected things happen in our complexity world you 2 00:00:27,910 --> 00:00:28,830 um welcome everyone welcome back to uh theory of computation and um just to recap uh where we are we um [Music] have been looking at time complexity and space complexity and um we just finished approving what are called the hierarchy theorems uh which you know in a nutshell basically say that if you allow the computational model to have a little bit more resource a little bit more time a little bit more space then you can do more things so with certain conditions so we proved that last time it was a proof basically by a diagonalization i don't know if you recognized the diagonalization there but um you know when you're encoding a machine by an input and then basically running all possible different machines that's essentially a diagonalization so today we're going to build on that work to give an example of what we call a natural intractable problem we'll say a bit more about what that means and then we're going to talk about something which is a different topic but nevertheless related having to do with oracles and methods which may or may not work to make to solve the p versus np problem which of course is a big open problem in the field okay so the time and space hierarchy theorems because we're going to be using those today um they say that if you give a little bit more uh space here so if you're for space constructable functions functions that you can actually compute within the amount of space that they uh specify um you can act you can show that the things that you can do in that much space is probably is larger than what you can do in less space and you have can prove a similar slightly weaker fact about the time complexity classes so what that means is that the uh these classes form a hierarchy so as you add more time or let's say in this case space from n squared to n cubed to enter the fourth you get um larger and larger classes which i'm kind of illustrating here by putting putting a dot there which shows that there's something that we know that's new in those classes as you as you go up um these uh these different bounds and this is going to be true for space complexity and it's also going to be true for time complexity um so and one of the corollaries that we pointed out last time um is that uh p space is a properly includes um non-deterministic log space nl so n l is a proper subset of p space so this stuff in p space that um is not in nl and remember this notation here this means proper subset um one of the things that uh a follow-on corollary that we didn't mention last time but that's something that you uh you should know is that um the tqbf problem you know our piece-based complete problem is an example of a problem that's in p space obviously but we know it's also not in nl and in order to get that conclusion you have to look again at the proof that tqbf is p-space complete and observe that the reductions that we gave in that proof can be carried out not only in polynomial time but they can be carried out in log space and therefore if tqbf turned out to go down to nl um then because everything in piece base is log space reducible to tqbf that would bring all of p space down to nl but that we just proved is not the case so therefore tqbf could not be an nl okay and we're going to be using that kind of reasoning um again in this in this lecture uh so just a quick check in um these are a few more or less easy maybe more or less tricky um follow-ons uh that you can conclude from the uh time and space hierarchy theorems plus some of the other things we've proven along the way and so just uh as a check of your understanding maybe these a little bit on the tricky side so you have to read them carefully which of these are known to be true um based on the material that we've presented and this is also you know just material that's you know the facts that we know to be true in uh complexity theory um some launch that poll and just just check off the ones that we can prove okay i'm going to close it down so please answer quickly if you're gonna okay one two three and uh okay well the two leading candidates uh are correct so it's uh and the two that are the laggards here are in fact the ones that are not true uh so a and a and d are not true um based on what we know and um b and c are true so let's understand first of all a we know is false because 2 to the n plus 1 is just 2 times 2 to the n and so that's just uh these two bounds differ only by a constant factor and so in fact they're the same complexity class and so you don't get proper containment for a so that that we absolutely know is false um d um well if we could prove that then we would have solved a famous problem because we don't know whether even p equals p space so if p equal p space then certainly p space would equal np which is in between the two and so uh we don't know how to prove p space is different from np as based on the current state of knowledge of the field um so this would not be something that we know to be true uh based on what things we've said now b follows directly from the time hierarchy theorem because 2 to the 2n is the square of 2 to the n and that is asymptotically a larger um a significantly larger bound and so uh um you can prove that um time two to the end is properly contained it properly contains time two to the n c is a little trickier um because you need to remember savage's theorem now savage's theorem applies to space but you also need to remember that what you can do in time in non-deterministic time n squared you can also do a non-deterministic space n squared which then in turn you can do in deterministic space n to the fourth um which is properly contained within space n to the fifth so you can prove that p space properly contains not deterministic time n squared okay it's just a bunch of containments there that's perhaps a little the a and c are perhaps so in a sense it may be the most tricky of the of this group okay um so let's move on so we're going to introduce today two new classes um and you know i actually i want to go back to here you know what are we trying to what are we going to be trying to uh accomplish in today's lecture so we're going to be looking at provable intractability so our a problem being intractable for us means it's outside of p so we can't solve it in polynomial time for our for our um perspective we're going to call that an intractable problem now this problem over here um that's sitting in time 2 to the n but not in the smaller classes so this is an intractable problem that's outside of p um but this example of a language if you remember how the um time hierarchy theorem or the space hierarchy theorem was proved basically this language itself is not an interesting language for other than the purpose that it serves to be in that class and not in a lower class but it's not a language that anyone would care about and it's not even a language that is easy to describe it's just a language that some touring machine um uh decides whether a turing machine is specially designed to have the property that its language is at a particular complexity level but otherwise there's no nice description of that language it's not like a to the end b to the n or some you know um uh equivalence of two dfas or something like that so i would say that that language is in a sense it serves its purpose but it's not a natural language that you really care about so one of the go the go one of the goals of today's lecture is to give an example of a natural language a naturally occurring language in a sense um that's easy to describe where you can prove that that language is intractable is actually outside of p so that's that that's a bit of motivation where we're going um so along the way we're going to prove we're going to introduce these exponential complexity classes exponential time and exponential space which are um exponentially bigger than polynomial time in polynomial space classes so it's 2 to the n to the k in both cases two to the two to a polynomial and um the first five of these classes l through p space we've already seen and exponential time and exponential space extend the containments that we've already seen so you have to double check that you understand why p space is a subset of exponential time but that's because that you know as we showed going from space to time you can do that with an exponential increase uh that's the cost of the simulation and going from time to space you don't need any increase at all anything that you can do in a certain amount of time you can do in that much space so anything you can do in a certain amount of space you can also do an exponentially more amount of time okay so those were simple theorems that we proved right at the very beginning now the hierarchy theorems allow us to conclude some separations among these classes so we already looked at this one nl versus p space and we saw that because nl is by savage's theorem in deterministic log squared space which is properly contained in polynomial space you get a separation between those two classes um provably so and for similar reasons polynomial space to exponential space you're going to get a a separation from the space hierarchy theorem and polynomial time to exponential time you get a provable separation by virtue of the hierarchy theory um now we're going to define complete problems for these two classes exponential time and exponential space so we have exponential time complete it's going to be analogous to what we showed before which is that it's a member of exponential time and every problem in exponential time is reducible to it let's say in polynomial time though it's not going to really turn out to be matter it could be in log space um some simple method of doing the reduction is going to be good enough let's say polynomial time it's a typical definition here and the same thing for exponential space complete we'll say it's exponent it's exponential space complete if it's an exponential space and anything else in exponential space is polynomial time reducible to it okay now but the important thing is that if something is exponential time complete you know it's outside of p for the same reasons we've now seen several times namely that if an exponential time complete problem ended up being in p then because everything else in exponential time is reducible to the complete problem they would also be in p and so exponential time and p would be equal but we just said they're not equal because of the hierarchy theorem so the logic is the hierarchy theorem separates the class and then the complete problem inherits the difficulty of the larger class so the complete problem cannot be any lower than the other problems in the class because they're all reducible to it okay um so the same thing is going to be true for an exponential space complete problem can't be even in p space because exponential space and p space are different and and if it's not in p space it's not going to be in p and so in both cases if you have a problem that's complete for exponential space or exponential time we know that those problems are intractable and our strategy then for giving a natural intractable problem intractable problem is to show it's complete for one of these classes and it's actually going to turn out to be an exponential space complete problem that we're going to give as our example okay so that is the plan um i think it's a good time to let's just take a few questions here uh to make sure we're all on the same page as what we're uh as what we're doing so let me just read i got a couple questions already in here [Music] so this is a little bit of a side comment that somebody's asking what's interesting question basically is it possible that we may not be able to prove solve the p versus np problem that it's just it's not a problem that one can answer from the basic axioms in mathematics if i'm interpreting the question correctly uh there are certain problems in mathematics um you know i think i perhaps i mentioned earlier in the term the problem of whether there is a set whose size is in between the integers and the real numbers you know we know the real numbers are larger in size than the integers you know that was our first example of a diagonalization and is there a problem of size strictly in between the two bigger than the integers smaller than the real numbers so that's a problem that was posed a long time ago it was one of hilbert's problems and was eventually shown to be unanswerable using the basic axioms of mathematics so the question is maybe p versus np is in the same category um it could be that could be true of any unsolved problem in mathematics but at least our experience has shown that the kinds of problems that at least have been shown to be unsolvable you know from uh mathematical axioms tend to involve infinities and very large things things that are very far from our intuitions and something as down to earth as p versus np at least it would be very surprising to me if that turned out to be un uh unanswerable using our our mathematical axioms but who knows oh this is another good question do the time and space hierarchy theorems have non-deterministic variants yes they do they're much harder to prove however we're not going to cover them but you can also prove that non-deterministic time um n-cubed properly includes non-deterministic time n squared you're not going to be responsible for that don't worry if you try to fig if you try to actually prove that you'll see the diagonalization um doesn't directly work um and so uh you have to do something fancier you know it just uh people are asking about which reduction method to use you know again you know the kinds of reductions that we encounter are always very simple so we're just going to be working with very weak notions of reductions not interesting yet generally to consider powerful kinds of reductions like um polynomial exponential time reductions or things like that so it's just not something that people really think about much um i mean i can talk about it at at length offline but let's just assume that our reduction strength is something very low that log space is going to be good enough to do all of the reductions in this class um okay so let's move on then um so here's and here is the problem that we're going to spend the next 20 minutes or so proving to be uh exponential space complete um i have to do a little introduction first so this is this is not the problem but this is related to the problem so the problem of testing if two regular expressions are equivalent do i just write down two regular expressions do they generate the same language so that problem actually turns out to be in p space so it's not going to be exponential space complete it's actually in p space i don't think we're going to have to i thought about presenting it in lecture it's not that hard to show but it just took too much time and doesn't really introduce new methods it's a good exercise actually using savages there um but maybe we'll do it in recitation um or if the lecture miraculous miraculously ends earlier i'll do it at the at the end but i don't think we'll have time um so that's a but that's a setup for the intractable problem that we're going to talk about which is very related now okay before we get to that so if i have a regular expression i'm going to enhance the kind the i'm going to hand enhance our regular expression in one simple way by allowing exponents or exponentiation and that means if i regul if i have a regular expression r um i can write r to the k to mean r concatenated with itself k times sort of we've been sort of informally using that all the way along anyway like when we talk about zero to the k one to the k um so if we're going to formally allow that when we write down regular expressions in some cases that might allow the regular expression to be much smaller especially if we're writing down k in binary because i can write r to the million with just a few symbols if i have exponentiation but if i don't have exponentiation then i have to write r concatenated with r out a million times and i get a much much longer and exponentially longer expression if i don't have that exponent as a way of describing regular regular expressions and that's going to make a big difference so now the equivalence a problem for regular expressions with exponentiation that's what that little up arrow means well that signifies now i'm giving you two regular expressions but they're allowed to have x the exponentiation operation in addition to the um standard regular operations um so now testing whether two of these regular expressions that have exponentiation that problem turns out to be exponential space complete okay so here's the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation that's an exponential space complete problem and as we pointed out that means this problem is provably intractable so there are you know there's just no way in general to solve that problem in polynomial time that's proven that's known um so we're going to go through the reduction um i think it's going to be our last reduction of the term of proving problems complete for some class but this one has each one of those has their own kind of um thing that makes it special okay so first of all we have to show that it's in exponential space and i'm not that's really going to rely on this other fact that we didn't prove so i'm going to go over that very quickly um but the interesting part is doing the reduction so if i have something in exponential space then i can show that i can reduce it to the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation okay so quickly arguing part one that we're in exponential space basically what you do is you take your two regular expressions that you want to test to see if they're equivalent but now they have exponentiation and as a first step you get rid of the exponentiation you just expand the things out by repeating um the the parts that have the exponents um and of course that as i said that's going to make the expression themselves exponentially bigger but now you run the p-space algorithm on those two exponentially larger expressions so the input to the p-space algorithm is now exponential in the original input size but it's p-space in that enlarged input so that's going to give you an exponential space algorithm in the original input size because you know you expanded it to become exponentially bigger and then you run the p space algorithm on that expanded um problem okay um so that gives you an exponential space algorithm for uh for this problem um but now what we're gonna do the interesting part is the reduction so given some language in exponential space say decided by some turing machine in that amount of space 2 to the n to the k we're going to give a reduction that maps a to this equivalence problem got it that is the plan so let's make sure we're all together on the plan before we go ahead and carry out that plan so good good you know if you're got you know we haven't we just sort of set things up here in a sense um for what we're going to be doing so feel free to ask a question on just this you know the plan this part has it's going to get technical because as doing these reductions always is there's a simulation involved and you know you have to kind of you know describe that simulation in its own way so now we're going to be simulating in a certain sense m on w you know the the decider for this exponential space problem a uh we're going to take m on w i'm going to somehow have to express the fact that m accepts w using this equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation okay um so no questions why don't we keep when we move on then so here's we're gonna we have i have three slides on this but they're kind of dense i'm sorry to say um so here is the plan as usual um we're gonna map a with a polynomial time reduction to the equivalence problem for regular expressions with exponentiation so that means we're going to have to take an input which may or may not be an a and produce two regular expressions with exponentiation which are going to be equivalent when w is in a or when m accepts w okay so it's going to be as these things always are these are going to be in terms of the computation history for mnw but in this case it's going to turn out to be convenient convenient to work with the rejecting computation history for m on w so remember we have a turing machine m um it's a decider so that means it always holds for strings in the language it ends up at a q accept state for things not in the language it ends up at a q reject state so a rejecting computation history is the sequence of configurations the machine goes through from the start configuration until it ends up at a configuration with a reject state a rejecting configuration okay and we're going to make a regular expression that describes all strings except for that one it's going to avoid describing a rejecting computation history for m and w otherwise it's going to describe all possible strings now if m does not reject w so there is no rejecting computation history namely m accepts w by the way so if m accepts w does not reject w it does not have a rejecting computation history what is r one describing well it's describing in that case everything because there is no rejecting computation history so it's describing every other string besides so that means it's describing all strings if there is no rejecting computation history in the case that m accepts w so what does that suggest we should use for r2 r2 is going to be the regular expression that just generates all strings so we'll be testing whether r1 generates all strings or not which is the same as saying does um m except w or not okay so r2 is going to be you know i would like to say sigma star but sigma is really the input to m so and gamma is the tape alphabet for m so we have a lot of greek letters to play with so we're going to use delta for the alphabet that we write the computation histories in and if you want to get reminded what that delta is you know a computation history can have a tape alphabet symbol for m it can have a state symbol for m or it can have a delimiter pound hashtag so it's either delta this capital delta alphabet is a tape alphabet symbol or a state something representing a state symbol or a hashtag that's just doubt so don't get you know i always go i always feel bad if somebody gets confused by something that's supposed to be very simple don't get confused by delta star this is just all possible strings over the alphabet delta okay so what does r1 look so my job is to do r1 r2 i already told you r1 now has to describe all those strings except for the rejecting computation history so everything that fails to be a rejecting computation history so it fails either because it started wrong or it ended wrong or it's wrong somewhere in the middle and by wrong i mean it fails to correctly describe the way the machine operates if it's ending up rejecting w right so i'm going to describe all those possible strings um you know by breaking it down in those into those three categories starts wrong ends wrong or somewhere computes wrong along the way okay so rejecting computation history looks something like this you know there's here's the start configuration as we you know you know usually envision it you know it's a start state looking at the first symbol of the input and there's the rest of the input um so let me just write this out um this is a rejecting computation history now so the start first configuration the second one and so on and so on until we end up at a rejecting computation is a rejecting uh configuration now for convenience i'm going to uh insist that all of these configurations are the same length it's going to make my life easier in doing the proof because then why can i do that um well i'm just gonna take them you know because usually you think of the configurations they start small because they're just basically length in but you know this is using exponential space they're kind of getting longer and longer let's just pair them all out with blanks so that they're all the same size so as i've indicated over here we're adding in a bunch of blanks that's going to be a lot of blanks here right to make sure they all have length 2 to the end of the k which is the maximum size of a configuration when you have that much space um [Music] all right so um i'm going to construct so basically that's my job i'm going to construct r1 so that it generates all all those strings so i'm sort of wrote a little box around that thing i'm trying to that's that's my that's my to-do and i'm also gonna it's gonna help me in the coming slides because they're a little bit dense um when i'm gonna draw this sort of reddish pinkish box around something that means that i'm going to try to describe all strings except for that one okay so that that one is um uh that's the one you know i i want to avoid describing that one because that's the rejecting computation history but i don't want to describe everything else that's my that's my that's my wish all right um so here's a check-in before we move forward but we can also maybe we should just take some questions even before we launch the check-in how are we doing here so is our one describing you know i'm not well r1 is a regular expression so are we over here we're talking about a this is just an ordinary computation history but it ends with a reject that's all a rejecting computation history is just one that's a little different at the end the machine just ended up projecting instead of accepting otherwise everything has to be you know um spelled out in accordance with the rules of the machine and the start configuration um yeah we're assuming if you're in yeah we're assuming one rejecting uh state yeah that's the way we actually define turing machines in the first place but who's arguing yeah there's one there's one reject state we're all deterministic correct um why do we need the padding because i want to make these all the same size all of these configurations that's going to help me later in terms of describing the invalid configurations the ones that are not legal configurations legal rejecting configurations so just simply a matter of convenience um but just accept it for now i just want all of those configurations to be the same length in my uh rejecting computation history otherwise i'm not going to you know i'm just encoding that rejecting computation history in this particular way um so people asking about the detail is a bad start yeah that's yet to come i have two more slides on this so i'll tell you about how we're going to do those so our bad start uh that's a good question is our bad start or all these are all the strings that don't start this way we'll see it in a second but our bad start or all the things that don't start with the you know they they start bad they they're they're not a uh um they're not starting with the start configuration uh they're starting with some other junk um do we need only one rejecting computation history what about the other ones you know this is a deterministic machine so there's only going to be one if i prescribe the lengths as i've done there's going to be only one rejecting computation history because it's deterministic everything is going to be forced from the beginning should r1 be the not of those three no i'm trying r one is describing all of the strings except except this uh this one string so i'm capturing all the different possible ways a string could fail to be the string and he could start wrong it could be wrong along the middle somewhere or so i have to union them together because i'm disgraced as in as as i always believe negations are the most confusing thing to everybody including me um so we're describing all the things that are not this string we're trying to stay away from that one we want to describe everything else okay oh um i think i better move on here i got a lot of questions talk to the tas uh all right check in how big is this rejecting computation history anyway interesting there's a lesson here i got a big burst of answers right at the very beginning all wrong but then the bright the people who took a little bit more time to think uh started getting um the right answer which is so it's like we got a close election here and folks though i have to report i hope we don't have to do a recount okay come on guys answer up 10 seconds this is not super hard stop the count yeah i think we better stop it that's we're on the edge um okay three seconds and polling share results well um the correct answer is in fact c why is that because each configuration is 2 to the n to the k so that's how much space the machine has exponential space but the amount of time which is each one of you know the the number of configurations is going to be the amount of time that's used um is going to be exponentially more than even than that so it's going to be 2 to the 2 to the n to the k is how many steps the machine can run and that's going to be how long the computation history could be so it's a very long thing and when you think about it um the regular expression we are generating how big is that the regular expression and a lot of people playing off my comments here uh about what the votes legal or not okay so let's focus here so the um so this is doubly exponentially large how big is the regular expression that we're generating well that has to be produced in polynomial time so it's only polynomially big so we have this little teensy weensy relatively speaking regular expression which is only poly enter the k it's having to describe all strings except for this this particular string which is 2 to the 2 to the n to the k so in a sense this string is that that you know is related to that regular expression is doubly exponentially larger than that and that kind of presents some of the challenge in uh doing the reduction in creating constructing that regular expression anyway okay so let's move on and start doing this is the hard stuff here is the bad start which is it challenging enough uh even this little piece is going to be a little bit challenging to to describe so just rewriting what from the previous uh slide so we're trying to make r1 which is generating all those strings except the rejecting computation history frame on w um it's in those three parts right now i'm describing the bad start piece so that's going to describe all strings that don't start with this c1 so let me write that out here it's going to generate all strings that don't start with c1 c start or c1 which is as as specified looks like this so any string that doesn't start with these symbols doesn't start exactly like this should be um described by bad start that regular expression okay so that in itself is going to be further subdivided and the the reason for that is it's not that it's not that hard to understand i'm gonna bad start is gonna get the accomplish its goal by saying well anything that doesn't start this way either it doesn't start with a q0 or doesn't or doesn't have a w1 in the next place or doesn't have a w2 in the next place or somewhere along the way it has a wrong symbol each one of these guys is going to be about one of those symbols being wrong in some particular place okay so i'm going to show you what those look like so right now i'm i'm going to focus my little um uh attention on describing all strings except for this one and then everything you know all strings that start with with something except for this one okay so just remember delta is the alphabet for the computation histories um and there's some notation here delta sub epsilon we've seen this before is you're going to add in epsilon as a as an allowed thing for uh delta so it's all the symbols or or epsilon that now i think thought of as a set here and furthermore it's going to be convenient to talk about all the symbols in delta except for some symbol so like at the very beginning q0 i want to talk about all the symbols except for the q0 symbol because that's what i'm going to be used to start off um you know our bad start it's going to be anything except for q0 okay so let's just see how that looks so here is s0 the very first part of our bad start it's going to say um i'm trying to color the sort of the the active ingredient here in in the pink color uh so delta with q0 removed followed by anything so this little regular expression here describes all strings that don't start with a q0 so as i'm indicating over here all strings that don't start with the q0 is what s0 describes so you have to you have to understand that because it's just going to build up from there um [Music] so what do we want to say for s1 what's going to be all strings that don't have w1 in the second place so i'm going to write that over here so s1 is anything in the first place i mean if the first place was wrong s0 took care of it so i'm just going to keep my lights simple so if all i want to do is describe all of the thing places where the second symbol is wrong namely it's not w1 so anything in the first place something besides w1 and this in the next place and then anything at all afterwards those are all strings that don't have location so i'll write it over here like that now s2 simile's going to take now i'm going to since i have exponentiation let's use that for convenience um delta delta or just delta squared so anything in the first two places then not w2 in the next place and then anything so that's going to capture this part so this is what these different s's do and you can sort of get the idea so dot dot this sn is going to describe everything except for wn in in that location which is going to be the n plus first location actually and now i have to continue on doing that for the blanks so now if you think with me um let's just take a look how that's going could go so so now the next symbol which is skipping over the m plus one that i've already taken care of i want to say it's not a blank symbol in this very first location after the input so again i'm describing these non these strings which are not the start configuration so it's not it could fail because it's not there's not a blank where there's supposed to be a blank um and if i do suppose i do that for each one of these guys that would work but but what think this is actually not going to be a good solution for us because there are exponentially many blanks over here this is a hugely long configuration and so there's exponentially many blanks if i do it this way i'm going to end up with an exponentially large regular expression and that's not doable in polynomial time so i have a more complicated way of getting the same effect which is i don't really expect you to fully parse through this right now in real time in lecture but let me try to help you what i'm going to do is skip over these first initial n plus 1 places and then a variable number of places which is indicated by the next piece here and and the way that works is so these are all strings of length n plus one through the the the the end of the configuration um and to understand that uh you know it's almost a little too technical to even try but let's let's see if i put delta to the seven that's all strings of length seven but if i put delta sub epsilon to the seven if you think about what that means that's all strings of length between between 0 and 7. okay because i can either have an epsilon in as my or a symbol from from delta and so that's what i'm doing over here i'm getting a variable length space spacer of deltas um that are going to then end up at a certain location i'm going to say at that place then i have a non-blank because all i need to do is describe the strings that fail to have a blank somewhere in this range so i've got to sort of have a kind of a variable spacer out to that spot where that missing blank might be um okay so that's what this describes okay if you didn't get that don't worry uh that is a technical point you can try to think about it offline and then at the very very end i'm going to describe uh what happens make sure that you know describe the strings that fail to have a pound sign a hashtag in that location how i describe all strings that don't start right okay that's a lot of work just to do that little piece uh fourthly the next two pieces are easier surprisingly okay so um you can jump in with a question um but uh maybe i should move push on um so now i'm going to describe the bad move and bad reject pieces um and bad reject generates all strings that don't contain the str the q reject symbol so that's going to certainly describe all of the uh strings that don't end correctly and that's just simply uh the delta with the q reject symbol removed and then any string of those so that's all strings that don't have q reject so that's going to describe all strings uh that um don't end with a q reject plus some other junk strings along the way but that's all that's all never a problem to put in other strings that you're going to might be capturing in some some other part of the regular expression that you know of bad strings you just want to make sure you don't put in that one uniquely good string which is the rejecting computation history and lastly um we're going to use the notion of the neighborhoods this might be you might think this is the hardest part but in fact not that hard so these are all of the um the strings that have somewhere along the way um a violation uh according to m's rules you want to describe all of those as well i'm going to do that in terms of the neighborhoods but the neighborhoods now are going to be stretched out they're not not you know we don't have a tableau anymore so they're not so easily visualizable but it's the same idea the neighborhood so this is abc and def but now it's an illegal neighborhood def does not follow from abc if all the neighborhoods are legal then the whole competition is is a legitimate computation provided it starts and ends correctly so if it's not a legitimate computation there's got to be an illegal neighborhood somewhere and i'm going to just describe all strings that have an illegal neighborhood and the interesting part is you have to describe you have to place that separator between abc and def so this is another place where we're going to critically use the exponentiation um to uh and and the fact that all the configurations are the same length that's where we we're using that we know exactly how far apart the bottom of the 2x3 neighborhood is from the top of the 2x3 neighborhood okay so we're going to take a union over all illegal 2x3 neighborhoods neighborhood settings i should say and there's only a fixed number of those for the same reason that we had in the cook eleventh theorem there's a fixed number of those depending upon the machine and now we're gonna have say we're gonna start with anything here's the top of the neighborhood here is the separator that separates the top from the bottom in the two consecutive configurations here see i going to see i plus one inside my computation history and then after that uh separator i put in the the second part of the neighborhood which is the def okay it's a little bit yeah you have to really be comfortable with the way we've been presenting these other uh reductions up until now if to really get this so um anyway i think we're at the break um so we can just take questions uh during the break if you have any and um i will otherwise uh see you in five minutes you know in my description back here so let me just take this off um um for bad reject uh it looks like i'm doing kind of overkill and maybe doing something wrong here i'm describing all strings that don't never reject anywhere but as long as i don't describe the legitimate rejecting computation history i do describe all strings that don't end correctly um i'm good i could go through more effort to make sure that i'm only describing the very last configuration here as being as not having the reject but you know [Music] that would just be more work and i don't need to do that work so maybe it would be good just understand why this is sufficient what i've described here and it's not going to cause me any problems um okay some i'm getting a note from my uh from one of my tas thomas saying that the notion bad perhaps is confusing because bad sounds like rejecting yes i mean bad in the sense of not describing a legal uh computation history if you can think of another name i'm happy to switch that for future years too late for now but yeah i don't mean that rejecting i mean that it's not just not it's ill it you know it's i don't know what the right term is illegal um or i i'm not sure what a good how are the neighborhoods defined here what is the tableau here i think you do need to think about it after lecture but um the the tableau you can think of the tableau now here just written out linearly they're all of the rows now instead of nicely organized into a table they're just appeared consecutively because i'm just trying to describe i need to do it to describe a string whether my regular expression doesn't really make sense to think about i mean you can fold it up into a tableau if you like and then and then abc and def will just line up but here if you think about them written consecutively this is exactly how far apart they end up being um [Music] are there only polynomially many illegal neighborhoods so we have to know that that's why i kind of corrected myself it's not illegal neighborhoods that we're told because there the number of neighborhoods in this picture is vast but the neighbor number of neighborhood settings the way to set these values to abcdef and there's only i mean these are symbols that can appear in the in a configuration um uh of the machine so these are there's only a fixed number of symbols that can appear here um that depend upon the the the definition of the machine so it's not only polynomial there's a constant number of these things that only uh only the depends on the machine so yeah you have to think about what's going on i there's a lot this is a lot in the slide i um it history for reject it's a bad history for rejecting somebody's suggesting yeah it's a bad history what is fake news maybe we should be fake fake would be a good term nah that's not so good i don't know um yeah two by three the reason two by three is two by three is the right so somebody's asking why two by three two by three is exactly the size as you need to to say that if all the two by three neighborhoods are correct everywhere in the computation history then the whole history is going to be consistent with the rules of m it's going to be a legal representation of a computation of m um so if the string which is allegedly a computation history has a bad neighborhood somewhere a bit 2x3 neighborhood somewhere then um well if it's not a legal computation history it's got to have a bad um neighborhoods two by three neighborhoods somewhere anyway um okay let's move on um to uh because i think we're out of time here um uh our timer is up five we're gonna shift gears now anyway so if you got a little lost in the previous proof we're gonna talk about something different and in some ways a little bit i think a little lighter less technical and that's about oracles okay so um okay what are oracles organs are a simple thing um but they're they're in a useful concept uh for a number of reasons um and especially because they they're gonna tell us something interesting about methods which may or may not be useful for proving the p versus mp question when someday somebody hopefully does that so um what is an oracle an oracle is free information you're going to give to a turing machine which might affect um the difficulty of solving problems and the way we're going to represent that free information is we're going to allow the turing machine to test membership in some specified language without charging for for that for the work involved so um i'm going to allow you to have any language at all some language a and say a turing machine with an oracle for a is it isn't written this way m with a superscript a it's a machine that has a black box that can answer questions is some string which the machine can choose in a or not and it gets that answer in one step effectively for free um [Music] so you can imagine depending upon the language that you're providing to the machine that may or may not be useful so for example suppose i give you an oracle for the sat language that can be very useful it could be very useful for deciding sat for example because now you don't have to go through a brute force search to solve sat you just ask the oracle and the oracle is going to say yes it's satisfiable or no it's not satisfied but you can use that to to solve other languages too quickly because anything that you can do in np you can reduce the sat so you can convert it to a sad question which you can then ship up to the oracle and the oracle is going to tell you the answer so then you know the word oracle already sort of conveys something magical we're not really going to be concerned with the operation of the oracle so don't ask me how does the oracle work or what does it correspond to in reality it doesn't it's just a mathematical device which provides this free information to the turing machine which enables it to compute certain things it turns out to be a useful concept that's used in cryptography where you might imagine the oracle could could provide the factors to some number or the password or to some system or something free information and then what can you do with that so this is a notion that comes up in other places um so if we have a an oracle we can think of all of the things that you can compute in polynomial time relative to that oracle so that's what we um the terminology people usually use sometimes called relativization or computation relative to having this extra information so p with an a oracle is all of the language that you can decide in polynomial time if you have an oracle for a um [Music] let's see yeah if somebody's asking me is it really free or does it cost one unit you know it's even just setting up the oracle and writing down the question to the oracle is going to take you some number of steps so you're not going to be able to do an infinite number of oracle calls in in zero time so charging one step or zero steps not going to make a difference because still have to formulate the question um so uh the as i pointed out p with a sad oracle so all the things you do in polynomial time with this satellite includes np does it perhaps include other stuff or are they or does it equal np um would have been a good check-in question but i'm not going to ask that the uh in fact it seems like it contains other things too because cohen p is also contained within p given a sad oracle because the sad article answers both yes or no depending upon the the answer so if the formula is unsatisfiable the oracle is going to say no it's not in the language and now so you can do the complement of the sat problem as well the unsatisfiability problem so you can do all of co and p in the same way you can also define np relative to some oracle so all the things you can do in with a non-deterministic turing machine where all of the branches have separately access and they can ask multiple questions by the way of the oracle um independently um so let's take let's do another a little bit of a more challenging example uh the main formula language which i hope you remember from your homework so those are all of the formulas that do not have a shorter equivalent formula they are minimal you cannot make a smaller formula that's equivalent that gives you the same boolean function um so you showed for example that that language is in uh p space as i recall and there was some other yet another two problems about that language um the complement of the min formula problem is an np with a sad oracle so mull that over for a second and then we'll see why [Music] and that's because here's an algorithm an np an an np with a sad oracle algorithm so um so in other words now i want to i you know though i want to kind of implement that strategy which i argued in the homework problem was not legal but now that i have the sad oracle it's going to turn make it possible where before it was no was not possible um so let's just understand what i mean by that uh so if i'm trying to uh do the the non-minimal formulas namely the formulas that do have a shorter equivalent uh uh uh formula um so i'm gonna guess that sort of formula called psi and now the the challenge before was testing whether that shorter formula was actually equivalent to fee because that's not obviously doable in polynomial time but the equivalence problem for formulas is a cohen p problem or if you'd like to think about it the other way any formula in equivalence is an np problem because you just have to the witness is the assignment on which they disagree so two formulas are equivalent if they never disagree and so that's a co-np problem okay so a sad oracle can solve a coin problem namely the equivalence of the two formulas the input formula and the one that you not deterministically guessed and if it turns out that they are equivalent a smaller formula is equivalent to the input formula you know the input formula is not minimal and so you can accept and if it gets the wrong formula it turns out not to be equivalent um then you reject on that branch of the non-determinism just like we did before and if the formula really was minimal there's not going to be none of the branches is going to find a shorter equivalent formula so that's why this problem here is in np with a sad oracle okay so now i'm gonna we're gonna try to investigate this on my uh we're getting near the end of the of the lecture we're gonna look at the um you know problems like well um suppose i compare p with a sad oracle and np with a sad oracle could those be the same well there's reasons to believe those are not the same but could there be any a where p with an a oracle is the same as np with an aortal it seems like no but actually that's wrong there is a language there are languages for which np with that oracle and p with that oracle are exactly the same and then and that actually is an interest it's not just a curiosity it actually has relevance to strategies for solving p versus np um which hopefully i'll have time to get to um can we think of an oracle like a hash table i think hashing is somehow different in spirit of sort of um i understand there's sort of some similarity there but i don't see that hashing is a way of um uh you know finding a sort of a short name for for objects um which has a variety of different purposes why you might want to do that and so i don't really think it's the same uh let's see in an oracle question okay let's see how do we use sat oracle to solve where the two formulas are equivalent so okay let's getting back to this point how can we use the satellite oracle to solve whether two formulas are equivalent well we can use a sad oracle to solve any np problem because it's reducible to sad right you know in in other words if p you know with a sad oracle contains all of np so you have to make sure you understand that part um uh but you know like if you have like the clique problem you can reduce if i give you a clique problem which is an np problem and i want to use the oracle to test if the formula if the graph has a clique i reduce that problem to a sad problem using the cook leaven theory and knowing that a clique of a certain size is going to correspond to having a formula which is satisfiable now i can ask the oracle and if i can do np problems i can do co-np problems because p is a deterministic class even though it has an oracle it's still deterministic it can invert the answer something that non-deterministic machines cannot necessarily do okay so i don't know maybe that's let's move on um so there's an oracle where p to the a equals np to the a which kind of seems like kind of amazing at some level because here's an oracle where the non-determinism if i give you that oracle non-determinism non-determinism doesn't help um and it's actually a language we've seen it's tqbf why is that well here's the whole proof if i have an np with a tqbf oracle let's just check each of these steps i claim i can do that with a non-deterministic polynomial space machine which that no longer has in oracle the reason is that if i have polynomial space i can answer questions about tqbf without needing an oracle i have enough space just to answer the question directly myself and i use my non-determinism here to simulate the non-determinism of the np machine so every time the np machine now you know branches now deterministically so do i every time one of those branches asks the oracle a tqbf question i just do my polynomial space algorithm to solve that question myself but now np space equals p space by savage is there and because tqbf is piece based complete for the very same reason that a sad oracle allows me to do every np problem a tqbf problem allows me to do every piece based problem and so i get np contained within p for tqbf oracle and of course you get the containment the other way immediately so they're equal what does that have to do with um [Music] uh somebody said you know i'll i'll just i don't want to run out of time so i'll take any questions at the end um what has this got to do with the p versus empty problem okay so this is an actual this is a very interesting connection um and uh so you know remember we just showed through a combination of today's lecture and yesterday's lecture uh and and um uh uh i guess thursday's lecture that this problem this equivalence problem is not in p space and therefore it's not in p and therefore it's intractable right we just that's what we just did um [Music] we showed it's complete for a class which is provably outside of p probably bigger than p um well that's what that's the kind of thing we would like to be able to do to separate p and np we would like to show that some other problem is not in p some other problem is intractable namely sat if we could do sat then we're good we've we've sal p and np so we already have an example of being able to do that could we use the same method um which is something people did try to do many years ago to show that sat is not in p so what is that method really well that method the guts of that method really comes from the hierarchy theorem that's where you're actually proving problems are hard you're getting this problem with the through the hierarchy uh construction that's provably um outside of p space or and outside of p um that's a diagonalization and if you and you look carefully at what what's going on there um so we're going to say no we're not going to be able to self-set show stats outside of p in the same way and the reason is suppose we could um well the hierarchy theorems are proved by diagonalization and you know what i mean by that is that in the hierarchy theorem there's a machine d which is simulating some other machine m so um to remember what's going on there remember that we made a machine which is going to make its language different from the language of every machine that's running with less space or with less time right that's how d was defined it wants to make sure its language cannot be done in in less space so it makes sure that its language is different that it doesn't it simulates the machines that use less space and does something different from what they do well that simulation um if we had an oracle if we're trying to show that um you know if we provide both the simulator and the machine being simulated with the same oracle the simulation still works every time the machine you're simulating um asks a question the simulator has the same oracle so it can also ask the same question and can still do the simulation so in other words if you could prove p different from np using basically a simulation which is what what a diagonalization is then you would be able to prove that p is different from np for every oracle so if you can prove p different mnp by a diagonalization that would also immediately prove that p is different from np for every oracle because the or the the the argument is transparent to the oracle if you just put the oracle down everything still works but here is the big but um it can't be that um we we know that p a is that we know this is false we just exhibited an oracle for which they're equal it's not the case that p is different from np for every oracle sometimes they're equal for so many oracles so something that's just a basically a a very straightforward diagonalization to you know something that's at its core is a diagonalization is not going to be enough to solve p and np because otherwise it would prove that they're different for every oracle and and sometimes they're not different for some oracles so that that that's you know that's an important insight for what kind of in the method will not be adequate to prove p different from np and this comes up all the time um you know people who are make proposed hypothetical solutions that they're trying to show p different from np one of the very first things people ask is well would that argument still work um if you put an oracle there and um often it does which points out there was a flaw um anyway uh last check-in so this is just a little test of your knowledge about oracle's um why don't we in our remaining minute here uh let's say 30 seconds and then we'll we'll we'll do a wrap on this and i'll point out which ones are right oh boy we're all over the place of this one uh it is you're liking them all looks well i guess the one the the ones that are false are lagging slightly um okay um okay let's let's conclude um did i did i give you enough time there i share results um uh so in fact um uh um yeah so having the an oracle for the compliment is the same as having an oracle so the this is certainly true np said equal cohen p said we have no reason to believe that would be true and we we don't know it to be true so this is b is not a not a good choice then that's the laggard here min formula um well is in p space and anything in p space isn't reducible to dq bf so this is certainly true and same thing for np with tqbf and cohen p with the tqbf once you have tqbf um you're going to get all of um a p space and as we pointed out you're going to this is gonna be cool as well um so uh why don't we end here and i think we're this is the that that's my last slide so oh no there's my summary here this is what we've done and i will uh send you all off on your way um how does the interaction between the turing machine and the oracle look yeah i didn't define exactly how the machine interacts with an oracle you can imagine having a separate tape where writes the oracle question and then goes into a special query state you know you can formalize it however you like they're all going to be any reasonable way of formalizing it is going to be come up with the same notion in the end um it does show that p with a tqbf oracle equals p space yes that is correct good point why do we need the oracle to be tqbf wouldn't sat also work because it could solve any np problem so you're asking does p with a sad oracle equal np with a sad oracle not known and and not believed not to be true but we don't don't have a compelling reason for that but uh no one has any idea how to do that because for example you know we showed the um uh the complement of min formula is an np with a sad oracle um but no one knows how to do because there's sort of two levels of non-determinism there there's guessing the smaller formula and then guessing again to check the uh equivalence and they really can't be combined because one of them sort of exit an exist type guessing the other one is kind of a for all type guessing um and so uh that's no one knows how to do that in polynomial time with the sad oracle so it generally believed that they're not the same um in the check and why was b false b was um is the same question does np with the sat oracle equal coin p with a sad oracle i'm not saying it's false it's just not known to be true if you can you know it doesn't follow from anything that we've shown so far and i think you know that would be something that um well i i guess it doesn't immediately imply any famous open problem so you know uh i wouldn't necessarily you wouldn't expect you to know that it's an unsolved problem but it is um okay could we have oracles for undecidable languages absolutely would it be helpful well if you're trying to solve a solvent undecidable problem it would be helpful but people do study that you know in fact the original concept of oracle's was um presented in the um what was derived in the compute computability theory um and a side note you can talk about reducibility that i don't want to go there too complicated but um what is not known to be true again um what is not known to be true is that np with a sad oracle equals cohen p with the sad oracle or equals p with the sad oracle nothing is known except the obvious relations among those those are all on unknown and just not known to be true or false um is np with a sad oracle equal to np probably not np with a sad oracle for one thing contains cohen and p because it's even more powerful we pointed out that p with a certain oracle contains with it it contains coin p and so np with the satellite is going to be at least as good and so it's going to contain cohen p and so probably not going to be equal to np unless shockingly unexpected things happen in our complexity world you 3 00:00:28,830 --> 00:00:31,990 4 00:00:31,990 --> 00:00:32,000 5 00:00:32,000 --> 00:00:32,870 6 00:00:32,870 --> 00:00:36,389 7 00:00:36,389 --> 00:00:36,399 8 00:00:36,399 --> 00:00:36,730 9 00:00:36,730 --> 00:00:36,740 10 00:00:36,740 --> 00:00:37,990 11 00:00:37,990 --> 00:00:39,990 12 00:00:39,990 --> 00:00:41,910 13 00:00:41,910 --> 00:00:45,910 14 00:00:45,910 --> 00:00:47,510 15 00:00:47,510 --> 00:00:49,510 16 00:00:49,510 --> 00:00:51,830 17 00:00:51,830 --> 00:00:54,709 18 00:00:54,709 --> 00:00:54,719 19 00:00:54,719 --> 00:00:55,670 20 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--> 00:11:59,670 374 00:11:59,670 --> 00:12:01,670 375 00:12:01,670 --> 00:12:01,680 376 00:12:01,680 --> 00:12:02,870 377 00:12:02,870 --> 00:12:05,190 378 00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:06,710 379 00:12:06,710 --> 00:12:10,550 380 00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:13,350 381 00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:15,350 382 00:12:15,350 --> 00:12:15,360 383 00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:16,710 384 00:12:16,710 --> 00:12:16,720 385 00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:17,509 386 00:12:17,509 --> 00:12:20,230 387 00:12:20,230 --> 00:12:24,230 388 00:12:24,230 --> 00:12:26,550 389 00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:28,550 390 00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:28,560 391 00:12:28,560 --> 00:12:29,430 392 00:12:29,430 --> 00:12:31,269 393 00:12:31,269 --> 00:12:33,190 394 00:12:33,190 --> 00:12:35,030 395 00:12:35,030 --> 00:12:35,040 396 00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:36,629 397 00:12:36,629 --> 00:12:39,910 398 00:12:39,910 --> 00:12:39,920 399 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:41,750 400 00:12:41,750 --> 00:12:44,230 401 00:12:44,230 --> 00:12:47,269 402 00:12:47,269 --> 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432 00:13:43,990 --> 00:13:45,990 433 00:13:45,990 --> 00:13:49,750 434 00:13:49,750 --> 00:13:52,550 435 00:13:52,550 --> 00:13:54,069 436 00:13:54,069 --> 00:13:58,069 437 00:13:58,069 --> 00:13:58,079 438 00:13:58,079 --> 00:13:59,110 439 00:13:59,110 --> 00:14:01,030 440 00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:03,110 441 00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:05,910 442 00:14:05,910 --> 00:14:08,470 443 00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:11,670 444 00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:15,030 445 00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:17,590 446 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:19,509 447 00:14:19,509 --> 00:14:22,629 448 00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:25,750 449 00:14:25,750 --> 00:14:25,760 450 00:14:25,760 --> 00:14:26,629 451 00:14:26,629 --> 00:14:29,509 452 00:14:29,509 --> 00:14:31,030 453 00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:35,030 454 00:14:35,030 --> 00:14:37,269 455 00:14:37,269 --> 00:14:39,590 456 00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:41,829 457 00:14:41,829 --> 00:14:43,509 458 00:14:43,509 --> 00:14:44,470 459 00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:46,470 460 00:14:46,470 --> 00:14:47,829 461 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--> 00:15:46,629 491 00:15:46,629 --> 00:15:48,150 492 00:15:48,150 --> 00:15:50,150 493 00:15:50,150 --> 00:15:51,829 494 00:15:51,829 --> 00:15:51,839 495 00:15:51,839 --> 00:15:53,110 496 00:15:53,110 --> 00:15:55,269 497 00:15:55,269 --> 00:15:57,350 498 00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:57,360 499 00:15:57,360 --> 00:15:58,310 500 00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:59,749 501 00:15:59,749 --> 00:16:01,110 502 00:16:01,110 --> 00:16:02,949 503 00:16:02,949 --> 00:16:06,550 504 00:16:06,550 --> 00:16:07,990 505 00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:10,069 506 00:16:10,069 --> 00:16:11,670 507 00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:13,430 508 00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:15,990 509 00:16:15,990 --> 00:16:16,000 510 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:16,870 511 00:16:16,870 --> 00:16:19,749 512 00:16:19,749 --> 00:16:22,310 513 00:16:22,310 --> 00:16:24,150 514 00:16:24,150 --> 00:16:26,069 515 00:16:26,069 --> 00:16:27,670 516 00:16:27,670 --> 00:16:29,749 517 00:16:29,749 --> 00:16:32,470 518 00:16:32,470 --> 00:16:34,150 519 00:16:34,150 --> 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549 00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:30,230 550 00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:31,350 551 00:17:31,350 --> 00:17:34,310 552 00:17:34,310 --> 00:17:35,830 553 00:17:35,830 --> 00:17:37,350 554 00:17:37,350 --> 00:17:39,669 555 00:17:39,669 --> 00:17:39,679 556 00:17:39,679 --> 00:17:40,549 557 00:17:40,549 --> 00:17:40,559 558 00:17:40,559 --> 00:17:41,909 559 00:17:41,909 --> 00:17:43,830 560 00:17:43,830 --> 00:17:45,669 561 00:17:45,669 --> 00:17:47,029 562 00:17:47,029 --> 00:17:48,870 563 00:17:48,870 --> 00:17:50,630 564 00:17:50,630 --> 00:17:52,310 565 00:17:52,310 --> 00:17:52,320 566 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,789 567 00:17:54,789 --> 00:17:54,799 568 00:17:54,799 --> 00:17:55,990 569 00:17:55,990 --> 00:17:58,470 570 00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:01,270 571 00:18:01,270 --> 00:18:01,280 572 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:02,870 573 00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:04,950 574 00:18:04,950 --> 00:18:07,350 575 00:18:07,350 --> 00:18:07,360 576 00:18:07,360 --> 00:18:08,390 577 00:18:08,390 --> 00:18:09,590 578 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--> 00:19:05,750 608 00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:07,590 609 00:19:07,590 --> 00:19:09,909 610 00:19:09,909 --> 00:19:11,430 611 00:19:11,430 --> 00:19:12,789 612 00:19:12,789 --> 00:19:14,310 613 00:19:14,310 --> 00:19:14,320 614 00:19:14,320 --> 00:19:15,510 615 00:19:15,510 --> 00:19:17,510 616 00:19:17,510 --> 00:19:18,789 617 00:19:18,789 --> 00:19:19,990 618 00:19:19,990 --> 00:19:22,789 619 00:19:22,789 --> 00:19:24,070 620 00:19:24,070 --> 00:19:26,070 621 00:19:26,070 --> 00:19:28,470 622 00:19:28,470 --> 00:19:29,990 623 00:19:29,990 --> 00:19:32,230 624 00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:35,750 625 00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:38,549 626 00:19:38,549 --> 00:19:40,150 627 00:19:40,150 --> 00:19:42,950 628 00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:44,630 629 00:19:44,630 --> 00:19:46,950 630 00:19:46,950 --> 00:19:46,960 631 00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,390 632 00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:48,400 633 00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:49,909 634 00:19:49,909 --> 00:19:52,710 635 00:19:52,710 --> 00:19:52,720 636 00:19:52,720 --> 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666 00:20:51,350 --> 00:20:53,350 667 00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:55,430 668 00:20:55,430 --> 00:20:57,590 669 00:20:57,590 --> 00:21:01,029 670 00:21:01,029 --> 00:21:03,510 671 00:21:03,510 --> 00:21:06,230 672 00:21:06,230 --> 00:21:09,510 673 00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:12,070 674 00:21:12,070 --> 00:21:13,750 675 00:21:13,750 --> 00:21:15,669 676 00:21:15,669 --> 00:21:18,549 677 00:21:18,549 --> 00:21:21,190 678 00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:23,510 679 00:21:23,510 --> 00:21:25,669 680 00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:27,590 681 00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:29,430 682 00:21:29,430 --> 00:21:31,590 683 00:21:31,590 --> 00:21:34,710 684 00:21:34,710 --> 00:21:36,789 685 00:21:36,789 --> 00:21:38,710 686 00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:40,789 687 00:21:40,789 --> 00:21:40,799 688 00:21:40,799 --> 00:21:41,750 689 00:21:41,750 --> 00:21:44,149 690 00:21:44,149 --> 00:21:45,750 691 00:21:45,750 --> 00:21:48,070 692 00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:50,950 693 00:21:50,950 --> 00:21:54,310 694 00:21:54,310 --> 00:21:54,320 695 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--> 00:22:54,789 725 00:22:54,789 --> 00:22:57,110 726 00:22:57,110 --> 00:22:58,549 727 00:22:58,549 --> 00:22:58,559 728 00:22:58,559 --> 00:23:00,630 729 00:23:00,630 --> 00:23:03,110 730 00:23:03,110 --> 00:23:06,870 731 00:23:06,870 --> 00:23:08,390 732 00:23:08,390 --> 00:23:09,990 733 00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:12,149 734 00:23:12,149 --> 00:23:14,390 735 00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:15,590 736 00:23:15,590 --> 00:23:15,600 737 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:17,190 738 00:23:17,190 --> 00:23:19,669 739 00:23:19,669 --> 00:23:19,679 740 00:23:19,679 --> 00:23:20,710 741 00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:23,750 742 00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:23,760 743 00:23:23,760 --> 00:23:25,029 744 00:23:25,029 --> 00:23:27,590 745 00:23:27,590 --> 00:23:30,310 746 00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:33,029 747 00:23:33,029 --> 00:23:36,470 748 00:23:36,470 --> 00:23:39,110 749 00:23:39,110 --> 00:23:41,830 750 00:23:41,830 --> 00:23:44,230 751 00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:47,430 752 00:23:47,430 --> 00:23:50,230 753 00:23:50,230 --> 00:23:51,510 754 00:23:51,510 --> 00:23:53,669 755 00:23:53,669 --> 00:23:55,750 756 00:23:55,750 --> 00:23:57,110 757 00:23:57,110 --> 00:23:58,710 758 00:23:58,710 --> 00:24:00,710 759 00:24:00,710 --> 00:24:00,720 760 00:24:00,720 --> 00:24:01,990 761 00:24:01,990 --> 00:24:02,000 762 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,789 763 00:24:04,789 --> 00:24:04,799 764 00:24:04,799 --> 00:24:06,870 765 00:24:06,870 --> 00:24:06,880 766 00:24:06,880 --> 00:24:07,830 767 00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:09,590 768 00:24:09,590 --> 00:24:12,070 769 00:24:12,070 --> 00:24:15,190 770 00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:17,029 771 00:24:17,029 --> 00:24:20,230 772 00:24:20,230 --> 00:24:22,630 773 00:24:22,630 --> 00:24:22,640 774 00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:23,830 775 00:24:23,830 --> 00:24:25,269 776 00:24:25,269 --> 00:24:27,269 777 00:24:27,269 --> 00:24:30,390 778 00:24:30,390 --> 00:24:32,390 779 00:24:32,390 --> 00:24:33,669 780 00:24:33,669 --> 00:24:33,679 781 00:24:33,679 --> 00:24:34,710 782 00:24:34,710 --> 00:24:38,549 783 00:24:38,549 --> 00:24:39,990 784 00:24:39,990 --> 00:24:44,830 785 00:24:44,830 --> 00:24:47,029 786 00:24:47,029 --> 00:24:50,310 787 00:24:50,310 --> 00:24:52,149 788 00:24:52,149 --> 00:24:54,630 789 00:24:54,630 --> 00:24:56,470 790 00:24:56,470 --> 00:24:59,750 791 00:24:59,750 --> 00:25:01,990 792 00:25:01,990 --> 00:25:05,110 793 00:25:05,110 --> 00:25:07,110 794 00:25:07,110 --> 00:25:08,630 795 00:25:08,630 --> 00:25:10,710 796 00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:12,549 797 00:25:12,549 --> 00:25:14,630 798 00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:16,149 799 00:25:16,149 --> 00:25:18,310 800 00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:19,750 801 00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:19,760 802 00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:21,909 803 00:25:21,909 --> 00:25:24,070 804 00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:26,630 805 00:25:26,630 --> 00:25:28,549 806 00:25:28,549 --> 00:25:30,789 807 00:25:30,789 --> 00:25:32,470 808 00:25:32,470 --> 00:25:34,390 809 00:25:34,390 --> 00:25:37,110 810 00:25:37,110 --> 00:25:39,750 811 00:25:39,750 --> 00:25:41,110 812 00:25:41,110 --> 00:25:41,120 813 00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:46,070 814 00:25:46,070 --> 00:25:48,149 815 00:25:48,149 --> 00:25:49,830 816 00:25:49,830 --> 00:25:52,149 817 00:25:52,149 --> 00:25:54,070 818 00:25:54,070 --> 00:25:56,710 819 00:25:56,710 --> 00:25:56,720 820 00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:57,750 821 00:25:57,750 --> 00:25:57,760 822 00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:00,710 823 00:26:00,710 --> 00:26:02,070 824 00:26:02,070 --> 00:26:03,669 825 00:26:03,669 --> 00:26:03,679 826 00:26:03,679 --> 00:26:04,870 827 00:26:04,870 --> 00:26:07,190 828 00:26:07,190 --> 00:26:09,350 829 00:26:09,350 --> 00:26:10,950 830 00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:13,430 831 00:26:13,430 --> 00:26:14,630 832 00:26:14,630 --> 00:26:16,230 833 00:26:16,230 --> 00:26:18,230 834 00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:21,269 835 00:26:21,269 --> 00:26:24,470 836 00:26:24,470 --> 00:26:26,789 837 00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:26,799 838 00:26:26,799 --> 00:26:27,990 839 00:26:27,990 --> 00:26:29,830 840 00:26:29,830 --> 00:26:29,840 841 00:26:29,840 --> 00:26:31,510 842 00:26:31,510 --> 00:26:40,070 843 00:26:40,070 --> 00:26:40,080 844 00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:41,430 845 00:26:41,430 --> 00:26:43,269 846 00:26:43,269 --> 00:26:45,510 847 00:26:45,510 --> 00:26:46,789 848 00:26:46,789 --> 00:26:50,310 849 00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:51,669 850 00:26:51,669 --> 00:26:51,679 851 00:26:51,679 --> 00:26:52,870 852 00:26:52,870 --> 00:26:52,880 853 00:26:52,880 --> 00:26:54,070 854 00:26:54,070 --> 00:26:56,390 855 00:26:56,390 --> 00:26:59,029 856 00:26:59,029 --> 00:27:00,950 857 00:27:00,950 --> 00:27:03,269 858 00:27:03,269 --> 00:27:05,669 859 00:27:05,669 --> 00:27:07,909 860 00:27:07,909 --> 00:27:09,590 861 00:27:09,590 --> 00:27:11,750 862 00:27:11,750 --> 00:27:13,350 863 00:27:13,350 --> 00:27:13,360 864 00:27:13,360 --> 00:27:15,269 865 00:27:15,269 --> 00:27:17,669 866 00:27:17,669 --> 00:27:19,269 867 00:27:19,269 --> 00:27:20,870 868 00:27:20,870 --> 00:27:22,789 869 00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:25,190 870 00:27:25,190 --> 00:27:28,789 871 00:27:28,789 --> 00:27:28,799 872 00:27:28,799 --> 00:27:29,750 873 00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:31,190 874 00:27:31,190 --> 00:27:34,149 875 00:27:34,149 --> 00:27:38,389 876 00:27:38,389 --> 00:27:41,510 877 00:27:41,510 --> 00:27:43,750 878 00:27:43,750 --> 00:27:45,909 879 00:27:45,909 --> 00:27:50,389 880 00:27:50,389 --> 00:27:51,990 881 00:27:51,990 --> 00:27:55,269 882 00:27:55,269 --> 00:27:57,669 883 00:27:57,669 --> 00:28:00,389 884 00:28:00,389 --> 00:28:02,630 885 00:28:02,630 --> 00:28:05,190 886 00:28:05,190 --> 00:28:09,190 887 00:28:09,190 --> 00:28:11,110 888 00:28:11,110 --> 00:28:11,120 889 00:28:11,120 --> 00:28:12,470 890 00:28:12,470 --> 00:28:14,549 891 00:28:14,549 --> 00:28:17,190 892 00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:19,110 893 00:28:19,110 --> 00:28:21,510 894 00:28:21,510 --> 00:28:21,520 895 00:28:21,520 --> 00:28:22,710 896 00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:24,149 897 00:28:24,149 --> 00:28:27,269 898 00:28:27,269 --> 00:28:28,789 899 00:28:28,789 --> 00:28:30,710 900 00:28:30,710 --> 00:28:33,350 901 00:28:33,350 --> 00:28:36,310 902 00:28:36,310 --> 00:28:38,950 903 00:28:38,950 --> 00:28:40,710 904 00:28:40,710 --> 00:28:43,269 905 00:28:43,269 --> 00:28:45,750 906 00:28:45,750 --> 00:28:47,669 907 00:28:47,669 --> 00:28:48,950 908 00:28:48,950 --> 00:28:49,990 909 00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:52,230 910 00:28:52,230 --> 00:28:54,389 911 00:28:54,389 --> 00:28:57,750 912 00:28:57,750 --> 00:29:00,789 913 00:29:00,789 --> 00:29:02,149 914 00:29:02,149 --> 00:29:04,710 915 00:29:04,710 --> 00:29:05,909 916 00:29:05,909 --> 00:29:05,919 917 00:29:05,919 --> 00:29:07,110 918 00:29:07,110 --> 00:29:09,669 919 00:29:09,669 --> 00:29:09,679 920 00:29:09,679 --> 00:29:10,549 921 00:29:10,549 --> 00:29:13,190 922 00:29:13,190 --> 00:29:16,630 923 00:29:16,630 --> 00:29:18,549 924 00:29:18,549 --> 00:29:21,110 925 00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:22,230 926 00:29:22,230 --> 00:29:24,950 927 00:29:24,950 --> 00:29:26,789 928 00:29:26,789 --> 00:29:28,630 929 00:29:28,630 --> 00:29:28,640 930 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:29,750 931 00:29:29,750 --> 00:29:33,350 932 00:29:33,350 --> 00:29:34,950 933 00:29:34,950 --> 00:29:36,310 934 00:29:36,310 --> 00:29:38,789 935 00:29:38,789 --> 00:29:40,549 936 00:29:40,549 --> 00:29:42,230 937 00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:43,750 938 00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:45,430 939 00:29:45,430 --> 00:29:47,029 940 00:29:47,029 --> 00:29:49,669 941 00:29:49,669 --> 00:29:51,830 942 00:29:51,830 --> 00:29:51,840 943 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:56,310 944 00:29:56,310 --> 00:29:59,990 945 00:29:59,990 --> 00:30:04,230 946 00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:07,350 947 00:30:07,350 --> 00:30:09,750 948 00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:09,760 949 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:10,789 950 00:30:10,789 --> 00:30:13,830 951 00:30:13,830 --> 00:30:16,310 952 00:30:16,310 --> 00:30:19,190 953 00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,190 954 00:30:21,190 --> 00:30:23,029 955 00:30:23,029 --> 00:30:24,870 956 00:30:24,870 --> 00:30:27,990 957 00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:29,909 958 00:30:29,909 --> 00:30:35,669 959 00:30:35,669 --> 00:30:37,269 960 00:30:37,269 --> 00:30:40,070 961 00:30:40,070 --> 00:30:42,470 962 00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:44,630 963 00:30:44,630 --> 00:30:47,190 964 00:30:47,190 --> 00:30:51,190 965 00:30:51,190 --> 00:30:52,549 966 00:30:52,549 --> 00:30:54,230 967 00:30:54,230 --> 00:30:55,990 968 00:30:55,990 --> 00:30:57,350 969 00:30:57,350 --> 00:30:57,360 970 00:30:57,360 --> 00:30:58,789 971 00:30:58,789 --> 00:31:01,509 972 00:31:01,509 --> 00:31:04,230 973 00:31:04,230 --> 00:31:05,830 974 00:31:05,830 --> 00:31:07,509 975 00:31:07,509 --> 00:31:08,789 976 00:31:08,789 --> 00:31:11,350 977 00:31:11,350 --> 00:31:11,360 978 00:31:11,360 --> 00:31:13,269 979 00:31:13,269 --> 00:31:15,110 980 00:31:15,110 --> 00:31:18,230 981 00:31:18,230 --> 00:31:20,630 982 00:31:20,630 --> 00:31:22,630 983 00:31:22,630 --> 00:31:26,230 984 00:31:26,230 --> 00:31:26,240 985 00:31:26,240 --> 00:31:27,029 986 00:31:27,029 --> 00:31:28,950 987 00:31:28,950 --> 00:31:30,630 988 00:31:30,630 --> 00:31:32,470 989 00:31:32,470 --> 00:31:35,430 990 00:31:35,430 --> 00:31:35,440 991 00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:36,389 992 00:31:36,389 --> 00:31:36,399 993 00:31:36,399 --> 00:31:38,630 994 00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:41,110 995 00:31:41,110 --> 00:31:42,950 996 00:31:42,950 --> 00:31:42,960 997 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:44,950 998 00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:47,909 999 00:31:47,909 --> 00:31:50,149 1000 00:31:50,149 --> 00:31:51,669 1001 00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:53,110 1002 00:31:53,110 --> 00:31:54,870 1003 00:31:54,870 --> 00:31:56,549 1004 00:31:56,549 --> 00:31:58,389 1005 00:31:58,389 --> 00:32:00,470 1006 00:32:00,470 --> 00:32:02,630 1007 00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:04,710 1008 00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:06,470 1009 00:32:06,470 --> 00:32:09,509 1010 00:32:09,509 --> 00:32:11,909 1011 00:32:11,909 --> 00:32:13,509 1012 00:32:13,509 --> 00:32:15,590 1013 00:32:15,590 --> 00:32:19,029 1014 00:32:19,029 --> 00:32:19,039 1015 00:32:19,039 --> 00:32:19,470 1016 00:32:19,470 --> 00:32:19,480 1017 00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:21,269 1018 00:32:21,269 --> 00:32:22,230 1019 00:32:22,230 --> 00:32:22,240 1020 00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:23,110 1021 00:32:23,110 --> 00:32:23,120 1022 00:32:23,120 --> 00:32:24,230 1023 00:32:24,230 --> 00:32:25,830 1024 00:32:25,830 --> 00:32:28,149 1025 00:32:28,149 --> 00:32:30,230 1026 00:32:30,230 --> 00:32:33,029 1027 00:32:33,029 --> 00:32:33,039 1028 00:32:33,039 --> 00:32:35,430 1029 00:32:35,430 --> 00:32:37,990 1030 00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:41,750 1031 00:32:41,750 --> 00:32:43,350 1032 00:32:43,350 --> 00:32:45,269 1033 00:32:45,269 --> 00:32:46,630 1034 00:32:46,630 --> 00:32:47,990 1035 00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:48,000 1036 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:49,269 1037 00:32:49,269 --> 00:32:51,190 1038 00:32:51,190 --> 00:32:54,549 1039 00:32:54,549 --> 00:32:57,029 1040 00:32:57,029 --> 00:33:02,149 1041 00:33:02,149 --> 00:33:07,669 1042 00:33:07,669 --> 00:33:07,679 1043 00:33:07,679 --> 00:33:08,710 1044 00:33:08,710 --> 00:33:10,549 1045 00:33:10,549 --> 00:33:12,470 1046 00:33:12,470 --> 00:33:14,070 1047 00:33:14,070 --> 00:33:15,430 1048 00:33:15,430 --> 00:33:17,750 1049 00:33:17,750 --> 00:33:20,470 1050 00:33:20,470 --> 00:33:23,029 1051 00:33:23,029 --> 00:33:24,950 1052 00:33:24,950 --> 00:33:26,549 1053 00:33:26,549 --> 00:33:28,070 1054 00:33:28,070 --> 00:33:30,230 1055 00:33:30,230 --> 00:33:35,830 1056 00:33:35,830 --> 00:33:35,840 1057 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:36,549 1058 00:33:36,549 --> 00:33:39,350 1059 00:33:39,350 --> 00:33:41,990 1060 00:33:41,990 --> 00:33:44,470 1061 00:33:44,470 --> 00:33:46,470 1062 00:33:46,470 --> 00:33:48,149 1063 00:33:48,149 --> 00:33:49,750 1064 00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:51,909 1065 00:33:51,909 --> 00:33:53,669 1066 00:33:53,669 --> 00:33:55,029 1067 00:33:55,029 --> 00:33:55,039 1068 00:33:55,039 --> 00:33:55,990 1069 00:33:55,990 --> 00:33:58,310 1070 00:33:58,310 --> 00:33:59,269 1071 00:33:59,269 --> 00:33:59,279 1072 00:33:59,279 --> 00:34:00,870 1073 00:34:00,870 --> 00:34:02,789 1074 00:34:02,789 --> 00:34:03,990 1075 00:34:03,990 --> 00:34:07,190 1076 00:34:07,190 --> 00:34:09,669 1077 00:34:09,669 --> 00:34:11,829 1078 00:34:11,829 --> 00:34:11,839 1079 00:34:11,839 --> 00:34:12,869 1080 00:34:12,869 --> 00:34:12,879 1081 00:34:12,879 --> 00:34:13,750 1082 00:34:13,750 --> 00:34:15,109 1083 00:34:15,109 --> 00:34:17,829 1084 00:34:17,829 --> 00:34:19,829 1085 00:34:19,829 --> 00:34:21,349 1086 00:34:21,349 --> 00:34:23,750 1087 00:34:23,750 --> 00:34:26,389 1088 00:34:26,389 --> 00:34:28,790 1089 00:34:28,790 --> 00:34:30,790 1090 00:34:30,790 --> 00:34:33,909 1091 00:34:33,909 --> 00:34:37,669 1092 00:34:37,669 --> 00:34:40,230 1093 00:34:40,230 --> 00:34:42,710 1094 00:34:42,710 --> 00:34:44,950 1095 00:34:44,950 --> 00:34:47,669 1096 00:34:47,669 --> 00:34:49,750 1097 00:34:49,750 --> 00:34:51,190 1098 00:34:51,190 --> 00:34:52,230 1099 00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:55,349 1100 00:34:55,349 --> 00:34:57,190 1101 00:34:57,190 --> 00:34:58,550 1102 00:34:58,550 --> 00:35:00,150 1103 00:35:00,150 --> 00:35:06,390 1104 00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:07,910 1105 00:35:07,910 --> 00:35:10,470 1106 00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:12,630 1107 00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:13,750 1108 00:35:13,750 --> 00:35:16,790 1109 00:35:16,790 --> 00:35:18,950 1110 00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:20,630 1111 00:35:20,630 --> 00:35:23,270 1112 00:35:23,270 --> 00:35:26,150 1113 00:35:26,150 --> 00:35:28,310 1114 00:35:28,310 --> 00:35:31,190 1115 00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:33,109 1116 00:35:33,109 --> 00:35:34,950 1117 00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:34,960 1118 00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:35,750 1119 00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:38,230 1120 00:35:38,230 --> 00:35:40,390 1121 00:35:40,390 --> 00:35:42,550 1122 00:35:42,550 --> 00:35:42,560 1123 00:35:42,560 --> 00:35:45,829 1124 00:35:45,829 --> 00:35:47,270 1125 00:35:47,270 --> 00:35:49,349 1126 00:35:49,349 --> 00:35:49,359 1127 00:35:49,359 --> 00:35:50,950 1128 00:35:50,950 --> 00:35:52,790 1129 00:35:52,790 --> 00:35:54,630 1130 00:35:54,630 --> 00:35:56,710 1131 00:35:56,710 --> 00:35:58,390 1132 00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:59,990 1133 00:35:59,990 --> 00:36:01,270 1134 00:36:01,270 --> 00:36:06,230 1135 00:36:06,230 --> 00:36:08,870 1136 00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:11,190 1137 00:36:11,190 --> 00:36:14,550 1138 00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:14,560 1139 00:36:14,560 --> 00:36:15,990 1140 00:36:15,990 --> 00:36:16,000 1141 00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:16,790 1142 00:36:16,790 --> 00:36:16,800 1143 00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:17,589 1144 00:36:17,589 --> 00:36:19,990 1145 00:36:19,990 --> 00:36:22,230 1146 00:36:22,230 --> 00:36:22,240 1147 00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:23,109 1148 00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:24,870 1149 00:36:24,870 --> 00:36:27,670 1150 00:36:27,670 --> 00:36:29,829 1151 00:36:29,829 --> 00:36:29,839 1152 00:36:29,839 --> 00:36:31,589 1153 00:36:31,589 --> 00:36:33,589 1154 00:36:33,589 --> 00:36:35,829 1155 00:36:35,829 --> 00:36:38,069 1156 00:36:38,069 --> 00:36:41,349 1157 00:36:41,349 --> 00:36:42,230 1158 00:36:42,230 --> 00:36:44,630 1159 00:36:44,630 --> 00:36:46,950 1160 00:36:46,950 --> 00:36:48,710 1161 00:36:48,710 --> 00:36:50,790 1162 00:36:50,790 --> 00:36:55,349 1163 00:36:55,349 --> 00:36:57,190 1164 00:36:57,190 --> 00:36:58,550 1165 00:36:58,550 --> 00:37:00,069 1166 00:37:00,069 --> 00:37:00,079 1167 00:37:00,079 --> 00:37:01,270 1168 00:37:01,270 --> 00:37:09,030 1169 00:37:09,030 --> 00:37:10,390 1170 00:37:10,390 --> 00:37:12,710 1171 00:37:12,710 --> 00:37:12,720 1172 00:37:12,720 --> 00:37:14,950 1173 00:37:14,950 --> 00:37:14,960 1174 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:16,150 1175 00:37:16,150 --> 00:37:18,310 1176 00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:20,550 1177 00:37:20,550 --> 00:37:24,390 1178 00:37:24,390 --> 00:37:25,829 1179 00:37:25,829 --> 00:37:27,109 1180 00:37:27,109 --> 00:37:28,870 1181 00:37:28,870 --> 00:37:33,910 1182 00:37:33,910 --> 00:37:35,190 1183 00:37:35,190 --> 00:37:36,950 1184 00:37:36,950 --> 00:37:39,750 1185 00:37:39,750 --> 00:37:45,510 1186 00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:47,270 1187 00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:50,550 1188 00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:50,560 1189 00:37:50,560 --> 00:37:53,510 1190 00:37:53,510 --> 00:37:57,270 1191 00:37:57,270 --> 00:37:59,190 1192 00:37:59,190 --> 00:37:59,200 1193 00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:00,150 1194 00:38:00,150 --> 00:38:01,430 1195 00:38:01,430 --> 00:38:01,440 1196 00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:03,589 1197 00:38:03,589 --> 00:38:03,599 1198 00:38:03,599 --> 00:38:05,109 1199 00:38:05,109 --> 00:38:09,829 1200 00:38:09,829 --> 00:38:12,630 1201 00:38:12,630 --> 00:38:17,270 1202 00:38:17,270 --> 00:38:17,280 1203 00:38:17,280 --> 00:38:18,390 1204 00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:18,400 1205 00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:20,470 1206 00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:22,950 1207 00:38:22,950 --> 00:38:25,190 1208 00:38:25,190 --> 00:38:27,670 1209 00:38:27,670 --> 00:38:29,510 1210 00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:31,670 1211 00:38:31,670 --> 00:38:33,990 1212 00:38:33,990 --> 00:38:35,270 1213 00:38:35,270 --> 00:38:36,710 1214 00:38:36,710 --> 00:38:38,790 1215 00:38:38,790 --> 00:38:40,790 1216 00:38:40,790 --> 00:38:42,150 1217 00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:44,310 1218 00:38:44,310 --> 00:38:45,430 1219 00:38:45,430 --> 00:38:47,349 1220 00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:49,750 1221 00:38:49,750 --> 00:38:52,150 1222 00:38:52,150 --> 00:38:55,510 1223 00:38:55,510 --> 00:38:58,829 1224 00:38:58,829 --> 00:39:02,150 1225 00:39:02,150 --> 00:39:06,710 1226 00:39:06,710 --> 00:39:08,870 1227 00:39:08,870 --> 00:39:10,790 1228 00:39:10,790 --> 00:39:13,109 1229 00:39:13,109 --> 00:39:13,119 1230 00:39:13,119 --> 00:39:15,430 1231 00:39:15,430 --> 00:39:18,790 1232 00:39:18,790 --> 00:39:21,270 1233 00:39:21,270 --> 00:39:21,280 1234 00:39:21,280 --> 00:39:22,790 1235 00:39:22,790 --> 00:39:24,310 1236 00:39:24,310 --> 00:39:26,630 1237 00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:28,550 1238 00:39:28,550 --> 00:39:31,030 1239 00:39:31,030 --> 00:39:32,950 1240 00:39:32,950 --> 00:39:35,589 1241 00:39:35,589 --> 00:39:38,069 1242 00:39:38,069 --> 00:39:40,230 1243 00:39:40,230 --> 00:39:43,829 1244 00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:46,630 1245 00:39:46,630 --> 00:39:48,310 1246 00:39:48,310 --> 00:39:50,870 1247 00:39:50,870 --> 00:39:53,510 1248 00:39:53,510 --> 00:39:55,430 1249 00:39:55,430 --> 00:39:57,430 1250 00:39:57,430 --> 00:39:59,190 1251 00:39:59,190 --> 00:40:01,109 1252 00:40:01,109 --> 00:40:01,119 1253 00:40:01,119 --> 00:40:02,310 1254 00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:04,230 1255 00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:06,470 1256 00:40:06,470 --> 00:40:09,030 1257 00:40:09,030 --> 00:40:12,550 1258 00:40:12,550 --> 00:40:14,550 1259 00:40:14,550 --> 00:40:17,829 1260 00:40:17,829 --> 00:40:19,510 1261 00:40:19,510 --> 00:40:21,990 1262 00:40:21,990 --> 00:40:25,270 1263 00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:27,670 1264 00:40:27,670 --> 00:40:29,510 1265 00:40:29,510 --> 00:40:31,109 1266 00:40:31,109 --> 00:40:33,670 1267 00:40:33,670 --> 00:40:35,829 1268 00:40:35,829 --> 00:40:37,910 1269 00:40:37,910 --> 00:40:37,920 1270 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:38,870 1271 00:40:38,870 --> 00:40:41,349 1272 00:40:41,349 --> 00:40:43,430 1273 00:40:43,430 --> 00:40:45,589 1274 00:40:45,589 --> 00:40:47,829 1275 00:40:47,829 --> 00:40:49,829 1276 00:40:49,829 --> 00:40:51,430 1277 00:40:51,430 --> 00:40:54,309 1278 00:40:54,309 --> 00:40:57,109 1279 00:40:57,109 --> 00:40:59,190 1280 00:40:59,190 --> 00:41:00,790 1281 00:41:00,790 --> 00:41:03,829 1282 00:41:03,829 --> 00:41:05,030 1283 00:41:05,030 --> 00:41:05,040 1284 00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:06,390 1285 00:41:06,390 --> 00:41:06,400 1286 00:41:06,400 --> 00:41:07,750 1287 00:41:07,750 --> 00:41:09,510 1288 00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:13,109 1289 00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:14,870 1290 00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:17,430 1291 00:41:17,430 --> 00:41:18,390 1292 00:41:18,390 --> 00:41:20,550 1293 00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:22,710 1294 00:41:22,710 --> 00:41:24,950 1295 00:41:24,950 --> 00:41:26,550 1296 00:41:26,550 --> 00:41:29,990 1297 00:41:29,990 --> 00:41:30,000 1298 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:31,430 1299 00:41:31,430 --> 00:41:33,990 1300 00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:36,710 1301 00:41:36,710 --> 00:41:39,589 1302 00:41:39,589 --> 00:41:41,670 1303 00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:44,950 1304 00:41:44,950 --> 00:41:46,829 1305 00:41:46,829 --> 00:41:49,910 1306 00:41:49,910 --> 00:41:51,430 1307 00:41:51,430 --> 00:41:51,440 1308 00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:52,550 1309 00:41:52,550 --> 00:41:54,470 1310 00:41:54,470 --> 00:41:56,550 1311 00:41:56,550 --> 00:41:56,560 1312 00:41:56,560 --> 00:41:58,710 1313 00:41:58,710 --> 00:41:59,910 1314 00:41:59,910 --> 00:42:02,870 1315 00:42:02,870 --> 00:42:04,230 1316 00:42:04,230 --> 00:42:05,589 1317 00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:05,599 1318 00:42:05,599 --> 00:42:06,630 1319 00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:06,640 1320 00:42:06,640 --> 00:42:07,750 1321 00:42:07,750 --> 00:42:07,760 1322 00:42:07,760 --> 00:42:09,270 1323 00:42:09,270 --> 00:42:11,430 1324 00:42:11,430 --> 00:42:13,670 1325 00:42:13,670 --> 00:42:17,030 1326 00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:19,270 1327 00:42:19,270 --> 00:42:19,280 1328 00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:20,790 1329 00:42:20,790 --> 00:42:23,109 1330 00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:25,270 1331 00:42:25,270 --> 00:42:27,829 1332 00:42:27,829 --> 00:42:30,069 1333 00:42:30,069 --> 00:42:32,390 1334 00:42:32,390 --> 00:42:35,670 1335 00:42:35,670 --> 00:42:39,109 1336 00:42:39,109 --> 00:42:41,670 1337 00:42:41,670 --> 00:42:43,109 1338 00:42:43,109 --> 00:42:44,550 1339 00:42:44,550 --> 00:42:47,589 1340 00:42:47,589 --> 00:42:49,670 1341 00:42:49,670 --> 00:42:52,069 1342 00:42:52,069 --> 00:42:55,270 1343 00:42:55,270 --> 00:42:56,630 1344 00:42:56,630 --> 00:42:58,550 1345 00:42:58,550 --> 00:42:58,560 1346 00:42:58,560 --> 00:42:59,910 1347 00:42:59,910 --> 00:43:02,470 1348 00:43:02,470 --> 00:43:05,109 1349 00:43:05,109 --> 00:43:07,270 1350 00:43:07,270 --> 00:43:10,550 1351 00:43:10,550 --> 00:43:13,510 1352 00:43:13,510 --> 00:43:16,550 1353 00:43:16,550 --> 00:43:19,030 1354 00:43:19,030 --> 00:43:21,589 1355 00:43:21,589 --> 00:43:22,710 1356 00:43:22,710 --> 00:43:22,720 1357 00:43:22,720 --> 00:43:24,710 1358 00:43:24,710 --> 00:43:26,630 1359 00:43:26,630 --> 00:43:29,829 1360 00:43:29,829 --> 00:43:31,589 1361 00:43:31,589 --> 00:43:34,710 1362 00:43:34,710 --> 00:43:37,910 1363 00:43:37,910 --> 00:43:40,870 1364 00:43:40,870 --> 00:43:45,829 1365 00:43:45,829 --> 00:43:47,430 1366 00:43:47,430 --> 00:43:49,589 1367 00:43:49,589 --> 00:43:49,599 1368 00:43:49,599 --> 00:43:49,950 1369 00:43:49,950 --> 00:43:49,960 1370 00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:51,589 1371 00:43:51,589 --> 00:43:53,990 1372 00:43:53,990 --> 00:43:56,150 1373 00:43:56,150 --> 00:43:58,630 1374 00:43:58,630 --> 00:44:00,550 1375 00:44:00,550 --> 00:44:00,560 1376 00:44:00,560 --> 00:44:01,910 1377 00:44:01,910 --> 00:44:03,430 1378 00:44:03,430 --> 00:44:06,069 1379 00:44:06,069 --> 00:44:08,550 1380 00:44:08,550 --> 00:44:09,670 1381 00:44:09,670 --> 00:44:12,150 1382 00:44:12,150 --> 00:44:14,390 1383 00:44:14,390 --> 00:44:15,589 1384 00:44:15,589 --> 00:44:17,829 1385 00:44:17,829 --> 00:44:19,430 1386 00:44:19,430 --> 00:44:22,069 1387 00:44:22,069 --> 00:44:24,069 1388 00:44:24,069 --> 00:44:25,270 1389 00:44:25,270 --> 00:44:26,630 1390 00:44:26,630 --> 00:44:28,710 1391 00:44:28,710 --> 00:44:34,069 1392 00:44:34,069 --> 00:44:35,670 1393 00:44:35,670 --> 00:44:35,680 1394 00:44:35,680 --> 00:44:36,950 1395 00:44:36,950 --> 00:44:39,589 1396 00:44:39,589 --> 00:44:40,870 1397 00:44:40,870 --> 00:44:42,309 1398 00:44:42,309 --> 00:44:42,319 1399 00:44:42,319 --> 00:44:43,829 1400 00:44:43,829 --> 00:44:43,839 1401 00:44:43,839 --> 00:44:44,870 1402 00:44:44,870 --> 00:44:47,589 1403 00:44:47,589 --> 00:44:50,630 1404 00:44:50,630 --> 00:44:53,190 1405 00:44:53,190 --> 00:44:55,430 1406 00:44:55,430 --> 00:44:57,510 1407 00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:59,349 1408 00:44:59,349 --> 00:45:02,150 1409 00:45:02,150 --> 00:45:04,630 1410 00:45:04,630 --> 00:45:06,790 1411 00:45:06,790 --> 00:45:08,790 1412 00:45:08,790 --> 00:45:12,470 1413 00:45:12,470 --> 00:45:14,790 1414 00:45:14,790 --> 00:45:16,829 1415 00:45:16,829 --> 00:45:16,839 1416 00:45:16,839 --> 00:45:18,470 1417 00:45:18,470 --> 00:45:21,990 1418 00:45:21,990 --> 00:45:22,000 1419 00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:23,829 1420 00:45:23,829 --> 00:45:25,270 1421 00:45:25,270 --> 00:45:26,470 1422 00:45:26,470 --> 00:45:26,480 1423 00:45:26,480 --> 00:45:27,829 1424 00:45:27,829 --> 00:45:29,510 1425 00:45:29,510 --> 00:45:32,470 1426 00:45:32,470 --> 00:45:33,670 1427 00:45:33,670 --> 00:45:35,430 1428 00:45:35,430 --> 00:45:38,150 1429 00:45:38,150 --> 00:45:41,190 1430 00:45:41,190 --> 00:45:43,109 1431 00:45:43,109 --> 00:45:43,119 1432 00:45:43,119 --> 00:45:44,150 1433 00:45:44,150 --> 00:45:46,710 1434 00:45:46,710 --> 00:45:47,910 1435 00:45:47,910 --> 00:45:50,550 1436 00:45:50,550 --> 00:45:50,560 1437 00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:51,430 1438 00:45:51,430 --> 00:45:53,109 1439 00:45:53,109 --> 00:45:54,870 1440 00:45:54,870 --> 00:45:54,880 1441 00:45:54,880 --> 00:45:56,150 1442 00:45:56,150 --> 00:45:58,309 1443 00:45:58,309 --> 00:46:02,550 1444 00:46:02,550 --> 00:46:05,430 1445 00:46:05,430 --> 00:46:05,440 1446 00:46:05,440 --> 00:46:06,470 1447 00:46:06,470 --> 00:46:10,069 1448 00:46:10,069 --> 00:46:10,079 1449 00:46:10,079 --> 00:46:12,870 1450 00:46:12,870 --> 00:46:14,710 1451 00:46:14,710 --> 00:46:17,190 1452 00:46:17,190 --> 00:46:17,200 1453 00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:19,190 1454 00:46:19,190 --> 00:46:21,109 1455 00:46:21,109 --> 00:46:24,470 1456 00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:26,150 1457 00:46:26,150 --> 00:46:29,109 1458 00:46:29,109 --> 00:46:31,990 1459 00:46:31,990 --> 00:46:34,309 1460 00:46:34,309 --> 00:46:35,910 1461 00:46:35,910 --> 00:46:38,069 1462 00:46:38,069 --> 00:46:40,069 1463 00:46:40,069 --> 00:46:41,990 1464 00:46:41,990 --> 00:46:44,790 1465 00:46:44,790 --> 00:46:46,550 1466 00:46:46,550 --> 00:46:47,829 1467 00:46:47,829 --> 00:46:50,309 1468 00:46:50,309 --> 00:46:50,319 1469 00:46:50,319 --> 00:46:51,430 1470 00:46:51,430 --> 00:46:54,829 1471 00:46:54,829 --> 00:46:57,430 1472 00:46:57,430 --> 00:46:59,670 1473 00:46:59,670 --> 00:47:01,990 1474 00:47:01,990 --> 00:47:03,829 1475 00:47:03,829 --> 00:47:03,839 1476 00:47:03,839 --> 00:47:04,630 1477 00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:08,230 1478 00:47:08,230 --> 00:47:08,240 1479 00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:09,349 1480 00:47:09,349 --> 00:47:11,910 1481 00:47:11,910 --> 00:47:13,430 1482 00:47:13,430 --> 00:47:15,109 1483 00:47:15,109 --> 00:47:16,550 1484 00:47:16,550 --> 00:47:18,390 1485 00:47:18,390 --> 00:47:20,470 1486 00:47:20,470 --> 00:47:22,870 1487 00:47:22,870 --> 00:47:24,710 1488 00:47:24,710 --> 00:47:27,510 1489 00:47:27,510 --> 00:47:27,520 1490 00:47:27,520 --> 00:47:31,030 1491 00:47:31,030 --> 00:47:32,309 1492 00:47:32,309 --> 00:47:34,549 1493 00:47:34,549 --> 00:47:37,030 1494 00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:39,190 1495 00:47:39,190 --> 00:47:41,670 1496 00:47:41,670 --> 00:47:44,069 1497 00:47:44,069 --> 00:47:44,079 1498 00:47:44,079 --> 00:47:45,190 1499 00:47:45,190 --> 00:47:46,710 1500 00:47:46,710 --> 00:47:48,470 1501 00:47:48,470 --> 00:47:52,030 1502 00:47:52,030 --> 00:47:55,190 1503 00:47:55,190 --> 00:47:57,910 1504 00:47:57,910 --> 00:48:02,069 1505 00:48:02,069 --> 00:48:03,510 1506 00:48:03,510 --> 00:48:06,950 1507 00:48:06,950 --> 00:48:09,030 1508 00:48:09,030 --> 00:48:09,040 1509 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:10,230 1510 00:48:10,230 --> 00:48:12,549 1511 00:48:12,549 --> 00:48:14,470 1512 00:48:14,470 --> 00:48:16,950 1513 00:48:16,950 --> 00:48:19,510 1514 00:48:19,510 --> 00:48:21,589 1515 00:48:21,589 --> 00:48:24,390 1516 00:48:24,390 --> 00:48:26,150 1517 00:48:26,150 --> 00:48:28,309 1518 00:48:28,309 --> 00:48:30,790 1519 00:48:30,790 --> 00:48:32,790 1520 00:48:32,790 --> 00:48:34,710 1521 00:48:34,710 --> 00:48:34,720 1522 00:48:34,720 --> 00:48:35,589 1523 00:48:35,589 --> 00:48:37,190 1524 00:48:37,190 --> 00:48:38,870 1525 00:48:38,870 --> 00:48:40,630 1526 00:48:40,630 --> 00:48:40,640 1527 00:48:40,640 --> 00:48:41,589 1528 00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:41,599 1529 00:48:41,599 --> 00:48:43,109 1530 00:48:43,109 --> 00:48:45,349 1531 00:48:45,349 --> 00:48:48,470 1532 00:48:48,470 --> 00:48:48,480 1533 00:48:48,480 --> 00:48:49,190 1534 00:48:49,190 --> 00:48:53,349 1535 00:48:53,349 --> 00:48:55,190 1536 00:48:55,190 --> 00:48:58,630 1537 00:48:58,630 --> 00:49:01,990 1538 00:49:01,990 --> 00:49:05,109 1539 00:49:05,109 --> 00:49:05,119 1540 00:49:05,119 --> 00:49:05,990 1541 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:07,750 1542 00:49:07,750 --> 00:49:10,230 1543 00:49:10,230 --> 00:49:10,240 1544 00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:11,349 1545 00:49:11,349 --> 00:49:12,950 1546 00:49:12,950 --> 00:49:12,960 1547 00:49:12,960 --> 00:49:14,230 1548 00:49:14,230 --> 00:49:16,470 1549 00:49:16,470 --> 00:49:16,480 1550 00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:17,990 1551 00:49:17,990 --> 00:49:19,990 1552 00:49:19,990 --> 00:49:21,990 1553 00:49:21,990 --> 00:49:24,870 1554 00:49:24,870 --> 00:49:26,309 1555 00:49:26,309 --> 00:49:28,309 1556 00:49:28,309 --> 00:49:29,589 1557 00:49:29,589 --> 00:49:31,829 1558 00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:31,839 1559 00:49:31,839 --> 00:49:32,710 1560 00:49:32,710 --> 00:49:35,190 1561 00:49:35,190 --> 00:49:36,630 1562 00:49:36,630 --> 00:49:37,990 1563 00:49:37,990 --> 00:49:39,990 1564 00:49:39,990 --> 00:49:41,190 1565 00:49:41,190 --> 00:49:44,069 1566 00:49:44,069 --> 00:49:47,589 1567 00:49:47,589 --> 00:49:48,870 1568 00:49:48,870 --> 00:49:51,510 1569 00:49:51,510 --> 00:49:51,520 1570 00:49:51,520 --> 00:49:53,990 1571 00:49:53,990 --> 00:49:55,349 1572 00:49:55,349 --> 00:49:56,950 1573 00:49:56,950 --> 00:50:00,710 1574 00:50:00,710 --> 00:50:02,790 1575 00:50:02,790 --> 00:50:04,309 1576 00:50:04,309 --> 00:50:04,319 1577 00:50:04,319 --> 00:50:05,109 1578 00:50:05,109 --> 00:50:07,270 1579 00:50:07,270 --> 00:50:09,670 1580 00:50:09,670 --> 00:50:11,670 1581 00:50:11,670 --> 00:50:13,589 1582 00:50:13,589 --> 00:50:15,190 1583 00:50:15,190 --> 00:50:15,200 1584 00:50:15,200 --> 00:50:16,950 1585 00:50:16,950 --> 00:50:18,549 1586 00:50:18,549 --> 00:50:19,990 1587 00:50:19,990 --> 00:50:22,390 1588 00:50:22,390 --> 00:50:24,870 1589 00:50:24,870 --> 00:50:27,829 1590 00:50:27,829 --> 00:50:32,470 1591 00:50:32,470 --> 00:50:39,030 1592 00:50:39,030 --> 00:50:41,349 1593 00:50:41,349 --> 00:50:42,549 1594 00:50:42,549 --> 00:50:44,069 1595 00:50:44,069 --> 00:50:45,990 1596 00:50:45,990 --> 00:50:47,910 1597 00:50:47,910 --> 00:50:49,829 1598 00:50:49,829 --> 00:50:51,030 1599 00:50:51,030 --> 00:50:52,950 1600 00:50:52,950 --> 00:50:55,589 1601 00:50:55,589 --> 00:50:57,510 1602 00:50:57,510 --> 00:50:59,109 1603 00:50:59,109 --> 00:51:02,630 1604 00:51:02,630 --> 00:51:02,640 1605 00:51:02,640 --> 00:51:04,230 1606 00:51:04,230 --> 00:51:07,270 1607 00:51:07,270 --> 00:51:08,790 1608 00:51:08,790 --> 00:51:10,470 1609 00:51:10,470 --> 00:51:12,950 1610 00:51:12,950 --> 00:51:12,960 1611 00:51:12,960 --> 00:51:13,670 1612 00:51:13,670 --> 00:51:13,680 1613 00:51:13,680 --> 00:51:15,109 1614 00:51:15,109 --> 00:51:16,790 1615 00:51:16,790 --> 00:51:18,710 1616 00:51:18,710 --> 00:51:20,630 1617 00:51:20,630 --> 00:51:24,390 1618 00:51:24,390 --> 00:51:26,630 1619 00:51:26,630 --> 00:51:29,430 1620 00:51:29,430 --> 00:51:31,910 1621 00:51:31,910 --> 00:51:35,750 1622 00:51:35,750 --> 00:51:37,430 1623 00:51:37,430 --> 00:51:38,870 1624 00:51:38,870 --> 00:51:40,150 1625 00:51:40,150 --> 00:51:41,910 1626 00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:44,150 1627 00:51:44,150 --> 00:51:46,069 1628 00:51:46,069 --> 00:51:47,910 1629 00:51:47,910 --> 00:51:49,910 1630 00:51:49,910 --> 00:51:53,270 1631 00:51:53,270 --> 00:51:55,910 1632 00:51:55,910 --> 00:51:58,069 1633 00:51:58,069 --> 00:52:00,710 1634 00:52:00,710 --> 00:52:03,430 1635 00:52:03,430 --> 00:52:06,150 1636 00:52:06,150 --> 00:52:07,990 1637 00:52:07,990 --> 00:52:10,390 1638 00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:10,400 1639 00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:11,430 1640 00:52:11,430 --> 00:52:13,190 1641 00:52:13,190 --> 00:52:16,150 1642 00:52:16,150 --> 00:52:17,589 1643 00:52:17,589 --> 00:52:20,069 1644 00:52:20,069 --> 00:52:21,589 1645 00:52:21,589 --> 00:52:23,829 1646 00:52:23,829 --> 00:52:23,839 1647 00:52:23,839 --> 00:52:25,109 1648 00:52:25,109 --> 00:52:27,349 1649 00:52:27,349 --> 00:52:29,510 1650 00:52:29,510 --> 00:52:31,030 1651 00:52:31,030 --> 00:52:33,589 1652 00:52:33,589 --> 00:52:33,599 1653 00:52:33,599 --> 00:52:35,750 1654 00:52:35,750 --> 00:52:38,549 1655 00:52:38,549 --> 00:52:41,270 1656 00:52:41,270 --> 00:52:41,280 1657 00:52:41,280 --> 00:52:42,790 1658 00:52:42,790 --> 00:52:42,800 1659 00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:43,670 1660 00:52:43,670 --> 00:52:46,390 1661 00:52:46,390 --> 00:52:48,309 1662 00:52:48,309 --> 00:52:50,950 1663 00:52:50,950 --> 00:52:53,190 1664 00:52:53,190 --> 00:52:55,990 1665 00:52:55,990 --> 00:52:58,390 1666 00:52:58,390 --> 00:52:58,400 1667 00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:00,150 1668 00:53:00,150 --> 00:53:02,630 1669 00:53:02,630 --> 00:53:02,640 1670 00:53:02,640 --> 00:53:04,230 1671 00:53:04,230 --> 00:53:04,240 1672 00:53:04,240 --> 00:53:05,829 1673 00:53:05,829 --> 00:53:07,270 1674 00:53:07,270 --> 00:53:09,750 1675 00:53:09,750 --> 00:53:11,750 1676 00:53:11,750 --> 00:53:14,549 1677 00:53:14,549 --> 00:53:18,150 1678 00:53:18,150 --> 00:53:18,500 1679 00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:18,510 1680 00:53:18,510 --> 00:53:19,750 1681 00:53:19,750 --> 00:53:21,510 1682 00:53:21,510 --> 00:53:23,349 1683 00:53:23,349 --> 00:53:24,950 1684 00:53:24,950 --> 00:53:27,670 1685 00:53:27,670 --> 00:53:28,870 1686 00:53:28,870 --> 00:53:30,870 1687 00:53:30,870 --> 00:53:30,880 1688 00:53:30,880 --> 00:53:34,230 1689 00:53:34,230 --> 00:53:36,470 1690 00:53:36,470 --> 00:53:39,109 1691 00:53:39,109 --> 00:53:41,349 1692 00:53:41,349 --> 00:53:43,829 1693 00:53:43,829 --> 00:53:45,349 1694 00:53:45,349 --> 00:53:45,359 1695 00:53:45,359 --> 00:53:46,549 1696 00:53:46,549 --> 00:53:46,559 1697 00:53:46,559 --> 00:53:47,510 1698 00:53:47,510 --> 00:53:49,270 1699 00:53:49,270 --> 00:53:52,309 1700 00:53:52,309 --> 00:53:54,150 1701 00:53:54,150 --> 00:53:57,030 1702 00:53:57,030 --> 00:53:58,870 1703 00:53:58,870 --> 00:54:01,349 1704 00:54:01,349 --> 00:54:03,430 1705 00:54:03,430 --> 00:54:07,030 1706 00:54:07,030 --> 00:54:08,829 1707 00:54:08,829 --> 00:54:10,950 1708 00:54:10,950 --> 00:54:10,960 1709 00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:12,549 1710 00:54:12,549 --> 00:54:14,870 1711 00:54:14,870 --> 00:54:16,390 1712 00:54:16,390 --> 00:54:18,790 1713 00:54:18,790 --> 00:54:20,390 1714 00:54:20,390 --> 00:54:22,630 1715 00:54:22,630 --> 00:54:24,870 1716 00:54:24,870 --> 00:54:26,470 1717 00:54:26,470 --> 00:54:26,480 1718 00:54:26,480 --> 00:54:27,910 1719 00:54:27,910 --> 00:54:30,150 1720 00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:32,790 1721 00:54:32,790 --> 00:54:35,270 1722 00:54:35,270 --> 00:54:36,789 1723 00:54:36,789 --> 00:54:39,109 1724 00:54:39,109 --> 00:54:40,470 1725 00:54:40,470 --> 00:54:42,309 1726 00:54:42,309 --> 00:54:44,470 1727 00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:47,270 1728 00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:49,109 1729 00:54:49,109 --> 00:54:51,510 1730 00:54:51,510 --> 00:54:54,470 1731 00:54:54,470 --> 00:54:54,480 1732 00:54:54,480 --> 00:54:54,980 1733 00:54:54,980 --> 00:54:54,990 1734 00:54:54,990 --> 00:54:56,630 1735 00:54:56,630 --> 00:54:59,750 1736 00:54:59,750 --> 00:54:59,760 1737 00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:01,030 1738 00:55:01,030 --> 00:55:03,109 1739 00:55:03,109 --> 00:55:04,789 1740 00:55:04,789 --> 00:55:07,030 1741 00:55:07,030 --> 00:55:08,150 1742 00:55:08,150 --> 00:55:11,349 1743 00:55:11,349 --> 00:55:13,270 1744 00:55:13,270 --> 00:55:13,280 1745 00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:14,470 1746 00:55:14,470 --> 00:55:19,030 1747 00:55:19,030 --> 00:55:20,710 1748 00:55:20,710 --> 00:55:23,349 1749 00:55:23,349 --> 00:55:25,430 1750 00:55:25,430 --> 00:55:27,990 1751 00:55:27,990 --> 00:55:29,910 1752 00:55:29,910 --> 00:55:31,190 1753 00:55:31,190 --> 00:55:33,109 1754 00:55:33,109 --> 00:55:34,549 1755 00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:37,349 1756 00:55:37,349 --> 00:55:38,710 1757 00:55:38,710 --> 00:55:41,190 1758 00:55:41,190 --> 00:55:43,829 1759 00:55:43,829 --> 00:55:45,589 1760 00:55:45,589 --> 00:55:47,510 1761 00:55:47,510 --> 00:55:48,470 1762 00:55:48,470 --> 00:55:51,670 1763 00:55:51,670 --> 00:55:51,680 1764 00:55:51,680 --> 00:55:54,230 1765 00:55:54,230 --> 00:55:56,870 1766 00:55:56,870 --> 00:55:59,109 1767 00:55:59,109 --> 00:55:59,119 1768 00:55:59,119 --> 00:56:00,789 1769 00:56:00,789 --> 00:56:03,750 1770 00:56:03,750 --> 00:56:04,789 1771 00:56:04,789 --> 00:56:07,589 1772 00:56:07,589 --> 00:56:09,670 1773 00:56:09,670 --> 00:56:17,430 1774 00:56:17,430 --> 00:56:19,270 1775 00:56:19,270 --> 00:56:21,190 1776 00:56:21,190 --> 00:56:22,870 1777 00:56:22,870 --> 00:56:25,190 1778 00:56:25,190 --> 00:56:27,589 1779 00:56:27,589 --> 00:56:30,230 1780 00:56:30,230 --> 00:56:30,240 1781 00:56:30,240 --> 00:56:31,109 1782 00:56:31,109 --> 00:56:33,510 1783 00:56:33,510 --> 00:56:36,549 1784 00:56:36,549 --> 00:56:38,309 1785 00:56:38,309 --> 00:56:40,230 1786 00:56:40,230 --> 00:56:41,829 1787 00:56:41,829 --> 00:56:45,190 1788 00:56:45,190 --> 00:56:46,230 1789 00:56:46,230 --> 00:56:49,430 1790 00:56:49,430 --> 00:56:51,670 1791 00:56:51,670 --> 00:56:55,030 1792 00:56:55,030 --> 00:56:57,349 1793 00:56:57,349 --> 00:57:00,069 1794 00:57:00,069 --> 00:57:01,349 1795 00:57:01,349 --> 00:57:01,359 1796 00:57:01,359 --> 00:57:02,870 1797 00:57:02,870 --> 00:57:02,880 1798 00:57:02,880 --> 00:57:04,069 1799 00:57:04,069 --> 00:57:04,079 1800 00:57:04,079 --> 00:57:06,150 1801 00:57:06,150 --> 00:57:09,270 1802 00:57:09,270 --> 00:57:10,950 1803 00:57:10,950 --> 00:57:12,549 1804 00:57:12,549 --> 00:57:12,559 1805 00:57:12,559 --> 00:57:13,750 1806 00:57:13,750 --> 00:57:15,270 1807 00:57:15,270 --> 00:57:16,950 1808 00:57:16,950 --> 00:57:18,870 1809 00:57:18,870 --> 00:57:20,309 1810 00:57:20,309 --> 00:57:23,670 1811 00:57:23,670 --> 00:57:24,789 1812 00:57:24,789 --> 00:57:25,990 1813 00:57:25,990 --> 00:57:27,829 1814 00:57:27,829 --> 00:57:27,839 1815 00:57:27,839 --> 00:57:29,030 1816 00:57:29,030 --> 00:57:33,670 1817 00:57:33,670 --> 00:57:33,680 1818 00:57:33,680 --> 00:57:36,390 1819 00:57:36,390 --> 00:57:38,829 1820 00:57:38,829 --> 00:57:41,510 1821 00:57:41,510 --> 00:57:44,230 1822 00:57:44,230 --> 00:57:47,109 1823 00:57:47,109 --> 00:57:47,119 1824 00:57:47,119 --> 00:57:47,910 1825 00:57:47,910 --> 00:57:49,349 1826 00:57:49,349 --> 00:57:50,630 1827 00:57:50,630 --> 00:57:53,030 1828 00:57:53,030 --> 00:57:55,510 1829 00:57:55,510 --> 00:57:57,510 1830 00:57:57,510 --> 00:57:57,520 1831 00:57:57,520 --> 00:58:00,069 1832 00:58:00,069 --> 00:58:02,870 1833 00:58:02,870 --> 00:58:05,109 1834 00:58:05,109 --> 00:58:06,870 1835 00:58:06,870 --> 00:58:10,230 1836 00:58:10,230 --> 00:58:11,510 1837 00:58:11,510 --> 00:58:12,710 1838 00:58:12,710 --> 00:58:14,549 1839 00:58:14,549 --> 00:58:16,630 1840 00:58:16,630 --> 00:58:19,670 1841 00:58:19,670 --> 00:58:19,680 1842 00:58:19,680 --> 00:58:21,589 1843 00:58:21,589 --> 00:58:21,599 1844 00:58:21,599 --> 00:58:22,630 1845 00:58:22,630 --> 00:58:22,640 1846 00:58:22,640 --> 00:58:24,230 1847 00:58:24,230 --> 00:58:24,240 1848 00:58:24,240 --> 00:58:24,950 1849 00:58:24,950 --> 00:58:28,870 1850 00:58:28,870 --> 00:58:30,789 1851 00:58:30,789 --> 00:58:32,069 1852 00:58:32,069 --> 00:58:34,950 1853 00:58:34,950 --> 00:58:38,230 1854 00:58:38,230 --> 00:58:39,910 1855 00:58:39,910 --> 00:58:42,630 1856 00:58:42,630 --> 00:58:44,870 1857 00:58:44,870 --> 00:58:48,230 1858 00:58:48,230 --> 00:58:50,470 1859 00:58:50,470 --> 00:58:52,470 1860 00:58:52,470 --> 00:58:53,990 1861 00:58:53,990 --> 00:58:58,710 1862 00:58:58,710 --> 00:58:58,720 1863 00:58:58,720 --> 00:58:59,180 1864 00:58:59,180 --> 00:58:59,190 1865 00:58:59,190 --> 00:59:00,950 1866 00:59:00,950 --> 00:59:03,510 1867 00:59:03,510 --> 00:59:04,789 1868 00:59:04,789 --> 00:59:04,799 1869 00:59:04,799 --> 00:59:05,750 1870 00:59:05,750 --> 00:59:10,150 1871 00:59:10,150 --> 00:59:10,160 1872 00:59:10,160 --> 00:59:11,109 1873 00:59:11,109 --> 00:59:13,109 1874 00:59:13,109 --> 00:59:15,589 1875 00:59:15,589 --> 00:59:17,589 1876 00:59:17,589 --> 00:59:20,230 1877 00:59:20,230 --> 00:59:22,230 1878 00:59:22,230 --> 00:59:24,230 1879 00:59:24,230 --> 00:59:26,710 1880 00:59:26,710 --> 00:59:28,309 1881 00:59:28,309 --> 00:59:30,150 1882 00:59:30,150 --> 00:59:30,160 1883 00:59:30,160 --> 00:59:31,270 1884 00:59:31,270 --> 00:59:33,030 1885 00:59:33,030 --> 00:59:35,109 1886 00:59:35,109 --> 00:59:35,119 1887 00:59:35,119 --> 00:59:36,150 1888 00:59:36,150 --> 00:59:39,109 1889 00:59:39,109 --> 00:59:41,030 1890 00:59:41,030 --> 00:59:42,870 1891 00:59:42,870 --> 00:59:44,470 1892 00:59:44,470 --> 00:59:46,710 1893 00:59:46,710 --> 00:59:48,870 1894 00:59:48,870 --> 00:59:51,270 1895 00:59:51,270 --> 00:59:53,109 1896 00:59:53,109 --> 00:59:54,630 1897 00:59:54,630 --> 00:59:56,150 1898 00:59:56,150 --> 00:59:58,470 1899 00:59:58,470 --> 01:00:00,870 1900 01:00:00,870 --> 01:00:02,549 1901 01:00:02,549 --> 01:00:04,309 1902 01:00:04,309 --> 01:00:05,829 1903 01:00:05,829 --> 01:00:07,510 1904 01:00:07,510 --> 01:00:09,030 1905 01:00:09,030 --> 01:00:11,030 1906 01:00:11,030 --> 01:00:13,430 1907 01:00:13,430 --> 01:00:15,670 1908 01:00:15,670 --> 01:00:17,750 1909 01:00:17,750 --> 01:00:19,430 1910 01:00:19,430 --> 01:00:21,829 1911 01:00:21,829 --> 01:00:24,710 1912 01:00:24,710 --> 01:00:24,720 1913 01:00:24,720 --> 01:00:25,829 1914 01:00:25,829 --> 01:00:25,839 1915 01:00:25,839 --> 01:00:27,510 1916 01:00:27,510 --> 01:00:31,510 1917 01:00:31,510 --> 01:00:32,789 1918 01:00:32,789 --> 01:00:34,309 1919 01:00:34,309 --> 01:00:37,270 1920 01:00:37,270 --> 01:00:39,589 1921 01:00:39,589 --> 01:00:41,430 1922 01:00:41,430 --> 01:00:43,430 1923 01:00:43,430 --> 01:00:45,670 1924 01:00:45,670 --> 01:00:47,829 1925 01:00:47,829 --> 01:00:50,230 1926 01:00:50,230 --> 01:00:52,630 1927 01:00:52,630 --> 01:00:54,630 1928 01:00:54,630 --> 01:00:57,030 1929 01:00:57,030 --> 01:00:57,040 1930 01:00:57,040 --> 01:00:57,520 1931 01:00:57,520 --> 01:00:57,530 1932 01:00:57,530 --> 01:00:58,789 1933 01:00:58,789 --> 01:01:05,030 1934 01:01:05,030 --> 01:01:06,630 1935 01:01:06,630 --> 01:01:09,829 1936 01:01:09,829 --> 01:01:11,430 1937 01:01:11,430 --> 01:01:12,870 1938 01:01:12,870 --> 01:01:13,990 1939 01:01:13,990 --> 01:01:15,670 1940 01:01:15,670 --> 01:01:16,870 1941 01:01:16,870 --> 01:01:20,710 1942 01:01:20,710 --> 01:01:22,950 1943 01:01:22,950 --> 01:01:24,230 1944 01:01:24,230 --> 01:01:26,069 1945 01:01:26,069 --> 01:01:26,079 1946 01:01:26,079 --> 01:01:27,510 1947 01:01:27,510 --> 01:01:27,520 1948 01:01:27,520 --> 01:01:28,870 1949 01:01:28,870 --> 01:01:28,880 1950 01:01:28,880 --> 01:01:30,630 1951 01:01:30,630 --> 01:01:30,640 1952 01:01:30,640 --> 01:01:31,990 1953 01:01:31,990 --> 01:01:34,950 1954 01:01:34,950 --> 01:01:36,230 1955 01:01:36,230 --> 01:01:39,349 1956 01:01:39,349 --> 01:01:41,750 1957 01:01:41,750 --> 01:01:45,270 1958 01:01:45,270 --> 01:01:45,280 1959 01:01:45,280 --> 01:01:46,470 1960 01:01:46,470 --> 01:01:47,670 1961 01:01:47,670 --> 01:01:50,309 1962 01:01:50,309 --> 01:01:53,510 1963 01:01:53,510 --> 01:01:55,670 1964 01:01:55,670 --> 01:01:58,069 1965 01:01:58,069 --> 01:01:58,079 1966 01:01:58,079 --> 01:01:58,870 1967 01:01:58,870 --> 01:02:00,470 1968 01:02:00,470 --> 01:02:00,480 1969 01:02:00,480 --> 01:02:01,510 1970 01:02:01,510 --> 01:02:04,069 1971 01:02:04,069 --> 01:02:06,950 1972 01:02:06,950 --> 01:02:09,829 1973 01:02:09,829 --> 01:02:11,829 1974 01:02:11,829 --> 01:02:12,950 1975 01:02:12,950 --> 01:02:15,670 1976 01:02:15,670 --> 01:02:17,150 1977 01:02:17,150 --> 01:02:18,789 1978 01:02:18,789 --> 01:02:21,430 1979 01:02:21,430 --> 01:02:24,309 1980 01:02:24,309 --> 01:02:26,230 1981 01:02:26,230 --> 01:02:27,430 1982 01:02:27,430 --> 01:02:29,430 1983 01:02:29,430 --> 01:02:32,069 1984 01:02:32,069 --> 01:02:32,079 1985 01:02:32,079 --> 01:02:33,190 1986 01:02:33,190 --> 01:02:34,950 1987 01:02:34,950 --> 01:02:37,109 1988 01:02:37,109 --> 01:02:37,119 1989 01:02:37,119 --> 01:02:38,710 1990 01:02:38,710 --> 01:02:38,720 1991 01:02:38,720 --> 01:02:41,270 1992 01:02:41,270 --> 01:02:41,280 1993 01:02:41,280 --> 01:02:42,390 1994 01:02:42,390 --> 01:02:44,309 1995 01:02:44,309 --> 01:02:46,549 1996 01:02:46,549 --> 01:02:49,430 1997 01:02:49,430 --> 01:02:53,430 1998 01:02:53,430 --> 01:02:56,390 1999 01:02:56,390 --> 01:02:58,950 2000 01:02:58,950 --> 01:02:58,960 2001 01:02:58,960 --> 01:03:01,589 2002 01:03:01,589 --> 01:03:03,109 2003 01:03:03,109 --> 01:03:05,029 2004 01:03:05,029 --> 01:03:06,950 2005 01:03:06,950 --> 01:03:08,870 2006 01:03:08,870 --> 01:03:08,880 2007 01:03:08,880 --> 01:03:09,750 2008 01:03:09,750 --> 01:03:11,589 2009 01:03:11,589 --> 01:03:13,029 2010 01:03:13,029 --> 01:03:15,349 2011 01:03:15,349 --> 01:03:17,270 2012 01:03:17,270 --> 01:03:23,029 2013 01:03:23,029 --> 01:03:25,029 2014 01:03:25,029 --> 01:03:25,039 2015 01:03:25,039 --> 01:03:26,390 2016 01:03:26,390 --> 01:03:31,430 2017 01:03:31,430 --> 01:03:33,109 2018 01:03:33,109 --> 01:03:36,250 2019 01:03:36,250 --> 01:03:36,260 2020 01:03:36,260 --> 01:03:38,549 2021 01:03:38,549 --> 01:03:41,829 2022 01:03:41,829 --> 01:03:45,270 2023 01:03:45,270 --> 01:03:46,789 2024 01:03:46,789 --> 01:03:46,799 2025 01:03:46,799 --> 01:03:48,230 2026 01:03:48,230 --> 01:03:49,829 2027 01:03:49,829 --> 01:03:53,349 2028 01:03:53,349 --> 01:03:54,789 2029 01:03:54,789 --> 01:03:56,870 2030 01:03:56,870 --> 01:03:58,789 2031 01:03:58,789 --> 01:04:00,470 2032 01:04:00,470 --> 01:04:02,309 2033 01:04:02,309 --> 01:04:04,950 2034 01:04:04,950 --> 01:04:07,670 2035 01:04:07,670 --> 01:04:07,680 2036 01:04:07,680 --> 01:04:10,069 2037 01:04:10,069 --> 01:04:11,990 2038 01:04:11,990 --> 01:04:13,270 2039 01:04:13,270 --> 01:04:13,280 2040 01:04:13,280 --> 01:04:14,150 2041 01:04:14,150 --> 01:04:14,160 2042 01:04:14,160 --> 01:04:15,510 2043 01:04:15,510 --> 01:04:17,589 2044 01:04:17,589 --> 01:04:19,349 2045 01:04:19,349 --> 01:04:21,190 2046 01:04:21,190 --> 01:04:23,270 2047 01:04:23,270 --> 01:04:25,190 2048 01:04:25,190 --> 01:04:27,190 2049 01:04:27,190 --> 01:04:28,870 2050 01:04:28,870 --> 01:04:30,710 2051 01:04:30,710 --> 01:04:32,150 2052 01:04:32,150 --> 01:04:33,990 2053 01:04:33,990 --> 01:04:34,000 2054 01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:35,109 2055 01:04:35,109 --> 01:04:37,109 2056 01:04:37,109 --> 01:04:38,710 2057 01:04:38,710 --> 01:04:41,270 2058 01:04:41,270 --> 01:04:43,349 2059 01:04:43,349 --> 01:04:45,829 2060 01:04:45,829 --> 01:04:48,549 2061 01:04:48,549 --> 01:04:51,349 2062 01:04:51,349 --> 01:04:52,710 2063 01:04:52,710 --> 01:04:55,829 2064 01:04:55,829 --> 01:04:58,470 2065 01:04:58,470 --> 01:05:00,789 2066 01:05:00,789 --> 01:05:05,190 2067 01:05:05,190 --> 01:05:07,430 2068 01:05:07,430 --> 01:05:09,670 2069 01:05:09,670 --> 01:05:14,390 2070 01:05:14,390 --> 01:05:17,349 2071 01:05:17,349 --> 01:05:19,750 2072 01:05:19,750 --> 01:05:22,390 2073 01:05:22,390 --> 01:05:24,309 2074 01:05:24,309 --> 01:05:24,319 2075 01:05:24,319 --> 01:05:25,589 2076 01:05:25,589 --> 01:05:26,789 2077 01:05:26,789 --> 01:05:26,799 2078 01:05:26,799 --> 01:05:27,990 2079 01:05:27,990 --> 01:05:29,829 2080 01:05:29,829 --> 01:05:32,710 2081 01:05:32,710 --> 01:05:34,470 2082 01:05:34,470 --> 01:05:39,029 2083 01:05:39,029 --> 01:05:41,029 2084 01:05:41,029 --> 01:05:43,349 2085 01:05:43,349 --> 01:05:44,630 2086 01:05:44,630 --> 01:05:47,109 2087 01:05:47,109 --> 01:05:49,750 2088 01:05:49,750 --> 01:05:51,190 2089 01:05:51,190 --> 01:05:52,710 2090 01:05:52,710 --> 01:05:54,150 2091 01:05:54,150 --> 01:05:54,160 2092 01:05:54,160 --> 01:05:55,190 2093 01:05:55,190 --> 01:05:57,829 2094 01:05:57,829 --> 01:06:02,829 2095 01:06:02,829 --> 01:06:06,549 2096 01:06:06,549 --> 01:06:09,750 2097 01:06:09,750 --> 01:06:12,870 2098 01:06:12,870 --> 01:06:16,230 2099 01:06:16,230 --> 01:06:19,029 2100 01:06:19,029 --> 01:06:19,039 2101 01:06:19,039 --> 01:06:20,150 2102 01:06:20,150 --> 01:06:22,549 2103 01:06:22,549 --> 01:06:25,829 2104 01:06:25,829 --> 01:06:27,430 2105 01:06:27,430 --> 01:06:28,549 2106 01:06:28,549 --> 01:06:30,470 2107 01:06:30,470 --> 01:06:33,990 2108 01:06:33,990 --> 01:06:34,000 2109 01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:35,349 2110 01:06:35,349 --> 01:06:37,430 2111 01:06:37,430 --> 01:06:37,440 2112 01:06:37,440 --> 01:06:39,109 2113 01:06:39,109 --> 01:06:41,270 2114 01:06:41,270 --> 01:06:43,589 2115 01:06:43,589 --> 01:06:45,589 2116 01:06:45,589 --> 01:06:47,829 2117 01:06:47,829 --> 01:06:51,109 2118 01:06:51,109 --> 01:06:54,150 2119 01:06:54,150 --> 01:06:56,630 2120 01:06:56,630 --> 01:06:58,390 2121 01:06:58,390 --> 01:07:00,630 2122 01:07:00,630 --> 01:07:03,029 2123 01:07:03,029 --> 01:07:06,069 2124 01:07:06,069 --> 01:07:06,079 2125 01:07:06,079 --> 01:07:07,829 2126 01:07:07,829 --> 01:07:10,470 2127 01:07:10,470 --> 01:07:10,480 2128 01:07:10,480 --> 01:07:11,589 2129 01:07:11,589 --> 01:07:13,430 2130 01:07:13,430 --> 01:07:13,440 2131 01:07:13,440 --> 01:07:14,870 2132 01:07:14,870 --> 01:07:16,870 2133 01:07:16,870 --> 01:07:16,880 2134 01:07:16,880 --> 01:07:17,829 2135 01:07:17,829 --> 01:07:19,430 2136 01:07:19,430 --> 01:07:19,440 2137 01:07:19,440 --> 01:07:20,710 2138 01:07:20,710 --> 01:07:22,069 2139 01:07:22,069 --> 01:07:24,150 2140 01:07:24,150 --> 01:07:27,029 2141 01:07:27,029 --> 01:07:29,589 2142 01:07:29,589 --> 01:07:29,599 2143 01:07:29,599 --> 01:07:30,470 2144 01:07:30,470 --> 01:07:32,230 2145 01:07:32,230 --> 01:07:32,240 2146 01:07:32,240 --> 01:07:33,349 2147 01:07:33,349 --> 01:07:35,750 2148 01:07:35,750 --> 01:07:37,910 2149 01:07:37,910 --> 01:07:39,270 2150 01:07:39,270 --> 01:07:42,470 2151 01:07:42,470 --> 01:07:44,390 2152 01:07:44,390 --> 01:07:45,829 2153 01:07:45,829 --> 01:07:45,839 2154 01:07:45,839 --> 01:07:50,870 2155 01:07:50,870 --> 01:07:52,630 2156 01:07:52,630 --> 01:07:54,230 2157 01:07:54,230 --> 01:07:55,589 2158 01:07:55,589 --> 01:07:55,599 2159 01:07:55,599 --> 01:07:58,390 2160 01:07:58,390 --> 01:08:00,309 2161 01:08:00,309 --> 01:08:02,789 2162 01:08:02,789 --> 01:08:06,069 2163 01:08:06,069 --> 01:08:08,470 2164 01:08:08,470 --> 01:08:08,480 2165 01:08:08,480 --> 01:08:09,589 2166 01:08:09,589 --> 01:08:11,990 2167 01:08:11,990 --> 01:08:13,349 2168 01:08:13,349 --> 01:08:15,430 2169 01:08:15,430 --> 01:08:15,440 2170 01:08:15,440 --> 01:08:17,349 2171 01:08:17,349 --> 01:08:17,359 2172 01:08:17,359 --> 01:08:19,749 2173 01:08:19,749 --> 01:08:21,749 2174 01:08:21,749 --> 01:08:23,749 2175 01:08:23,749 --> 01:08:25,990 2176 01:08:25,990 --> 01:08:26,000 2177 01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:27,030 2178 01:08:27,030 --> 01:08:29,110 2179 01:08:29,110 --> 01:08:29,120 2180 01:08:29,120 --> 01:08:29,829 2181 01:08:29,829 --> 01:08:32,229 2182 01:08:32,229 --> 01:08:32,239 2183 01:08:32,239 --> 01:08:33,430 2184 01:08:33,430 --> 01:08:35,669 2185 01:08:35,669 --> 01:08:41,269 2186 01:08:41,269 --> 01:08:43,030 2187 01:08:43,030 --> 01:08:44,550 2188 01:08:44,550 --> 01:08:46,789 2189 01:08:46,789 --> 01:08:49,590 2190 01:08:49,590 --> 01:08:51,189 2191 01:08:51,189 --> 01:08:53,590 2192 01:08:53,590 --> 01:08:55,269 2193 01:08:55,269 --> 01:08:56,630 2194 01:08:56,630 --> 01:08:58,709 2195 01:08:58,709 --> 01:08:59,910 2196 01:08:59,910 --> 01:09:02,950 2197 01:09:02,950 --> 01:09:05,030 2198 01:09:05,030 --> 01:09:07,829 2199 01:09:07,829 --> 01:09:11,030 2200 01:09:11,030 --> 01:09:13,349 2201 01:09:13,349 --> 01:09:14,870 2202 01:09:14,870 --> 01:09:16,630 2203 01:09:16,630 --> 01:09:18,070 2204 01:09:18,070 --> 01:09:20,070 2205 01:09:20,070 --> 01:09:22,630 2206 01:09:22,630 --> 01:09:24,950 2207 01:09:24,950 --> 01:09:24,960 2208 01:09:24,960 --> 01:09:26,229 2209 01:09:26,229 --> 01:09:28,709 2210 01:09:28,709 --> 01:09:32,309 2211 01:09:32,309 --> 01:09:38,070 2212 01:09:38,070 --> 01:09:44,630 2213 01:09:44,630 --> 01:09:49,189 2214 01:09:49,189 --> 01:09:52,229 2215 01:09:52,229 --> 01:09:53,110 2216 01:09:53,110 --> 01:09:55,110 2217 01:09:55,110 --> 01:09:55,120 2218 01:09:55,120 --> 01:09:56,550 2219 01:09:56,550 --> 01:09:56,560 2220 01:09:56,560 --> 01:09:58,550 2221 01:09:58,550 --> 01:10:02,550 2222 01:10:02,550 --> 01:10:04,790 2223 01:10:04,790 --> 01:10:04,800 2224 01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:06,149 2225 01:10:06,149 --> 01:10:08,709 2226 01:10:08,709 --> 01:10:10,550 2227 01:10:10,550 --> 01:10:11,910 2228 01:10:11,910 --> 01:10:14,229 2229 01:10:14,229 --> 01:10:15,910 2230 01:10:15,910 --> 01:10:18,630 2231 01:10:18,630 --> 01:10:21,430 2232 01:10:21,430 --> 01:10:22,790 2233 01:10:22,790 --> 01:10:24,310 2234 01:10:24,310 --> 01:10:26,709 2235 01:10:26,709 --> 01:10:29,830 2236 01:10:29,830 --> 01:10:31,750 2237 01:10:31,750 --> 01:10:34,550 2238 01:10:34,550 --> 01:10:36,870 2239 01:10:36,870 --> 01:10:38,550 2240 01:10:38,550 --> 01:10:40,310 2241 01:10:40,310 --> 01:10:42,950 2242 01:10:42,950 --> 01:10:44,709 2243 01:10:44,709 --> 01:10:44,719 2244 01:10:44,719 --> 01:10:45,750 2245 01:10:45,750 --> 01:10:48,070 2246 01:10:48,070 --> 01:10:50,790 2247 01:10:50,790 --> 01:10:54,070 2248 01:10:54,070 --> 01:10:55,590 2249 01:10:55,590 --> 01:10:59,110 2250 01:10:59,110 --> 01:11:00,390 2251 01:11:00,390 --> 01:11:01,990 2252 01:11:01,990 --> 01:11:02,000 2253 01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:03,110 2254 01:11:03,110 --> 01:11:06,070 2255 01:11:06,070 --> 01:11:07,669 2256 01:11:07,669 --> 01:11:07,679 2257 01:11:07,679 --> 01:11:08,470 2258 01:11:08,470 --> 01:11:08,480 2259 01:11:08,480 --> 01:11:08,880 2260 01:11:08,880 --> 01:11:08,890 2261 01:11:08,890 --> 01:11:10,310 2262 01:11:10,310 --> 01:11:12,390 2263 01:11:12,390 --> 01:11:13,510 2264 01:11:13,510 --> 01:11:15,430 2265 01:11:15,430 --> 01:11:17,669 2266 01:11:17,669 --> 01:11:18,709 2267 01:11:18,709 --> 01:11:18,719 2268 01:11:18,719 --> 01:11:19,669 2269 01:11:19,669 --> 01:11:20,790 2270 01:11:20,790 --> 01:11:23,750 2271 01:11:23,750 --> 01:11:25,750 2272 01:11:25,750 --> 01:11:27,510 2273 01:11:27,510 --> 01:11:27,520 2274 01:11:27,520 --> 01:11:28,709 2275 01:11:28,709 --> 01:11:28,719 2276 01:11:28,719 --> 01:11:31,590 2277 01:11:31,590 --> 01:11:31,600 2278 01:11:31,600 --> 01:11:33,910 2279 01:11:33,910 --> 01:11:33,920 2280 01:11:33,920 --> 01:11:34,950 2281 01:11:34,950 --> 01:11:36,390 2282 01:11:36,390 --> 01:11:38,550 2283 01:11:38,550 --> 01:11:40,470 2284 01:11:40,470 --> 01:11:42,470 2285 01:11:42,470 --> 01:11:43,910 2286 01:11:43,910 --> 01:11:43,920 2287 01:11:43,920 --> 01:11:44,790 2288 01:11:44,790 --> 01:11:47,030 2289 01:11:47,030 --> 01:11:47,040 2290 01:11:47,040 --> 01:11:48,630 2291 01:11:48,630 --> 01:11:51,189 2292 01:11:51,189 --> 01:11:53,189 2293 01:11:53,189 --> 01:11:55,510 2294 01:11:55,510 --> 01:11:58,870 2295 01:11:58,870 --> 01:11:58,880 2296 01:11:58,880 --> 01:11:59,380 2297 01:11:59,380 --> 01:11:59,390 2298 01:11:59,390 --> 01:12:01,510 2299 01:12:01,510 --> 01:12:03,830 2300 01:12:03,830 --> 01:12:06,470 2301 01:12:06,470 --> 01:12:08,550 2302 01:12:08,550 --> 01:12:08,560 2303 01:12:08,560 --> 01:12:11,590 2304 01:12:11,590 --> 01:12:13,990 2305 01:12:13,990 --> 01:12:16,070 2306 01:12:16,070 --> 01:12:18,470 2307 01:12:18,470 --> 01:12:21,590 2308 01:12:21,590 --> 01:12:23,830 2309 01:12:23,830 --> 01:12:25,990 2310 01:12:25,990 --> 01:12:27,430 2311 01:12:27,430 --> 01:12:29,910 2312 01:12:29,910 --> 01:12:31,910 2313 01:12:31,910 --> 01:12:34,070 2314 01:12:34,070 --> 01:12:36,390 2315 01:12:36,390 --> 01:12:38,229 2316 01:12:38,229 --> 01:12:40,709 2317 01:12:40,709 --> 01:12:42,550 2318 01:12:42,550 --> 01:12:45,030 2319 01:12:45,030 --> 01:12:47,350 2320 01:12:47,350 --> 01:12:50,149 2321 01:12:50,149 --> 01:12:51,669 2322 01:12:51,669 --> 01:12:53,510 2323 01:12:53,510 --> 01:12:55,990 2324 01:12:55,990 --> 01:12:59,110 2325 01:12:59,110 --> 01:13:02,310 2326 01:13:02,310 --> 01:13:04,630 2327 01:13:04,630 --> 01:13:07,430 2328 01:13:07,430 --> 01:13:09,110 2329 01:13:09,110 --> 01:13:11,270 2330 01:13:11,270 --> 01:13:11,280 2331 01:13:11,280 --> 01:13:11,990 2332 01:13:11,990 --> 01:13:13,910 2333 01:13:13,910 --> 01:13:16,070 2334 01:13:16,070 --> 01:13:18,390 2335 01:13:18,390 --> 01:13:20,390 2336 01:13:20,390 --> 01:13:22,630 2337 01:13:22,630 --> 01:13:22,640 2338 01:13:22,640 --> 01:13:24,390 2339 01:13:24,390 --> 01:13:25,430 2340 01:13:25,430 --> 01:13:27,990 2341 01:13:27,990 --> 01:13:28,000 2342 01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:28,790 2343 01:13:28,790 --> 01:13:30,390 2344 01:13:30,390 --> 01:13:33,830 2345 01:13:33,830 --> 01:13:35,030 2346 01:13:35,030 --> 01:13:35,040 2347 01:13:35,040 --> 01:13:36,709 2348 01:13:36,709 --> 01:13:39,110 2349 01:13:39,110 --> 01:13:41,270 2350 01:13:41,270 --> 01:13:43,110 2351 01:13:43,110 --> 01:13:44,950 2352 01:13:44,950 --> 01:13:47,510 2353 01:13:47,510 --> 01:13:51,669 2354 01:13:51,669 --> 01:13:53,189 2355 01:13:53,189 --> 01:13:54,550 2356 01:13:54,550 --> 01:13:56,149 2357 01:13:56,149 --> 01:13:57,510 2358 01:13:57,510 --> 01:13:57,520 2359 01:13:57,520 --> 01:13:59,510 2360 01:13:59,510 --> 01:14:01,990 2361 01:14:01,990 --> 01:14:04,390 2362 01:14:04,390 --> 01:14:06,950 2363 01:14:06,950 --> 01:14:08,950 2364 01:14:08,950 --> 01:14:11,830 2365 01:14:11,830 --> 01:14:12,830 2366 01:14:12,830 --> 01:14:14,870 2367 01:14:14,870 --> 01:14:14,880 2368 01:14:14,880 --> 01:14:15,669 2369 01:14:15,669 --> 01:14:17,990 2370 01:14:17,990 --> 01:14:20,950 2371 01:14:20,950 --> 01:14:22,870 2372 01:14:22,870 --> 01:14:24,950 2373 01:14:24,950 --> 01:14:27,110 2374 01:14:27,110 --> 01:14:29,189 2375 01:14:29,189 --> 01:14:31,350 2376 01:14:31,350 --> 01:14:31,360 2377 01:14:31,360 --> 01:14:32,470 2378 01:14:32,470 --> 01:14:34,310 2379 01:14:34,310 --> 01:14:36,149 2380 01:14:36,149 --> 01:14:36,159 2381 01:14:36,159 --> 01:14:37,110 2382 01:14:37,110 --> 01:14:39,270 2383 01:14:39,270 --> 01:14:42,310 2384 01:14:42,310 --> 01:14:43,830 2385 01:14:43,830 --> 01:14:46,229 2386 01:14:46,229 --> 01:14:48,470 2387 01:14:48,470 --> 01:14:50,390 2388 01:14:50,390 --> 01:14:55,590 2389 01:14:55,590 --> 01:14:57,270 2390 01:14:57,270 --> 01:14:59,110 2391 01:14:59,110 --> 01:15:01,270 2392 01:15:01,270 --> 01:15:03,430 2393 01:15:03,430 --> 01:15:06,550 2394 01:15:06,550 --> 01:15:10,630 2395 01:15:10,630 --> 01:15:11,910 2396 01:15:11,910 --> 01:15:15,189 2397 01:15:15,189 --> 01:15:15,199 2398 01:15:15,199 --> 01:15:16,630 2399 01:15:16,630 --> 01:15:18,709 2400 01:15:18,709 --> 01:15:18,719 2401 01:15:18,719 --> 01:15:20,950 2402 01:15:20,950 --> 01:15:22,470 2403 01:15:22,470 --> 01:15:26,310 2404 01:15:26,310 --> 01:15:27,590 2405 01:15:27,590 --> 01:15:29,669 2406 01:15:29,669 --> 01:15:31,430 2407 01:15:31,430 --> 01:15:31,440 2408 01:15:31,440 --> 01:15:32,870 2409 01:15:32,870 --> 01:15:34,630 2410 01:15:34,630 --> 01:15:38,630 2411 01:15:38,630 --> 01:15:40,229 2412 01:15:40,229 --> 01:15:40,239 2413 01:15:40,239 --> 01:15:41,430 2414 01:15:41,430 --> 01:15:43,590 2415 01:15:43,590 --> 01:15:45,750 2416 01:15:45,750 --> 01:15:47,590 2417 01:15:47,590 --> 01:15:49,350 2418 01:15:49,350 --> 01:15:51,510 2419 01:15:51,510 --> 01:15:53,030 2420 01:15:53,030 --> 01:15:54,550 2421 01:15:54,550 --> 01:15:56,630 2422 01:15:56,630 --> 01:15:59,510 2423 01:15:59,510 --> 01:16:00,470 2424 01:16:00,470 --> 01:16:02,790 2425 01:16:02,790 --> 01:16:05,590 2426 01:16:05,590 --> 01:16:05,600 2427 01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:06,790 2428 01:16:06,790 --> 01:16:09,590 2429 01:16:09,590 --> 01:16:11,510 2430 01:16:11,510 --> 01:16:14,790 2431 01:16:14,790 --> 01:16:16,470 2432 01:16:16,470 --> 01:16:18,229 2433 01:16:18,229 --> 01:16:20,790 2434 01:16:20,790 --> 01:16:23,430 2435 01:16:23,430 --> 01:16:25,910 2436 01:16:25,910 --> 01:16:27,189 2437 01:16:27,189 --> 01:16:29,270 2438 01:16:29,270 --> 01:16:31,189 2439 01:16:31,189 --> 01:16:35,590 2440 01:16:35,590 --> 01:16:37,590 2441 01:16:37,590 --> 01:16:41,510 2442 01:16:41,510 --> 01:16:43,270 2443 01:16:43,270 --> 01:16:43,280 2444 01:16:43,280 --> 01:16:44,070 2445 01:16:44,070 --> 01:16:44,080 2446 01:16:44,080 --> 01:16:46,149 2447 01:16:46,149 --> 01:16:49,110 2448 01:16:49,110 --> 01:16:52,070 2449 01:16:52,070 --> 01:16:52,080 2450 01:16:52,080 --> 01:16:52,870 2451 01:16:52,870 --> 01:16:54,950 2452 01:16:54,950 --> 01:16:57,430 2453 01:16:57,430 --> 01:16:57,440 2454 01:16:57,440 --> 01:16:58,950 2455 01:16:58,950 --> 01:17:00,630 2456 01:17:00,630 --> 01:17:02,550 2457 01:17:02,550 --> 01:17:03,830 2458 01:17:03,830 --> 01:17:03,840 2459 01:17:03,840 --> 01:17:05,189 2460 01:17:05,189 --> 01:17:07,590 2461 01:17:07,590 --> 01:17:07,600 2462 01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:09,510 2463 01:17:09,510 --> 01:17:09,520 2464 01:17:09,520 --> 01:17:10,709 2465 01:17:10,709 --> 01:17:10,719 2466 01:17:10,719 --> 01:17:12,070 2467 01:17:12,070 --> 01:17:12,080 2468 01:17:12,080 --> 01:17:15,430 2469 01:17:15,430 --> 01:17:18,709 2470 01:17:18,709 --> 01:17:18,719 2471 01:17:18,719 --> 01:17:20,229 2472 01:17:20,229 --> 01:17:21,189 2473 01:17:21,189 --> 01:17:23,910 2474 01:17:23,910 --> 01:17:23,920 2475 01:17:23,920 --> 01:17:26,229 2476 01:17:26,229 --> 01:17:26,239 2477 01:17:26,239 --> 01:17:29,350 2478 01:17:29,350 --> 01:17:33,110 2479 01:17:33,110 --> 01:17:33,120 2480 01:17:33,120 --> 01:17:36,550 2481 01:17:36,550 --> 01:17:36,560 2482 01:17:36,560 --> 01:17:37,430 2483 01:17:37,430 --> 01:17:39,430 2484 01:17:39,430 --> 01:17:41,350 2485 01:17:41,350 --> 01:17:43,270 2486 01:17:43,270 --> 01:17:45,990 2487 01:17:45,990 --> 01:17:49,350 2488 01:17:49,350 --> 01:17:50,790 2489 01:17:50,790 --> 01:17:52,709 2490 01:17:52,709 --> 01:17:52,719 2491 01:17:52,719 --> 01:17:53,430 2492 01:17:53,430 --> 01:17:55,750 2493 01:17:55,750 --> 01:17:55,760 2494 01:17:55,760 --> 01:17:57,030 2495 01:17:57,030 --> 01:17:59,590 2496 01:17:59,590 --> 01:18:02,149 2497 01:18:02,149 --> 01:18:02,159 2498 01:18:02,159 --> 01:18:03,030 2499 01:18:03,030 --> 01:18:05,030 2500 01:18:05,030 --> 01:18:06,630 2501 01:18:06,630 --> 01:18:08,630 2502 01:18:08,630 --> 01:18:08,640 2503 01:18:08,640 --> 01:18:09,669 2504 01:18:09,669 --> 01:18:09,679 2505 01:18:09,679 --> 01:18:10,709 2506 01:18:10,709 --> 01:18:13,270 2507 01:18:13,270 --> 01:18:18,229 2508 01:18:18,229 --> 01:18:19,510 2509 01:18:19,510 --> 01:18:21,430 2510 01:18:21,430 --> 01:18:24,790 2511 01:18:24,790 --> 01:18:26,550 2512 01:18:26,550 --> 01:18:26,560 2513 01:18:26,560 --> 01:18:27,430 2514 01:18:27,430 --> 01:18:30,550 2515 01:18:30,550 --> 01:18:33,510 2516 01:18:33,510 --> 01:18:35,590 2517 01:18:35,590 --> 01:18:38,229 2518 01:18:38,229 --> 01:18:41,030 2519 01:18:41,030 --> 01:18:43,750 2520 01:18:43,750 --> 01:18:45,270 2521 01:18:45,270 --> 01:18:46,709 2522 01:18:46,709 --> 01:18:48,870 2523 01:18:48,870 --> 01:18:50,950 2524 01:18:50,950 --> 01:18:53,110 2525 01:18:53,110 --> 01:18:54,709 2526 01:18:54,709 --> 01:18:56,709 2527 01:18:56,709 --> 01:18:58,709 2528 01:18:58,709 --> 01:19:00,229 2529 01:19:00,229 --> 01:19:01,669 2530 01:19:01,669 --> 01:19:02,709 2531 01:19:02,709 --> 01:19:05,110 2532 01:19:05,110 --> 01:19:05,120 2533 01:19:05,120 --> 01:19:06,390 2534 01:19:06,390 --> 01:19:08,870 2535 01:19:08,870 --> 01:19:11,430 2536 01:19:11,430 --> 01:19:11,440 2537 01:19:11,440 --> 01:19:13,830 2538 01:19:13,830 --> 01:19:16,070 2539 01:19:16,070 --> 01:19:17,669 2540 01:19:17,669 --> 01:19:21,270 2541 01:19:21,270 --> 01:19:24,070 2542 01:19:24,070 --> 01:19:27,110 2543 01:19:27,110 --> 01:19:29,110 2544 01:19:29,110 --> 01:19:31,270 2545 01:19:31,270 --> 01:19:33,750 2546 01:19:33,750 --> 01:19:35,990 2547 01:19:35,990 --> 01:19:38,310 2548 01:19:38,310 --> 01:19:39,830 2549 01:19:39,830 --> 01:19:42,470 2550 01:19:42,470 --> 01:19:45,910 2551 01:19:45,910 --> 01:19:45,920 2552 01:19:45,920 --> 01:19:46,950 2553 01:19:46,950 --> 01:19:48,870 2554 01:19:48,870 --> 01:19:49,990 2555 01:19:49,990 --> 01:19:52,470 2556 01:19:52,470 --> 01:19:54,790 2557 01:19:54,790 --> 01:19:58,870 2558 01:19:58,870 --> 01:20:00,470 2559 01:20:00,470 --> 01:20:02,229 2560 01:20:02,229 --> 01:20:04,310 2561 01:20:04,310 --> 01:20:06,550 2562 01:20:06,550 --> 01:20:06,560 2563 01:20:06,560 --> 01:20:07,750 2564 01:20:07,750 --> 01:20:10,870 2565 01:20:10,870 --> 01:20:12,310 2566 01:20:12,310 --> 01:20:15,669 2567 01:20:15,669 --> 01:20:15,679 2568 01:20:15,679 --> 01:20:16,830 2569 01:20:16,830 --> 01:20:19,270 2570 01:20:19,270 --> 01:20:20,950 2571 01:20:20,950 --> 01:20:20,960 2572 01:20:20,960 --> 01:20:23,110 2573 01:20:23,110 --> 01:20:25,830 2574 01:20:25,830 --> 01:20:25,840 2575 01:20:25,840 --> 01:20:26,950 2576 01:20:26,950 --> 01:20:26,960 2577 01:20:26,960 --> 01:20:28,629 2578 01:20:28,629 --> 01:20:31,189 2579 01:20:31,189 --> 01:20:33,270 2580 01:20:33,270 --> 01:20:35,590 2581 01:20:35,590 --> 01:20:37,030 2582 01:20:37,030 --> 01:20:38,709 2583 01:20:38,709 --> 01:20:39,669 2584 01:20:39,669 --> 01:20:41,270 2585 01:20:41,270 --> 01:20:43,590 2586 01:20:43,590 --> 01:20:44,709 2587 01:20:44,709 --> 01:20:47,430 2588 01:20:47,430 --> 01:20:49,350 2589 01:20:49,350 --> 01:20:52,070 2590 01:20:52,070 --> 01:20:52,080 2591 01:20:52,080 --> 01:20:53,350 2592 01:20:53,350 --> 01:20:56,070 2593 01:20:56,070 --> 01:20:58,550 2594 01:20:58,550 --> 01:21:01,910 2595 01:21:01,910 --> 01:21:01,920 2596 01:21:01,920 --> 01:21:03,270 2597 01:21:03,270 --> 01:21:03,280 2598 01:21:03,280 --> 01:21:04,709 2599 01:21:04,709 --> 01:21:06,310 2600 01:21:06,310 --> 01:21:08,310 2601 01:21:08,310 --> 01:21:09,669 2602 01:21:09,669 --> 01:21:11,590 2603 01:21:11,590 --> 01:21:13,430 2604 01:21:13,430 --> 01:21:15,669 2605 01:21:15,669 --> 01:21:18,229 2606 01:21:18,229 --> 01:21:18,239 2607 01:21:18,239 --> 01:21:19,189 2608 01:21:19,189 --> 01:21:20,709 2609 01:21:20,709 --> 01:21:23,669 2610 01:21:23,669 --> 01:21:26,629 2611 01:21:26,629 --> 01:21:26,639 2612 01:21:26,639 --> 01:21:27,590 2613 01:21:27,590 --> 01:21:29,830 2614 01:21:29,830 --> 01:21:31,830 2615 01:21:31,830 --> 01:21:33,350 2616 01:21:33,350 --> 01:21:37,110 2617 01:21:37,110 --> 01:21:39,270 2618 01:21:39,270 --> 01:21:40,950 2619 01:21:40,950 --> 01:21:43,030 2620 01:21:43,030 --> 01:21:45,110 2621 01:21:45,110 --> 01:21:47,350 2622 01:21:47,350 --> 01:21:48,870 2623 01:21:48,870 --> 01:21:51,350 2624 01:21:51,350 --> 01:21:54,390 2625 01:21:54,390 --> 01:21:56,870 2626 01:21:56,870 --> 01:21:58,550 2627 01:21:58,550 --> 01:21:58,560 2628 01:21:58,560 --> 01:22:04,790 2629 01:22:04,790 --> 01:22:08,629 2630 01:22:08,629 --> 01:22:11,430 2631 01:22:11,430 --> 01:22:14,870 2632 01:22:14,870 --> 01:22:16,629 2633 01:22:16,629 --> 01:22:18,470 2634 01:22:18,470 --> 01:22:20,950 2635 01:22:20,950 --> 01:22:22,550 2636 01:22:22,550 --> 01:22:24,629 2637 01:22:24,629 --> 01:22:25,669 2638 01:22:25,669 --> 01:22:27,830 2639 01:22:27,830 --> 01:22:30,070 2640 01:22:30,070 --> 01:22:30,080 2641 01:22:30,080 --> 01:22:32,550 2642 01:22:32,550 --> 01:22:34,629 2643 01:22:34,629 --> 01:22:49,510 2644 01:22:49,510 --> 01:22:49,520 2645 01:22:49,520 --> 01:22:51,600