Transcript


00:17
all right so most of you learned the
00:21
Kenya not system in school some of you
00:23
didn't maybe some of you would be
00:27
surprised to know that most Americans
00:29
have never ever heard of KK never so
00:32
when you have a foreign teacher who's
00:34
fresh off the boat and you say how do
00:37
you write that in KK symbols they will
00:38
just look at you and then you'll show
00:40
them and then they won't know what
00:42
you're talking about because usually the
00:44
only people who learn the IPA we don't
00:47
call it KK KK has their own special set
00:51
that is a subset of the IPA symbols
00:54
international phonetic health of
00:55
alphabet he has his own version for
00:59
example I told you about oh it's a
01:02
different but he represents it as just a
01:05
single oh some people don't make it a
01:07
diphthong I do most people I hear do
01:11
however some people don't and to my very
01:14
prejudiced ears it sounds uneducated to
01:17
me less educated so usually people who
01:19
talk different from the way we talk will
01:21
say oh that sounds when educated and I'm
01:22
no different on the other hand
01:24
prestigious dialects are still
01:26
prestigious I hear British English and I
01:28
think that sounds really good on the
01:30
other hand of that I have a British
01:32
friend who I've listened to now for over
01:33
10 years and now British English sounds
01:35
very ordinary to me because I listened
01:37
to him talk all the time and it no
01:40
longer sounds so special and so
01:41
prestigious it just sounds like the way
01:43
one of my friends talks all right we're
01:45
going to talk about some of the choices
01:48
that Kenyan and not made when they were
01:50
designing their particular subset of IPA
01:53
symbols for American English is
01:57
everybody following me everybody
01:59
understand what I'm saying okay good so
02:01
it says here that at least up until
02:03
recently the Kenyan and not phonetic
02:05
symbols were widely taught to Taiwan in
02:08
Taiwan schools to indicate how to
02:10
pronounce an English word knowing KK is
02:12
a definite advantage this topic has been
02:16
debated a lot in education circles in
02:20
Taiwan is that not has nut hasn't there
02:22
been a lot of discussion about whether
02:23
it's good to teach KK or not is that
02:26
right there's been a lot of discussion
02:28
and a lot of debate on whether it's a
02:30
good idea to teach
02:31
okay I understand now that they're not
02:35
really teaching it anymore some are but
02:37
mostly teachers are not teaching KK is
02:38
that true or are you not sure not sure
02:42
okay well what I've heard is that very
02:45
often KK is not taught at all some
02:48
people some teachers maybe still do
02:49
teach it just because they have for so
02:51
long and they think it will give their
02:53
students a competitive advantage
02:54
whatever it's not a given that you will
02:58
learn KK and Taiwan anymore but it's an
03:00
advantage because the system is a subset
03:03
of the IP a subset means one part of it
03:07
one small part of it the International
03:09
Phonetic Association International
03:11
phonetic alphabet IPA means both those
03:14
things keep that in mind
03:16
IPA means two different things it can
03:18
mean the Association it also means the
03:20
alphabet and you call it in Chinese
03:23
gorgey in BIA you also have another
03:26
expression for this you call it one go
03:28
in Bao have you heard of that yes or no
03:31
yes what is one boy and bi all right the
03:40
way it works the way I understand is
03:42
before 1960 something you didn't use the
03:46
KK symbols and the kind of English you
03:49
taught was based on what dialect of
03:51
English before the nineteen mid nineteen
03:54
sixties what kind of English did they
03:57
use to teach in Taiwan do you know
04:00
there's only two really big players the
04:04
two big players are a British English
04:07
and American English and I have a
04:09
British France of course no he considers
04:11
his the first choice and the standard in
04:14
a way we Americans accept that because
04:17
English came from England
04:19
we sound silly if we try to talk like
04:22
them just like you if you tried to talk
04:23
Beijing hua to your friends what would
04:25
they think some pretty silly so if any
04:28
of us try to affect an English accent we
04:30
also sound ridiculous but we do admire a
04:34
beautiful British accent its standard
04:36
it's prestigious
04:37
well anyway before the mid-1960s in
04:41
Taiwan they taught what was called what
04:45
call it when--what embr and they called
04:47
it DJ so in contrast to KK it was called
04:51
DJ DJ stands for daniel Jones and he was
04:56
one of the pioneers of modern phonetics
04:59
in England and in his system which
05:02
represented standard British English of
05:05
the time that's the English of southern
05:08
England he had a convention which was -
05:14
okay we'll try this pin for example for
05:22
this symbol and KK is what whoo right
05:29
but in the DJ system this would be up
05:32
and this would be ooh actually the
05:35
length mark should be two triangles
05:38
pointing different ways
05:40
that's the original symbol for length
05:43
just a jock did it in your jazz hands
05:46
eons ago full house and then we simplify
05:49
it like this one a writing because it's
05:51
just too much trouble to draw and fill
05:52
into triangles so he would take he used
05:56
a smaller number a number of symbols and
05:58
he used a diacritic a diacritics a
06:01
little wider you go for how we're going
06:05
to learn about this later in our
06:07
textbook diacritic or we call it also a
06:12
diacritical mark so this was the former
06:17
DJ system it's what you called it and DJ
06:24
stand for daniel Jones and we'll read
06:29
about him in our textbook as well and
06:33
the system that he used in Chinese was
06:36
called Wang go in be ow but when
06:38
gorgeous means all the countries right
06:41
so it it really means the same as goji
06:44
in BL but even though it means the same
06:47
thing semantically goji endow came to
06:50
mean I PA
06:51
wah wah in BIA I believe this is my
06:54
understanding referred to this so-called
06:56
DJs
06:57
where he used length marks instead of
07:00
difference symbol to show the difference
07:02
between short and long vowels
07:04
okay everybody understand following what
07:06
I'm saying so it wasn't until the
07:08
mid-60s that the government decided to
07:11
switch the standard for teaching English
07:13
in Taiwan - what - KK - American English
07:19
now there's some things about KK that I
07:23
personally think are weird because I am
07:26
used to standard IPA usage and by the
07:29
way IPA was not completely standardized
07:32
until somewhat recently different people
07:34
had different symbols they were using
07:36
but there is as you see here an
07:38
International Phonetic Association they
07:40
have meetings and they set standards
07:42
they say here is the list of symbols
07:44
that we all agree on so as for now IPA
07:47
is basically standardized all over the
07:49
world since we're on this topic I'll
07:51
mention another thing that you should
07:52
know if you ever use Teasle books or
07:56
introduction to linguistic books that
07:59
were published in America sometimes you
08:02
find a weird-looking system of
08:05
pronunciation symbols is that right who
08:07
has had a guy alright a lot of you have
08:11
had you guy in the chapters on phonetics
08:13
and phonology did you see some funny
08:16
Spelling's in the in doubt for example
08:19
instead of instead of writing I for this
08:28
diphthong I as in sky they might write
08:31
this a Y Tanguma neocon ghormeh alright
08:37
if you haven't run into it yet you
08:39
probably will in the future if you use
08:41
any books that were published in the US
08:43
this is part of what is called the
08:45
Americanist system now when you are very
08:49
powerful do you have to do what
08:52
everybody else tells you to do what can
08:55
you do you can do whatever you want and
08:59
then the other people often have to say
09:02
well go ahead if you really want to do
09:04
it nothing I can do about it
09:05
so that is why there's a lot of strange
09:07
things about the u.s. that are different
09:09
from the entire world
09:11
for example we still use feet and inches
09:13
we still use Fahrenheit
09:16
is that weird we still say what we still
09:20
say soccer instead of football those are
09:23
examples of things that are done in
09:25
America simply because America is so
09:29
powerful you can three insular leeway
09:31
should we can say what we want because
09:34
we're strong and you can ignore us or
09:36
you can do whatever you want
09:38
we're just going to do it this way well
09:39
she wants to so when you find books
09:42
about phonetics that were published in
09:44
the u.s. not so much phonetics like
09:48
we're doing but more Teasle books books
09:51
that teach you about how to teach
09:52
English as a second language or foreign
09:53
language they will often use the
09:55
American is system which is different
09:57
from what we're used to so be ready for
09:59
that so I personally don't like it again
10:01
because I am very stuck on the IPA
10:05
anyway be aware there will be
10:07
differences now these are just four
10:09
differences between KK and the IPA the
10:13
bigger more standard version of phonetic
10:17
symbols so if you don't know KK you will
10:21
need to learn IPA from scratch for this
10:23
class which shouldn't be too difficult
10:25
but it will take some practice I know a
10:27
few of you said that you don't know IPA
10:28
we're going to learn in this class then
10:30
but you have to do it mostly yourself
10:31
because most people already know most of
10:32
the symbols so if you already know KK
10:35
you need to pay special attention to
10:37
these symbols we're going to transcribe
10:39
them differently I've already mentioned
10:41
it a single letter O we're now going to
10:44
write O with a short after it 400 tilde
10:48
oh and this is important it isn't just
10:51
notation I heard some people say and I
10:54
haven't really confirmed it the Kenyan
10:56
and not themselves didn't have this
10:58
distinction at least I know that they
11:00
said they believe that the two sounds
11:03
the two sounds oh and eight they
11:06
believed were less diphthong than the
11:08
other ones like oh and out how'd you
11:12
know organ oh those are really clear
11:14
diphthongs but as for oh and a they
11:16
thought ha ha mo English ings
11:18
Mei anima mean so they chose to
11:21
write them with a single letter what has
11:23
happened
11:24
what is one of the worst vowel problems
11:26
in Taiwan English former students
11:28
what's your right how do they mostly say
11:34
it in Taiwan NIM right most people say
11:38
what's your name or what's your name and
11:41
I think part of the problem is because
11:44
in KK we write just an E and in some
11:48
systems
11:49
he is pronounced a so starting from
11:52
teachers going back many many years
11:54
using KK looking at this symbol a lot of
11:58
people think it's a but it's not yet how
12:01
do we write it we call it epsilon and
12:05
Chinese you call it a backwards three is
12:07
that right doll sign it's a handy name
12:10
so the backwards three is F just like to
12:13
get a deer but in KK this single e is
12:19
actually a diphthong and because it's a
12:22
diphthong in IPA we're going to write it
12:24
with two symbols okay this is true of
12:26
both oh and a and it's not only what's
12:30
your name is a problem in Taiwan but
12:32
people will also say no are you coming
12:35
no and it should be no no so the problem
12:42
applies also to Oh a lot of people treat
12:45
it as though it's a or it's a matter of
12:48
fact I mean so these two differences are
12:51
important to me because I think they'll
12:53
remind you of some weaknesses in Taiwan
12:56
English so first of all KK always
12:59
written oh it's a diphthong two vowels
13:03
put together in one syllable T's are
13:05
cows anemic diphthong sasame so liang
13:08
Kamui Dolson eager india just to shanz i
13:12
don't get indian email how awake Ryan's
13:15
here so it's two vowels pronounced
13:18
quickly one after the other within the
13:21
same syllable that's a diphthong justice
13:23
trombone in the dingy calcify cops in
13:25
job okay it will be in the test so
13:28
similarly a is written F plus a short it
13:34
to me it almost sounds like a yo D and
13:37
the e AE but that's a little too
13:40
exaggerated it's not really it and it's
13:43
not really e somewhere in between just
13:46
leaning like a cost of cutaway collar so
13:48
pay attention very often the symbols we
13:50
use to write diphthongs do not exist as
13:53
single sounds suena hmm ticket on to the
14:00
a in when gamma Mayo Mayo a meal to get
14:05
in and in addition you know that for for
14:12
this diphthong and for this diphthong we
14:16
use a different a than we use for the
14:19
sound ah is that right her father we
14:22
write this for out we write this and for
14:26
light we write this is that right
14:28
I know a lot of people have asked me why
14:31
do we use a different a for these two
14:34
different usages damo inna shows the it
14:37
jump drama whistling why John the reason
14:40
is because two chains I strongly English
14:43
to help make a demo in the in can take a
14:46
put hi yeah so we don't this is father
14:49
we don't say oh oh or lie nigga art I
14:54
home in say can I can take our chooses
14:56
so the way it's a booyah that's why we
14:59
use different symbols okay so keep in
15:02
mind yes this drama we know Soho you
15:04
want to sit down marina fool how cuz
15:06
suji son make a fine drama windy men the
15:10
nigga fine can hide time window shows up
15:12
who yonder is that all clear crema all
15:14
right third and this one has changed
15:19
from Edition to Edition and latter folk
15:21
a woman a cub anemia taboo friendship
15:24
table later our table well I - I'll
15:27
share that our nation can ensure the
15:30
earth and teaching someone that earns
15:34
the earth right e are conceding now this
15:39
is a little funny because latter folk it
15:41
tells us that Earth's I see an immense
15:44
of mankind
15:46
it's not a very common sound what is the
15:50
more common kind of are do you think so
15:55
jittery and I sure think of some
15:58
languages that you have learned European
16:01
ones especially what's the more likely
16:04
version of earth do you think in in any
16:08
given language they've been told at you
16:09
yen how Google art a hot pad or benches
16:13
some neon diga are pretty
16:20
that's what we use in French it's not
16:23
that common the French version is not
16:25
that kind of Kazuyo the one y'all fable
16:27
the dough when you're far when yo uh-huh
16:30
actually the most common found for our
16:33
is a tap or a trill who the who the room
16:37
sit straight what gender yeah was just
16:41
like Spanish if you have had Spanish
16:43
than you know so normally in our if it
16:47
exists in a language honk on unser tap
16:50
chunky when the water the quasi get
16:53
trill okay so because the American style
17:01
are or British actually to as well it's
17:05
not really that common in the languages
17:06
of the world so gently go for how when
17:09
we only got BJ OPI motherfu how three
17:12
times from a opium quarter just answered
17:15
sumo you are neither nigga fool how the
17:17
cow ate IPO bitch out watch Russia and
17:20
anism
17:21
are nyah Joseph drill was it tap now
17:25
either put on that our nigga Joseph
17:27
rumor she buy a Monroe ho home sir okay
17:32
that's why we turn it around for the
17:35
American Earth it's not that common
17:37
the funny thing is though that languages
17:39
that I personally have studied or
17:41
learned or happen to know I grew up with
17:43
American English and I have really clear
17:45
ours
17:46
I learned Mandarin and the first
17:49
Mandarin I learned was Beijing Mandarin
17:50
and ARDS like war we got early and Ching
17:53
tool yes the laces on our and the other
17:56
are that I've had experience
17:58
with is with Dutch in Leiden okay what
18:02
does Nick up washes I lied to and Enda
18:03
and their dialect of Dutch also has this
18:07
are when I was in Leiden and I was in a
18:10
bookstore I was listening to a local
18:12
woman talk and I thought is she making
18:14
fun of my accent of an American accent
18:16
or something
18:17
Tanika Helen went either your or the
18:20
singing with Chi Chi Yan an is a light
18:22
doing down detach an arch it beer
18:25
injecting tints on cement older yeah
18:28
so three languages that I have a
18:30
connection with American English
18:33
Mandarin and light and Dutch dough yo
18:36
are the good in science I study any man
18:39
stand behind Jetta all right all of that
18:41
explanation tells you that this is a
18:45
trill putana our sera that will either
18:49
art has dementia that so that's the
18:51
third change we need to watch out for
18:53
the the fourth point is that we have a
18:57
tap in English if a T comes between two
19:01
vowels it very often is pronounced as a
19:04
to sound a short D so we don't say watch
19:08
her usually although some people say why
19:10
her why hurts like a ham and order the
19:13
usual pronunciation is water so generate
19:16
Dini shot Danny shot Mohenjo todo water-
19:20
tap and it has a special symbol it's
19:23
written like a K you can see it right
19:26
there just a Wong Yoda and shine sleek a
19:29
great song a man named ago this is
19:34
called a tap in printing it will have
19:40
shaman yo-yo hung okay hi yo soy yo yo
19:43
yo so homeo doko e so I think I'm
19:46
writing actually it's in writing we
19:48
usually put a line at the bottom
19:50
printing be down menu or go down fine
19:52
okay so that's called a tap and we're
19:55
going to be using this for
19:57
transcriptions and therefore narrow
19:59
transcriptions like AHA mail jang-ho man
20:01
which is shah rukh whoa well more than
20:03
they got Tina she the joshi - aha
20:06
even then they go water don't gen- and
20:09
something inna
20:11
Vincent didn't sit at home eons ago for
20:13
hot boy jazz like a fool ha
20:15
well Minya chi yong t cause the t boo
20:17
sits in an annuity teased at t de modo
20:20
pickup en TI joseph digger tap okay so
20:23
those are the main differences we need
20:25
to be aware of when you're taking when
20:27
you're doing dictation or other work
20:32
okay and that's it i think we're going
20:33
to turn this off and go to our textbook
20:36
now anybody have any questions
20:38
alright we're going to continue reading
20:40
now and we're at the bottom of page 7
20:43
and whose turn okay good Alice Koh and
20:52
it's not very loud so there pressure
20:55
fluctuation is not much different from
20:57
zero in comparison with the following
21:00
vowel and the variations in air pressure
21:02
are smaller and more nearly random all
21:05
right now we've had like almost a week
21:07
I've had five days since we were last
21:09
talking about this and this is kind of
21:11
out of the blue turn over to page eight
21:14
look at the waveform that's what that's
21:17
called it's just a record of frequency
21:19
and loudness of a speech signal and
21:25
they're talking right now about this
21:27
part at the beginning that's and it's
21:33
not very loud so just pay attention now
21:36
to volume just sweet in there listen
21:38
carefully
21:39
how much softer is compared to the next
21:42
vowel listen father father twenty nigga
21:48
agile hindi sinhala is that right we
21:50
don't feel it when we're speaking
21:52
because we're so used to the flow of
21:54
speech with quiet sounds and loud sounds
21:57
alternating but if you think about it is
22:00
a very quiet sound and if you hear it on
22:04
the phone you probably cannot tell the
22:06
difference between and and they probably
22:10
sound all about the same in Mandarin as
22:12
well as in English okay in on the phone
22:15
we are missing a lot of frequencies
22:17
they're quite quiets is louder and are
22:20
very quiet so you can see
22:23
sunshine make a fool do so inside that
22:25
is that right that shows that it is very
22:29
quiet has very low volume alright um
22:33
what else keep going mm-hmm there are no
22:40
regular pulses before the vocal folds
22:42
are not the word after pulses pulses
22:45
there are no regular pulses because the
22:50
vocal folds are not vibrating all right
22:52
we're going to learn more about this
22:54
soon but pay attention now compare these
22:57
two now if you first look at this all
22:59
you can think is this looks very
23:00
scientific and technical is that right
23:03
suppose the white when she that don't
23:04
see isn't that your first feeling yes or
23:08
no some quietly sigh Lisa yes all right
23:13
so when you look at something like this
23:15
you think this abou silly why was she
23:16
that dumb she sends a puss we weren't
23:19
sure your honor don't she
23:20
however you will quickly be able to get
23:23
a lot of information from a waveform
23:25
first of all comparing these two what do
23:28
we know just by looking at how tall the
23:31
lines are what do we know that the first
23:34
sound is what compared to the second
23:36
sound much much wet diga incan took at
23:42
the erga Incans ago moonlight be the ha
23:45
sounds hot on your ends are not found in
23:49
loudness is that right sweet song shot
23:52
sit around my head and shout his job now
23:55
since what had email in the shop that's
23:57
the first thing you can already seen a
23:58
toy and Jenica vowel be in an inversion
24:00
that's one piece of information you can
24:02
get just by looking at it soy you now
24:05
know how to get some very important
24:08
information from a waveform does it sit
24:10
out to me dandy enjoyed kind school and
24:11
joined other don't she all right here's
24:14
the second very very piece of important
24:16
piece of information to get from a
24:17
waveform look at the vowel do you notice
24:20
that these long thin lines are very
24:22
evenly spaced your mom finds in this
24:25
year gia you could take good jingo her
24:29
and junior in is that right everyone see
24:32
that
24:34
the reason for that is because all
24:37
vowels are what voiced that means voiced
24:45
means the vocal folds are opening and
24:47
closing very quickly and very regularly
24:50
hungrier DeHaan genuine de xie xie xie
24:55
ho
24:55
that's voicing like a joseph fashion
24:57
voicing just yo tion because i is voice
25:03
you can see that it has very evenly
25:06
spaced parallel vertical lines right now
25:11
look at the foot part that's very quiet
25:13
do you see that kind of even spacing
25:16
among the vertical lines you're the line
25:21
your mail how it sounds immense for each
25:23
either hmm so you can see that is noise
25:29
and I need some water hang on a second
25:31
I'd like you to think about a minute
25:33
what is the difference between oh what
25:36
is the definition of noise okay what do
25:39
you know about noise what is the
25:41
difference between the foot and the eye
25:44
as regards the chaos of the foot and the
25:49
regular spacing of the ah it's because
25:53
produces noise now when we say noise we
25:56
think of the most popular meaning of
25:58
I'll talk is that right ah would you
26:02
please not make so much noise alright
26:05
we're going to learn a technical
26:07
definition of noise what is the
26:09
difference between the pattern of those
26:11
two waveforms this one is regular this
26:14
one is irregular right
26:16
so if we have voicing we usually have
26:21
the same frequency for a somewhat long
26:25
period of time since I advantage to
26:28
generates a tawny cup he knew that's
26:32
voicing but do we have the same
26:35
frequency with noise noise the tercet
26:39
ish adds a handle when she bizarre boot
26:42
on the peony Constitution
26:46
that's the difference we don't have one
26:48
concentrated single pitch that's a pitch
26:53
like music but has many many many
26:57
different frequencies all at the same
26:59
time it turns out opponents without any
27:02
weights like a foot Jesus ego Huntington
27:04
leader in because the job penalize shows
27:07
a shadow
27:08
hand or hand or boot on the frequency
27:10
that's noise many different frequencies
27:13
without any special pattern that's noise
27:16
everybody understand that that is also
27:19
important and that will probably also be
27:21
on a test so make sure that you're
27:22
paying attention to put it in your notes
27:23
okay so here we have noise chaotic
27:27
frequencies here we have a voiced sound
27:30
which happens to be a vowel a very loud
27:32
vowel with one single fundamental
27:36
frequency had a deep in achieving theory
27:39
though we are travel to a young teen she
27:43
lies to conclude she is you II think
27:45
that you got in go alright
27:48
so that's another big piece of
27:50
information you've already got two big
27:52
pieces one is value one is voiceless
27:55
versus voiced okay good let's continue
28:00
we will be considering waveforms and
28:03
their acoustic analysis in more detail
28:06
later in this book for the moment we
28:09
will simply notice the obvious
28:10
difference between sounds in which the
28:13
vocal folds are vibrating vibrating
28:15
while you go up continuation right
28:17
vibrating which have comparatively large
28:21
regular pulses of air pressure all right
28:23
pay attention as I told you every single
28:26
sentence in this book is important
28:27
everything has meaning and I know the
28:30
difference myself when I'm listening to
28:31
something that is very dense writing
28:35
compared to something that is just
28:37
telling a story and varies it is very
28:39
redundant you with three genes I think
28:41
Darwin Darwin Origin of Species it was
28:45
when I was hiking now hona hiking does
28:47
the whole I couldn't let my mind wander
28:49
if I did I have to reap I'd have to
28:51
replay it over and over again be sure
28:53
and finding a teammate that's it that's
28:55
the way it was with Darwin not Darwinian
28:57
wireless only Kochi I read
28:59
novel by Willa Cather come with a face
29:02
book they're inches out and it was such
29:04
relief because my mind didn't wander but
29:07
it was a lot easier to understand it was
29:10
just so much easier
29:11
he told what eat the Indian the hawk
29:13
yeah hi how are you and so but here
29:15
everything will have some use to you
29:18
so notice that we have comparative
29:21
comparatively large regular pulses
29:24
turned on each a negative pulse okay
29:28
possible semi-coma k my boy yes eaten
29:32
it's under a pie a pie de it's Lisa de
29:36
yong forget on sua so we have large P
29:40
JUCO regular querida jankoji me end up
29:43
in sha sha de to get G a pipe of air
29:47
pressure so she adds all chunga let's go
29:50
on and sounds without vocal fold
29:55
vibration which have a smaller amplitude
29:58
and irregular variations in air pressure
30:00
good smaller smaller right it's not
30:04
smaller in American English so I'm
30:06
actually on the East Coast make it more
30:08
small than I do but like I said I'd like
30:11
you to learn one consistent dialect so
30:14
everybody just open your mouth and say
30:17
ah now say all small that's it that's
30:23
how I say it okay
30:24
small smaller and also I don't say
30:29
variations that's okay on the East Coast
30:31
I say variations can vary hyung how than
30:34
they got very young everybody variations
30:38
okay smaller amplitude repeat
30:46
and irregular variations irregular
30:53
variations
30:56
goodnight variations variations there
31:01
bear they're very variations okay
31:06
everybody please repeat and then try it
31:08
again
31:08
irregular variations good all right as I
31:14
said variations is okay I think on the
31:16
East Coast
31:17
all right and then say hold younger
31:19
dudes I mean yeah beautiful in air
31:23
pressure all right you will hear people
31:27
not using compound nouns stress I heard
31:30
it on the radio this morning I could
31:32
find the file because it's online if you
31:34
want to hear it if you are for example a
31:36
radio announcer you often don't use that
31:39
stress because you want to be emphatic
31:41
so if we're on this program they'd say
31:44
irregular variations and air pressure
31:47
okay remember I told you when you read
31:50
like that you sound very that's right
31:53
remember that 7-eleven story okay and
31:55
that's what they're doing on the radio
31:57
they want to be really high okay that's
32:00
a Chinese word they want to be really
32:02
excited sounding to keep people's
32:03
attention okay next page antennae places
32:11
of articulatory gestures articulatory
32:15
articulatory good the part of the vocal
32:19
tract that can be used to foreign sounds
32:22
Arco articulator alright we just
32:25
practiced the word small and all and
32:27
call rhymes with those two words it's
32:30
the same pronunciation I've collected I
32:32
think I told you over 200 recordings of
32:35
Taiwan English from fairly well-educated
32:39
native speakers of Mandarin and mean IU
32:42
and most of them have trouble with the
32:44
word call some say coal
32:47
some say coal I guess it's supposed to
32:50
be British they have a lot of strange
32:53
pronunciations but it's a very easy word
32:55
to say please forget however you learned
32:57
it before and start over everybody again
33:00
ah ah ah odds against Rancic I call Oh
33:07
Kaiko Oh Doody Touche
33:09
this young cop law sit down zero UN's
33:13
win cuz a home you know eldest Onaga UN
33:15
twenty who Mayo
33:16
Jeeva Mayo elds I'm going home yet
33:19
weights nigga marine passing xie tianhua
33:22
so all you have to do is open your mouth
33:25
and say ah and add it all everybody all
33:28
beautiful small call all rights home
33:34
scipios I need coal
33:35
how about or coal or something really
33:38
strange
33:38
just call hon Jen dine everybody call
33:42
called
33:44
calling caller calls call alright
33:52
remember that go ahead they're
33:54
articulate errs that form the lower
33:57
surface of the vocal tract to form
33:59
sounds that are I call there that's
34:04
better
34:04
yeah articulate raise their
34:06
articulations all right when you get to
34:09
submarine Kaito the hot came into the
34:12
the Lou and Sonia and Z Y you look
34:15
equates the Honduran Mayo but I would
34:17
like you to have the habit to me it
34:18
sounds better
34:19
alright the articulator they articulate
34:22
errs died for the lower surveys of the
34:24
voters mega a on eager schwa surface can
34:29
fool yeah except for what the fur is
34:34
voiceless and service its voice service
34:37
surface swollen egg evoke and fur booyah
34:40
okay table O'Doyle
34:42
so surface don't say surface its surface
34:45
mmm-hmm the lower surface of the vocal
34:49
tract are highly mobile right and mobile
34:52
is American English and British its
34:54
mobile all right American is mobile you
34:57
did it American the American Way they
35:00
made the gestures required for speech by
35:03
moving towards articulate errs their
35:06
foreign the upper service all right
35:08
are you paying attention now the parts
35:11
of your vocal tract that you use to make
35:13
the sounds of language are called wet
35:18
the parts of your vocal tract you're
35:21
shunned are young like five you
35:23
Indonesia awesome up articulator is good
35:28
now pay attention to the next sentence
35:30
the ones that form the lower surface of
35:32
the vocal tract are highly mobile he's
35:35
talking mainly about what here
35:39
especially the highly mobile just suit
35:45
he's as I hold on hold on Lee Han Chang
35:48
he's talking about the tongue so when
35:52
you're reading I know it's it's easy to
35:54
just focus on pronunciation not really
35:56
understand but when that happens go back
35:58
and make sure you understand Shami n de
36:02
JP end up they share fine tea quiet just
36:07
a holy it'll be a chap and he's mainly
36:10
talking about the tongue but also the
36:11
jaw because everybody watched now when
36:14
we talk we've got two possibilities and
36:17
we till the yogic wines yeah right so is
36:19
it the jaw that goes up and down or the
36:23
upper part your head G will double way
36:28
down to say 30 she was a good Inga they
36:32
be always sounds yeah no shuttles a good
36:34
don't don't do it oh yo is that right so
36:37
that's what are you saying here huh no a
36:38
joke don't you know how some of the Mayo
36:40
she's Oh jingchou please try to pay
36:43
attention it's hard it takes a lot of
36:44
concentration
36:45
just like Darwin did when I was on my
36:47
hike okay so I will give you another
36:49
word that will save us time later
36:51
another pair of words can you think of a
36:57
good name a good chance for these
37:00
articulate errs common face on the tool
37:04
don't whole yeah what do we call that GG
37:06
active these are active articulator z'
37:11
city to don't keep on cooling why was a
37:14
deity in ling like a fine Tiguan is an
37:17
active articulator so you can guess the
37:20
opposite this upper part of the head
37:22
that doesn't move that much when we
37:24
speak contains a lot of the op
37:29
this passive articulate errs active and
37:33
passive articulator sticker Kazuya we
37:35
call sweet shangela
37:37
so when we go slow sometimes we're
37:39
actually saving time in the future so
37:42
active articulator jiwoo Dulce
37:44
finalisation shuttles of food cinta
37:47
passive articulator stop Avengers Xiao
37:49
en de widder Hyman cool Dean de taciturn
37:52
and Jacopo ha-ha boy-- to launch
37:54
opponents yeah okay keep going
37:57
try saying the word capital and know the
38:00
major movement of your tongue and lips
38:04
alright I'm sorry we need to go slow
38:06
here because he's now giving you an
38:09
introduction to the idea of phonetic
38:11
notation sam-i-am
38:13
you don't embellish eating now his
38:16
example word is capital
38:18
cap oh he's going to break it down so
38:24
you have the idea of being able to write
38:28
a word in separate symbols because one
38:30
sound comes after another and first of
38:33
all the tongue what you will find go
38:38
ahead you will found that you will way
38:42
found huh you will find fine yeah Yoda
38:49
nigga I won't go again a lot of you
38:51
forget the past tense but somebody put
38:52
it in where it doesn't belong you will
38:54
find will homey and put icon and you're
38:56
found right you will have found your
38:58
kernel you will find you will find find
39:01
that the back of the tongue moves up to
39:05
make contact with the roof of the mouth
39:07
for the first for the first sound all
39:09
right here's the first sound the first
39:12
sound is what everybody say the first
39:13
sound in that word
39:17
all right let's feel what our tongue is
39:19
doing when we make this sound what is
39:22
touching what what is moving to where
39:24
and then what touches what first of all
39:28
what part is moving the tongue right
39:31
what part of the tongue touches
39:33
something the back of the tongue shall
39:36
hope right in Chinese wife and college
39:39
so good but let's get in the habit of
39:40
sang shil ho and
39:42
what does it touch the soft palate or
39:46
veal um alright tell me which is the
39:49
passive articulator this soft palate is
39:54
the passive articulator and the active
39:55
articulator is the what part of the
39:59
tongue the back of the tongue when you
40:01
say tongue you probably should make it
40:03
specific because there are so many parts
40:05
of the tongue doing so many different
40:06
things so the back of the tongue is the
40:08
active articulator touches the soft
40:10
palate the passive articulator good
40:11
that's the first sound and then and then
40:15
comes down for the following vowel it
40:17
comes down for the following vowel and
40:19
that's also important because and the
40:23
next sound is ah what is touching what
40:26
when you say at four cuts the back of
40:28
the tongue and the soft palate
40:30
how about four ACK what's touching what
40:38
yeah what is touching what that's the
40:46
correct answer
40:46
nothing is touching anything what is the
40:48
difference between consonants and vowels
40:50
with vowels there is some kind of an
40:54
obstruction no Moi's on two I niggas
40:57
it's the in male - I shouldn't
41:00
chang-dong female pulling out some a
41:02
donkey that's a vowel that's the
41:04
difference okay let's finish the leaves
41:08
come together in the formation of and
41:11
then counterpart again in the vowel okay
41:14
this time I can correct you first of all
41:17
the next sound after at is what the next
41:21
sound is after ah next sound is PUC
41:26
right okay I maybe didn't hear you and
41:28
you said it because put is also very
41:30
quiet sound and to make the puff what do
41:32
we do what touches what the lips come
41:37
together and then what happens after
41:40
that cap what's the next thing we do
41:47
kappa is anything touching anything no
41:51
that's another vowel so some of them I
41:53
pull no soma and that's why we'll find
41:55
that when we're describing vowels we're
41:58
going to use a different method than the
41:59
vet method we use to describe consonants
42:01
because when we're describing consonants
42:04
it's very easy to say this thing touches
42:07
that thing pungent on hand jingchou and
42:09
when you read it you can probably
42:11
produce it but for a vowel how do you
42:13
describe the difference between air and
42:15
uh it's a machine role the difference
42:19
between air and uh huh go ahead there's
42:31
something going on in the oral tract the
42:32
tongue yeah the height of the tongue
42:36
that's the main thing but is that easy
42:38
to describe is it as easy as saying the
42:40
two lips come together
42:41
no so when we get to vows we're going to
42:44
use a different method for describing
42:45
them so right now we're using an
42:47
articulatory description doesn't song
42:50
yeah you wait Sachin jong-kul
42:52
articulatory descriptions that you don't
42:54
function lean white songs Osama I think
43:00
this was in our last class woman Yong
43:02
Yong soo you inertia halt dica fong
43:06
sai-yuk approach creat justice you know
43:09
Nicaea Chi Quan Chi to not Ichiko and
43:12
everyday that's called the articulatory
43:14
approach what's a different way we could
43:17
use for other sounds
43:20
anybody remember we spent some time on
43:24
it in class
43:28
we just found that describing bowels by
43:31
saying what touches what doesn't work
43:32
very well it's really hard to describe
43:34
what's happening when you're making an
43:37
ad as opposed to women when you're
43:38
making it up
43:39
so what's the other approach we
43:42
mentioned in class in the textbook
43:44
better the acoustic structure good ok
43:50
the acoustic structure or very simply
43:52
what it sounds like you've teamed up
43:54
instead of saying physically what is
43:57
touching what we can describe how it
44:00
sounds to our ear and that relates to
44:02
the acoustic structure that's correct
44:04
ok keep going the town tape concert for
44:08
the tip and again for most people for
44:11
the final for the final all right this
44:15
is our preliminary description of the
44:17
sounds in the word capital so after pull
44:20
the lips come apart we have another
44:22
vowel that's hard to describe then the
44:25
tip of the tongue comes up and what does
44:28
it touch what is it touch the feet on V
44:35
or some information when I say B that
44:37
means the next word starts with uh yeah
44:39
so the tip of the tongue touches what
44:43
the alveolar ridge cap it and then it
44:48
comes down again capital alright you
44:52
might say that the owl is a syllabic all
44:54
cuz of what's on generating yoga vowel
44:56
capital yoga schwa and then all ohh
45:00
and then the final old did he describe
45:03
the L no he didn't and that's because
45:06
there are two main kinds of L homie
45:09
Omega L hon kana was a surgeon Chu pong
45:12
vowel honkin and this is all capital
45:15
kind of surgeon chamomile condom she
45:17
homie on with your Shopp all right so we
45:20
didn't describe that L and there's a
45:21
reason for that so very simply he's now
45:24
giving you the idea of we can describe a
45:28
word by its individual sounds each one
45:31
has a place of articulation a manner of
45:34
articulation we'll learn and we have a
45:37
symbol for each one because now he's
45:39
basically getting
45:41
you ready to learn IPA okay we'll take a
45:43
break do you ever pay attention to those
45:46
big big barrels of waste trash quit EEMA
45:54
makandal sounds it homey tone the looser
45:57
or you jinjing quite early kite how'd
46:00
you go to Shanghai I'm just suggesting
46:04
now that everybody start to think about
46:08
every single bit of trash you throw away
46:10
so I guess you're not getting shamil
46:12
grind chicas would you throw me out
46:14
anyway
46:15
I mentioned this lien itching I said
46:16
woman no mana you'll get gently so you
46:19
ain't dumb she said Thomasin mayor Bam
46:21
Bam Tom and a nigga coming and singing
46:24
just put heist right so she said to how
46:27
the found fastball chicken Swedish it's
46:29
nice job and that's what I'm doing now I
46:30
think she's right I want you to think
46:33
about every single piece of trash you
46:35
throw out I'm serious now you don't
46:38
think about it cuz you don't have to
46:39
follow it to how it's going to be taking
46:42
care of her disposed of was it's a base
46:44
saw Bank way shoulder don't she cheese
46:46
meat - lay bay her shoulder to your shin
46:49
she was a table of endosit anglers
46:51
actually and you look at that
46:53
lissa produced in one day just by our
46:56
campus and Ty dad do you ever notice the
46:59
garbage truck it's full of big big bags
47:02
of empty what bein danke and Yunel bay
47:07
is that right now there's a simple way
47:10
for you to help lessen the amount of
47:14
garbage that we produce this is
47:16
something I feel strongly about at home
47:18
Hypatia
47:19
at a biriyani chaga you could try and
47:22
elicit I like you know so today I'm
47:24
watchin so well Joe turns over how shy
47:27
she was a teen and Petula so put your
47:30
lid on and do put eyes on versa so what
47:33
Tina put my your hand up out on the
47:35
don't she and you notice I have no no
47:40
Susan okay do the in Alcala I bring my
47:42
own my own water bottle so I strongly
47:46
recommend step one a lot of you do it to
47:49
never buy pain dong-su pingdong face to
47:52
face all the we're on point in your long
47:53
face
47:54
she just bring a thermos bring some kind
47:57
of a water bottle you will save a lot of
48:00
plastic poisoning our environment and
48:03
instead of being danke I know a lot of
48:06
you it's really hard you can't really
48:09
make your own lunch at home maybe you're
48:11
not living at home your mother can't
48:12
make one for you but what you can do is
48:14
for some places nucleotides did you
48:17
that's Angie quads are you Joshua nip we
48:20
are Tunisia though young like I'm
48:22
disposable me and she designed you you
48:24
come but soon as your default yeah but
48:26
you just I thought did you designed you
48:27
seriously there are many places on
48:30
campus where you can wash your plate
48:33
your fork your twigs or whatever it is
48:35
you're just requires it so you sometimes
48:37
don't quiets it all right this is really
48:39
really important that's why I'm taking
48:40
class time on it everybody think about
48:42
every single piece of trash that you are
48:46
producing try to reduce it one little
48:49
bit at a time start with the water
48:51
bottle we all my nigga you'll hand what
48:53
bout while and they should be announced
48:54
on the don't idea times you very
48:56
very seriously please think about it
48:58
okay mmm that's that we're gonna move on
49:01
alright just very quickly this was an
49:04
important paragraph but like I say
49:05
they're all important what did we get
49:08
out of this paragraph that we just read
49:09
we learn two new terms here articulate
49:12
errs active and passive right active our
49:17
mostly upper or lower lower that's right
49:20
and we also learned about the difference
49:23
between vowels and consonants and which
49:26
ones are very are quite hard to describe
49:28
just by describing articulations
49:31
articulatory organs and what they're
49:32
doing bowels are really hard to describe
49:35
that way so when we get to vowels what
49:37
method are we going to use sound
49:39
acoustic structure that's right
49:41
so for now we're sticking with
49:43
consonants because it's easy to use an
49:46
articulatory description for consonants
49:48
good next reader please
49:51
the names of the principal parts at the
49:53
upper surface of the vocal tract are
49:56
given in Figure one point five okay
49:58
that's good
49:59
a few things I'm gonna point out and
50:01
please take these seriously so I don't
50:02
have to keep repeating number one anti
50:05
mes names remember under wearing don't
50:09
want the nayi
50:10
everyone names moving out to eat FML 2e
50:14
home and ax s nian s hi Susie mmm name's
50:19
not names names just the first thing
50:23
second thing mmm
50:26
what did I hear parts principal parts
50:30
dough yo Johnny that's worth paying
50:32
attention to vocal tract how do we say
50:37
FIGU re figure an American figure figure
50:43
everyone figure alright the other thing
50:46
was the before a vowel should usually be
50:49
pronounced the upper the upper okay can
50:53
you just read the sentence again not oh
50:56
that's the other thing neither th look
50:58
at my mouth
50:58
there's a duck it's the slow geniac and
51:03
ah there we go that's it you can either
51:11
give in dollar where did you where are
51:13
you from yeah from towel UN okay
51:17
I'm somewhere you picked up those duh so
51:20
when you need to pay attention to that
51:21
one principle upper Samoan title Oh the
51:35
surface of the vocal tract are given in
51:40
Figure one point five it's tiring okay
51:43
the last thing how do you say this
51:44
number all right what are we usually
51:50
here in Taiwan 1.5 1.5 it sounds very
51:54
normal doesn't it
51:56
listen the way I say it 1.5 of course
52:01
I'm making it a little clearer than
52:02
usual but not there isn't that big of a
52:04
difference one point five five nuts like
52:08
you know what spices grundy negative
52:14
five Fife and bugle corps just the
52:17
nicotiana and I got tongue du1
52:20
done to eat niggaz a5f IFE we on it okay
52:25
and I'm going to jump ahead are these
52:27
vowels the same to your ears listen very
52:30
carefully
52:31
well meteorites it out Bougainville
52:32
boo-yan Doubleday all right nigga
52:36
homie in some voice no harm we may be
52:39
jealous hang with me agita
52:40
but it's the vowel quality of the same
52:42
and these two words listen carefully
52:44
five five look at my mouth because it
52:49
will give you some clues if you see
52:51
different movements then there's
52:53
probably going to be different sounds
52:54
listen five five five five are they the
53:01
same vowel they're the same phoneme okay
53:06
if you've had a guy you know the phone
53:08
eNOS tada in white at Unga anyway my
53:10
auntie in Sioux in USD yonder Costa has
53:13
Suzy defiantly booyah same phoneme but
53:17
they sound different watch and listen
53:19
again five five five five what do you
53:26
notice about five the vowel is longer
53:28
but anything else yeah my jaw goes much
53:32
further down is that right watch again
53:35
come with a shout look five five five
53:40
five your towel is that right
53:44
so Tyson you either fight your Sangha
53:48
windy similar bandits your Sangha windy
53:51
what are they number one the foot should
53:55
be a woo but very often in conversation
53:59
it's not clear that doesn't mean you
54:00
should ignore it
54:01
but it should be voice number one it's
54:04
not by its five mmm second difference is
54:08
most people in Taiwan don't know that a
54:10
vowel before a voiced sound should be
54:12
longer to Shin's like your shunda in
54:16
chimney and they'll move in
54:18
yeah being Tom you find you're inside
54:20
Taiwan push it out I own a pat down and
54:23
so Hojo me on top here so it should not
54:26
be fine
54:28
it should be five tongue I'll be out tom
54:32
the third thing is that gum how I took a
54:35
shawarma in yoga Tulsa can cheat hah -
54:37
Ramu yeah homie and some voiceless how
54:40
you go young homie as a voice nah
54:42
something why green homie invoice tasajo
54:45
say about Qaeda bachata five five five
54:49
five
54:50
so if we want to represent it in IPA we
54:53
could do this Bundy we can write it like
55:03
this if you can see it does it Davi Davi
55:08
F 500 500 Pusa io5 Hana Oh Tiger shoots
55:17
it yes
55:20
take it back that time five till down
55:26
good right I want a cat on the
55:29
Undertaker
55:30
house on down to see Jana cuz its design
55:32
your Sangha and add a boot on the diva
55:34
so everybody let's try it
55:36
five five five five
55:43
all right we're going to make a
55:46
digression
55:46
well me do quiet is the gentian Kai so
55:48
John Woolman georgg John and I'm going
55:50
to give you another web page to read
55:52
because I have a web page that explains
55:54
this because she enchants the yoga mean
55:57
turn it's called Canadian raising
56:01
canadian raising
56:03
wilson nigga down out that side Powell
56:09
raising sit so don't wait call we did
56:15
take a shin shot of the Minton job
56:18
Canadian raising way stamina John
56:22
Italian Turkish young humming share our
56:25
chapatis III Gianna da Jonathan Ling my
56:28
gosh ramen Yaya machine shop does
56:30
anybody have a what's his name tad for a
56:35
teacher okay alright where is he from
56:40
Canada he's from Toronto right coyote -
56:43
in shock so if you listen to his lick
56:45
lectures you will hear his Canadian
56:48
raising and I'll explain it in a minute
56:50
and very often Ted is very surprised to
56:54
have some students hear him say a
56:56
certain word and they start giggling and
56:58
then it's because of this class all
57:02
right we'll just go over this page then
57:05
the American tap remember we already
57:08
talked about the tap earlier and
57:10
Canadian raising so we're gonna skip the
57:13
part about tap right now even as a
57:14
lingua Gabrielle Foods odda
57:16
ego argument let's just go to Canada all
57:21
right Canadian raising here's a website
57:25
with audio samples in in the United
57:29
States we have five five to nanki-poo
57:31
young cuz the janitor howling like a
57:34
trommel in utica Shan Shan what is it
57:36
ow alright we don't have raising four
57:41
out in the United States most of us
57:43
don't but they do in Canada especially
57:45
in a place like Toronto so five five a
57:49
pair for our would be lout loud load
57:54
loud without D Melissa Gianna Iran but
57:57
it's a little bit a little bit like that
57:59
and if you say the phrase Sami anagha
58:02
biology I would say about the house have
58:07
Ted's say that phrase he will say about
58:09
the house about the house about the
58:14
house
58:14
ooh yeah taiyang homey Andrew what
58:18
should voiced aha
58:19
he has the same vowel I do
58:21
for example loud loud no young homie i'm
58:25
rewboss a voiceless oh wow
58:26
no no cigarettes haji in the job whether
58:28
you CL o UT loud
58:30
he doesn't say lout he says load load so
58:34
about the house about the house another
58:38
where another place you can hear it
58:39
really clearly does anybody listen to i
58:41
CRT nobody okay if you want to hear it
58:45
there's a guy named Terry Engel Terry
58:47
English Canadian hiya humming sham Hyuga
58:50
Xin chào I see Artie listen to Terry
58:53
actually he's a good DJ so you won't
58:55
waste your time he's very smart very
58:57
clever
58:57
all right he has a boat the host it took
59:00
it in being young all right the funny
59:04
thing is that I am from Minnesota very
59:06
close to Canada and I never really
59:07
noticed this until I studied phonetics
59:10
but now it stands out like a sore thumb
59:12
I say oh you're Canadian huh anybody who
59:15
knows this you will know right away but
59:17
not all Canadians have this it's
59:20
especially in the eastern part of Canada
59:22
around Toronto if someone is from BC
59:26
British Columbia they probably don't
59:28
have it so that's where a lot of Chinese
59:30
live like from Hong Kong Taiwan
59:32
elsewhere so not so much in the western
59:35
part but around Toronto in the eastern
59:36
part yes okay so that was a lighter note
59:40
I thought you might enjoy that let's
59:41
move on so in the United States we only
59:44
have five five but in Canada they also
59:47
have float loud for me it's just loud
59:51
loud alright City currently yes
59:54
phonetics - Paige - phonetics - Paige -
59:57
City kind alright go
60:02
the upper lip and the upper teeth
60:04
notably the front row insiders are
60:08
familiar enough structures alright let's
60:10
make sure we know what everything is
60:11
where are your incisors everybody show
60:13
me your incisors manya incisors incisors
60:18
is related to scissors to cut it cuts
60:21
your food okay
60:22
so the upper lip and upper teeth notably
60:27
the frontal incisors are familiar enough
60:29
structures that you can show go on just
60:31
behind the upper teeth is a small good
60:38
everybody protuberance just a tool tool
60:43
wall torture was a protuberance
60:45
something that sticks out go on dad you
60:48
can feel with the tip up to town all
60:50
right watch your noggin Leonida the in
60:53
addition watch out for field in Taiwan
60:56
feel is now a Chinese word is that right
60:58
well hence you wanna go whew right watch
61:02
out in English its feel a lot of people
61:06
say Phil that's strong man feel good
61:12
this is called the villa regime you can
61:17
also feel that the front part of the
61:20
roof of the mouth is formed by a bony
61:23
structure this is the hard palate you
61:26
will probably have to use a finger to
61:29
have to feel farther back farther
61:32
farther back most people cannot curl the
61:36
town up far enough to touch the soft
61:38
palate or vellum
61:40
vielen vielen not that vielen vielen
61:44
vielen right at the back of the mouth
61:47
the soft palate is a muscular flap that
61:51
can be raped raised to press against the
61:55
back wall of the pharynx larynx pharynx
61:59
and shut off the nasal tract preventing
62:02
air from going out through the nose in
62:06
this case there is that to be a valid
62:10
closure feel it
62:11
yeah Vila can view them all right I'm
62:15
not stopping so much here because we all
62:16
know this now right all this stuff is
62:18
familiar in hard palate further back
62:21
soft palate and we can raise and lower
62:24
the soft palate there are some muscles
62:25
in there if the soft palate is raised
62:28
do we have an oral or a nasal sound oral
62:33
and then to make a nasal sound we lower
62:35
the the view um if it's closed it's
62:38
called a villach closure
62:39
that's a foam foam bila that's drunk
62:41
high okay phone solo be silly
62:44
okay let's have war when this action
62:47
separates the nazo tract from the oral
62:50
tract so that the air can go out on
62:53
these rails and mouth at the lower end
62:55
of the soft palate is a small appendage
62:59
appendage yes he got away is good three
63:03
year old was he a tool to ride a donkey
63:05
yes sir fools I saw me and that you got
63:07
on sheet mount um yes he got appendage
63:09
just Fuj as I saw me and uh
63:14
and on that is known as the you fella
63:17
mm-hmm
63:22
you've you love let's get those names
63:24
down everybody uvula uvula
63:29
you don't say uvular uvula make sure you
63:35
know how to say them all correctly
63:36
go ahead the part of the vocal tract
63:40
between the uvula and the larynx is the
63:44
parents the back wall of the fairies may
63:47
be considered one of the articulate errs
63:50
on the upper surface of the vocal tract
63:54
okay beautiful reading except for your
63:56
th th notes on machine then mmm again
63:59
everything else was great so remember it
64:02
fearing since I'm gonna get chewy so Yin
64:06
whole Yin cuz usually what we're talking
64:09
about what we need to talk about in our
64:11
descriptions is the Yin beef the
64:14
pharyngeal wall and that's why I
64:15
introduced that first when we talked
64:17
about the articulator good questions
64:20
this is all clear I think we've covered
64:21
it before it going I'm Ruby feature one
64:26
point six shows the lower lip and the
64:28
specific names for the parts of the
64:30
tongue the front the form the lower that
64:34
form the lower surface of the vocal
64:37
tract the tip and the tip and blade of
64:40
the tongue are the most mobile parts
64:42
behind the blade is what is technically
64:45
called the front of the tongue right
64:47
front of the tongue it's actually the
64:50
forward part of the body of the tongue
64:52
and lies underneath the hard palate when
64:55
the tongue that's when the tongue is at
64:58
rest okay just one second we know that
65:00
the tongue is the most lingual organ of
65:03
the whole body at least blows me linguae
65:05
muscle of the whole body but the tongue
65:08
itself has its own hierarchy what part
65:10
of the tongue is the most mobile the tip
65:14
and blade in the front so the tongue
65:16
itself has its own hierarchy tie or tie
65:19
the nigga gg3 wear that suit such an so
65:23
yeah okay the remainder of the body of
65:27
the tongue
65:28
maybe divided into the center which is
65:30
pointed into the center which is partly
65:33
beneath the hard palate and partly
65:36
beneath the soft palates okay partly
65:38
partly yeah the back which is beneath
65:43
the soft palate and root we'll just
65:46
opposite a back wall of the pharynx the
65:49
epiglottis is attached to the lower part
65:52
of the root of the tongue okay very good
65:54
I think we know all this stuff we can go
65:55
on good if you don't know it review it
66:02
carefully any very only these terms in
66:09
mind
66:10
say the word peculiar and try to give a
66:14
rough description of the gestures made
66:18
by the vocal organs during the consonant
66:21
sound say stop a minute and II have a
66:23
cold
66:23
oh I hope you get well soon okay let's
66:27
just stop there for a minute
66:28
peculiar what is the articulatory
66:31
gesture involved two lips come together
66:39
okay then they go apart for the vowel
66:41
we're not gonna worry so much about
66:42
vowels except for that it will usually
66:45
say that the articulator has come apart
66:48
that's usually what we say and how about
66:50
the cuff what happens back of the tongue
66:55
touches the the vlm or soft palate very
66:58
good q what's next what do we do to make
67:06
that l the tip of the tongue touches
67:10
your alveolar Ridge very good ly we
67:13
won't worry about it
67:14
ah those are all hard let's see what he
67:18
says because her is like a vowel that's
67:21
why it's so hard at least in American
67:23
English what you shall find that the
67:26
lips come together for the first sound
67:29
then the back of the center of the town
67:32
are raised but his account contact on
67:36
the hard palate or on the villa for most
67:39
people
67:40
centered between the two all right now
67:43
we're getting really detailed and see
67:45
when we say Co we said the back of the
67:48
tongue touches the villain but is is it
67:51
really touching a hard palate or the
67:53
villain Jesus is half so help um Darla
67:56
thought you seemed a little high-strung
67:57
look the cue leer the cue everybody say
68:02
car now sake you did you make the K in
68:08
the same place in both those words no
68:11
what's the difference that's right it's
68:18
further back for car because eyes are
68:20
back foul car everybody car q Q is more
68:26
front is that right and that's because
68:28
it's affected by the vowel can eq7
68:32
chowmander in here nigga yeah way down
68:35
and champion k go on then no the
68:39
petition in the formation of the L know
68:43
the way position position position
68:47
position position position in the
68:51
formation of the L most people make this
68:55
sound with the tip of the town on the on
68:58
the alveolar Ridge with our national
69:03
economy and you're good nice reading
69:07
okay and get well soon
69:08
now peculiar we're not going to go into
69:13
detail about the two main kinds of L the
69:16
clear L and the dark L but look listen
69:19
love can glory - LM shocked cuz of
69:21
Moines Jota el Sargento show me o Jesu
69:24
da and in American English
69:27
lots of our ELLs are very dark what's
69:30
the Duomo inch and puts the Samoan hold
69:34
up we've been in dark sham ball bill
69:35
done done peculiar way a crease surgeon
69:39
Mayo the endow alveolar Ridge Kakui
69:41
peculiar peculiar couldn't go email punk
69:44
out the summation at her sir in ship
69:47
ahoy down in clear and dark for the
69:50
man man filming my chainsaw
69:52
mace is clear el dark
69:54
she would always conjunct dark so for
69:58
example listen play boy Ukrainian listen
70:02
play man doctor
70:04
well what what City good Nelson and
70:06
doctor okay
70:07
so at least four breaths usually the tip
70:11
of the tongue touches the alveolar Ridge
70:13
for Americans yes but not always
70:15
okay next ambien now compare the words
70:21
true and he English words of tongue
70:24
tongue movement involved at contact
70:27
movement tongue movement involve a
70:30
contact further forward in the mouth all
70:33
right let's just try it ourselves before
70:35
we be the answer everybody say true and
70:37
then say T just say it a few times in
70:42
which one is the tongue more front true
70:46
T true T which one in which one is the
70:54
tongue more front for T and that's
70:57
because of the vowel e alright continue
71:00
most people make contact with the tip or
71:03
a blade of the tongue tip not tip tip
71:05
tip only alveolar reach when same T okay
71:11
and rich not reach rich rich good but
71:16
slightly father back in to try to
71:18
distinguish the differences in other
71:20
consonant sounds such another consonant
71:23
sound consonant sounds such as those
71:26
inside and shiny and those are the
71:29
beginning of T V and thief
71:31
all right we're gonna start listening to
71:34
a lot of details about sounds we didn't
71:36
notice before we would think that maybe
71:38
the T is the same no matter what comes
71:42
after it but in fact sounds are very
71:44
much influenced by what because what
71:45
comes before them and what comes after
71:47
them so T true your tongue goes back a
71:51
bit T true for the R and true and the
71:56
ooh and let's compare some other ones
71:59
for example sigh shy
72:03
sigh shy what differences do you notice
72:07
between those two sounds what parameters
72:11
can we use one can yell some a tiny shoe
72:12
like me all shoes gonna shut the top yet
72:15
what were some of the parameters we use
72:17
looking at the waveform one is loudness
72:20
right
72:21
which one is louder which one's louder
72:26
she's louder isn't it there's another
72:29
one that's a little more subtle I'm sure
72:31
you can hear it once I pointed out okay
72:33
everybody be quiet I'm gonna say them I
72:35
want you to listen for pitch now
72:37
remember we said that noise is different
72:40
in what way from something with voicing
72:43
or with a pitch you're cooling the inga
72:46
noise or Cimabue yeah what is noise what
72:52
did we say earlier it's lots of
72:55
frequencies all over the place that's
72:57
right isn't that right alright so we
73:01
have many frequencies cuz the high C oh
73:03
weeding the found way now see if you can
73:06
hear a difference in the range of
73:08
pitches in suit and shoot when I say the
73:11
two words listen carefully for pitch
73:13
kind of angle you're much happier don't
73:15
say anything and don't shout out the
73:17
answer just listen carefully now sigh
73:21
shy shy shy when I say them individually
73:31
I think it's pretty clear which one has
73:33
a higher pitch right so again which one
73:37
is louder but which one is higher there
73:41
we go
73:42
did you ever notice those differences
73:43
before isn't that something your ears
73:46
are going to be opened up to a whole new
73:48
world that was always there with you but
73:51
you never really probably pay much
73:53
attention to okay go on
73:56
next I'm Bella okay when considering
74:00
diagrams such as those who have been
74:02
discussing it is important to remember
74:04
that were important not important homie
74:08
Ava's yoga hatha yoga Claro staff and I
74:12
pick on this because it's one of the few
74:15
problems my son had in his English words
74:17
it
74:17
in Wenzhou Anjaana chief was a young huh
74:19
but this is something that he did funny
74:21
- he said basketball important now hung
74:24
up
74:24
oh wait guys hot now it always sang she
74:26
okay
74:28
how's Shan Zhai chief wittle guy holla
74:29
he sounds fine now but you need to put a
74:31
glottal stop in there important
74:35
important mmm
74:37
I just finished writing another article
74:39
in the series that I've also asked you
74:41
that I've already asked you to read what
74:43
gone Hoshi awareness that your grants
74:45
Fillion took a tub it is slowly in boost
74:48
a tea so you got whole saline just a
74:50
whole long neither nigga shun guy wait
74:52
cuz I you cheap import import all right
74:57
if you know mean are you say the word
75:00
for medicine all by itself
75:02
eager India good everybody louder in you
75:08
may not mean I you the word for medicine
75:11
yo
75:12
alright I want you to listen to two
75:15
versions and I wanted you to tell me if
75:17
you like one better than the other
75:19
okay one is your one is yo you like the
75:25
first one or the second one
75:28
some of you think they're okay so that
75:31
tells you that mean I you should know
75:33
that bien anyway un chien you know it's
75:36
a minion yo yo yo mah homie and igitur
75:40
and Pandya listening for some of you
75:43
your meal when she right nigga P I was
75:46
eating peanut and what happen Isaac a
75:48
que un chien can saw see yo okay cuando
75:53
hast your Judah yoga cage at home yet me
75:57
I said she'll is like a que diga que
75:58
piensa Jose in May okay patio singing
76:03
turn time dollars son gonna be end bhai
76:05
JD Allah yo your cousin interior and
76:09
shinza Hondo nian your male Wang Shi
76:11
Zhai yo homie no to the ha then it's
76:15
gone for example da da hegemony you are
76:19
nigga Hosni may allah none said mean I
76:22
know you got neighborhood eager great
76:23
sir sorry interested your yo yo yo ah
76:29
doesn't leave way
76:31
Casa Honduran dando eager enjoy yes and
76:33
then y'all is that right your homemade
76:36
Mayo Mayo Zoey so pay attention to that
76:38
when you hear people or when you
76:41
yourself are speaking mean I you know
76:42
Kaiser do it's the way PDK good your may
76:47
are hosting in your in your yup your how
76:53
about Savannah Chism assure it should be
76:56
yeah
76:56
is that right yeah but some people I've
77:00
heard this and many years ago already
77:02
whoa idea what Tsinghua yo ah the
77:06
browser homey and nigga hosting caisson
77:08
shell should Danny hides a die - oh can
77:11
I Jim Mayola so be nice a jab jab bunk
77:15
yeah yeah plant outer beauty email yeah
77:20
but a lot of people Rob wides yeah
77:23
Vienna all right the whole yeah
77:38
okay that's a good point and I hadn't
77:40
thought of that
77:41
homie and dagger Aloha you didn't young
77:43
yo I danced at your shower ah that's a
77:46
good point I hadn't thought of that one
77:47
that's a good point cuz the toaster how
77:50
junior crisis I see it was a case change
77:52
down but thank you for telling me that
77:55
but yeah I enjoyed your merriment
77:57
I'm starved give me some food right
78:00
orbit we also love your attention okay
78:05
yeah okay
78:06
in any case it seems to yoga to certain
78:09
kinds of shouts tada
78:10
the reason I brought it up is because we
78:13
need to know about glottal stops in when
78:15
yo a good scene
78:16
TomTom wave piensan glottal stop Joseph
78:19
magazine it's in this word even once and
78:24
I got scene chunk white Vincent glottal
78:26
stop tt7 shout down hi Josh I'm a go
78:31
yeah well she was sooo I'd some young
78:33
Burien sahajiya show ty and jumped out
78:35
her to what happens your belt Azula
78:38
honey we can have Bhima you working
78:41
outside sir will you will you say it is
78:44
awarded xie na na dun DB ensure are you
78:46
gonna argue with him no you wait some
78:49
Yahoo sang hi double a Delta Zoo will
78:52
meet the embattled oh man yo
78:53
they can do whatever they want because
78:54
they're going too fast and it's
78:56
dangerous
78:56
well that's what T does house is a house
78:59
on earth hides a me on hundreds of meow
79:01
Twp beyond what Toby adore and one of
79:04
the main changes that T makes is it
79:07
turns to a glottal stop
79:08
Pat's hang on we Vincent glottal stop
79:11
Yoshi's as I did it's means a chance for
79:13
example a chai tea Dominion hit hit your
79:18
tea right now was a mess wha okay listen
79:22
carefully don't talk now just listen
79:25
hit hit me hit hit me hey hey
79:32
so Jimmy o Dan da it's not a T anymore
79:35
it's a glottal stop
79:36
so hit hit me t fat Jacob mmm link ID
79:43
holder in G the hot tea
79:45
why won't we be a co-host a you how
79:49
important joy Oh nigga mu in Poochyena
79:52
so it had returned years ago ends I had
79:54
a home yet so I nigga T's like a ho
79:56
sleep puddin do your quota put in
79:58
chocolate Chi so listen carefully
80:00
don't say important in poor and our
80:03
talent mayor important parties being
80:08
hosted in hot tea Poochyena cuz the yoga
80:10
hosting and I think ah ok wine champ
80:13
down to a meal to the inn so listen
80:15
carefully important important important
80:21
poster Chanda and Oni and children
80:23
crisis were important
80:24
yeah-yo will push you want but some
80:26
people are saying it but important don't
80:28
say important important ok well how do
80:31
this again okay homie I wish them sedan
80:33
and it will also increase your awareness
80:35
start paying attention to how people say
80:37
the word important ok how do people say
80:40
it Chinese or Taiwanese and native
80:43
speakers or Europeans other people
80:45
notice how they say it and also remember
80:48
me 9 you nigga fluido nigga sayin y'all
80:51
Kaiser to eat ok it is important
80:55
important important ok important
80:59
important important important important
81:05
just important important to remember
81:10
that they show only two dimensions the
81:14
vocal tract is a tube and the positions
81:17
of the size of the tongue may be very
81:19
different from the position of the
81:21
center all right pay attention to this
81:23
because when we're looking at these
81:24
drawings they're very easy to draw and
81:27
pretty easy to understand but they only
81:29
show us ego Palmilla seal down two cones
81:35
yeah what's missing Yoshi don't you
81:38
surrender to to Lida
81:41
Donna yo show host put two hm put 2 8 10
81:44
10 being woman today combo combo to lie
81:47
so these drawings also introduce
81:51
distortion keep in mind you she don't
81:54
see what combo doubt even has solid
81:55
design do come June okay
82:00
insane sigh for example there is a deep
82:03
hollow in the center of flatten a deep
82:05
hollow a deep hollow method deep deep
82:08
deep hollow in the center of the town
82:11
that it's not not present when saying
82:14
shy
82:15
alright let's pay attention to this when
82:18
we are saying sigh compare it to shy
82:21
feel what your tongue is doing side of
82:24
jeho in gallo eco Judah all tau by
82:29
Justin either shut all the ambient by
82:32
Churchill I sigh Oh Mia shuttle DeLeon
82:36
been way down to Chowchilla
82:37
Tansen donggeun it out go your mouth now
82:42
say shy happy tell me on eat I'll go
82:45
sigh you're shy Bajau me on shy shy okay
82:51
we cannot represent this young cannot an
82:56
important yeah we cannot present this
82:59
difference in a two-dimensional diagram
83:01
the shows just have shows you think it's
83:04
a phase I'm consistent that you go 20 so
83:06
put it in your notes
83:07
watch for fluidity fluidity knee and
83:11
hosts again watch that okay you're doing
83:13
it extremely consistently we cannot
83:17
represent this difference in a
83:19
two-dimensional diagram that shows just
83:21
a midline of the tongue midline you're
83:24
in midline a new line of your lion lion
83:28
wasn't it midline mid lion we're working
83:32
another time okay line of the tongue
83:35
also called me sector the sagittal
83:39
sagittal okay sagittal actually it has
83:43
related to Sagittarius can gentle yoga
83:45
Jessica pomian two channels of the ego
83:48
pomian to downsell a poke a lie so mid
83:51
sagittal view you coming out said oh the
83:54
nigga I'll tell Papa to lie Sawa Selena
83:57
do Kanye we will be relying on
84:00
midsagittal diagrams of the vocal organs
84:03
to a considerable extent in this book
84:06
but we should never but but yeah
84:09
but we should never let this simplified
84:12
view
84:13
the sole basis for a conceptualization
84:16
of speech sounds very good
84:18
conceptualization is more British and
84:20
American it's usually conceptualization
84:22
today conceptualization BJP and John you
84:25
shoot alright so when you are reading
84:28
and I keep correcting you on something
84:30
be found so Anita the the wente I need a
84:32
suet a tea though aunty usually it's
84:35
something that you do all the time
84:37
Wilson say it's the OM fashion that it's
84:40
systematic so please keep in mind first
84:43
of all congratulations to all of you for
84:45
being so brave for doing this on camera
84:47
I mean that takes a lot of young Chi and
84:50
he's on function duccini because these
84:53
things are things that Taiwanese do all
84:56
the time
84:57
Megan and you can hear how good in the
85:00
sea drinks she either more eager to I
85:03
could be a peon item all your total
85:05
christening
85:06
when we take the entirety of them
85:08
Trumble ego you go like John the hawk
85:11
woman thought out that you'll see at I
85:13
see you do you go saw you alright we get
85:16
a picture of Taiwan English and for the
85:19
people who bother to look at this video
85:21
they're going to learn a lot about
85:23
Taiwan English which is valuable I think
85:26
for education and Taiwan for everybody
85:28
didn't watch on the gun ha the first
85:31
thing you need is awareness CP shouts it
85:33
out it's a use a comma
85:34
we've taken the first few steps by
85:36
feeling what our tongue does what's the
85:38
difference between Sai and shy etc okay
85:41
so remember that these are gifts if I
85:44
point something out this all song in
85:46
need of the Wu Chi shall I that's your
85:48
personal thing to work on okay come on
85:52
Julia in order to form up was in in
85:58
under earn everybody also typical Tao in
86:01
English
86:02
suela and sapien hua hai Mei she can cry
86:04
Asha what's in in gatherings ended and
86:08
in order by Anne Lee and I ordered a
86:12
champion shoot you me when you're laying
86:13
in mu entitled it's the right this in
86:16
your rules Moines Chi hold it's a tongue
86:19
Samba champion did to the tree hole get
86:21
in told I've had a champion downs with
86:24
her daddy eager in so instead of saying
86:26
in order to we say in order Nana Hani
86:30
Paraiba nigga and pusheen ensign in
86:33
mortar in guy the input a onion the
86:36
inside ray in order to this is extremely
86:39
common and how in English everyone pay
86:41
attention they got an uncle in Tisa face
86:43
Hong da can make a name Tablo jung
86:45
inseong okay everybody in order to in
86:50
order to could Julie you start next time
86:54
Jack isn't he alright that's it for
86:56
today thank you so much we'll see on
86:57
Wednesday don't forget to mail me your
87:00
file in one file please mp3 to further
87:04
mountain we'll see on Wednesday