Transcript


00:18
before we go on to chapter 2 I want to
00:22
go over some of the notes that Mindy and
00:25
Sophie have collected from your notes
00:28
your weekly class notes pronunciation
00:32
journals etc there are a number of
00:35
misunderstandings out there among some
00:37
of you and so I'm going to take this
00:39
time to try to clear some of them up
00:40
because some of them seem to be turning
00:42
up over and over again so they're worth
00:44
discussing
00:46
all right just sheet by sheet here I've
00:50
got several sets of notes here first of
00:56
all everybody please pay attention
00:58
please pay attention what is this
01:07
all right it's a glottal stop and how do
01:14
we make a glottal stop everybody make
01:17
our glottal stop oh okay it sounds like
01:20
the whole class is burping yes burping
01:23
so Sokka
01:24
although Dhaka is not exactly the same
01:27
that's a glottal stop it's a question
01:29
mark without it without a dot at the
01:31
bottom okay I want you to look at this
01:35
symbol if you can't see it clearly you
01:40
know come up close to the front or look
01:43
it up in your textbook or look it up
01:45
online is this a backwards version of
01:49
this take a pause fungal eyes so this is
01:51
Joseph take a don't she know many of you
01:55
have the mistaken impression that this
01:58
symbol which is uh a tap is a backwards
02:03
gladwell stop symbol so those of you who
02:06
had that impression please correct it
02:08
now because the TAS are complaining
02:10
because it seems to be turning up over
02:14
and over and over again so some of you
02:15
definitely have this misunderstanding
02:17
this looks just like a cane and when
02:20
it's printed very often you won't see
02:22
the line at the bottom if it is a sans
02:26
font it won't have a line if it is Times
02:30
New Roman type font it will have a line
02:32
in writing I put it in in handwriting
02:35
because it may look like an R without it
02:38
this line at the bottom makes it clear
02:40
and I see in phonetic transcriptions
02:43
that's how it's usually written so it
02:45
looks like a cane and good white some
02:47
show me this is a hung so Todd I told
02:50
you they look right down all right glad
02:53
I'll stop tap please clarify those in
02:55
your mind and this symbol the angle I
03:02
saw is a trill
03:08
in Spanish we have both these sounds for
03:12
example the word for butt is petal petal
03:21
Dania fatal and we use the symbol for
03:25
the word dog this is a Double R and
03:32
that's trilled remember the definition
03:34
of a trill is the tongue tip has to make
03:38
contact with the alveolar Ridge at least
03:40
how many times three times this is
03:43
federal pero pero means close
03:47
better rock means go okay that's a trill
03:50
so please make these sounds really clear
03:53
in your head there's another one that's
03:55
created a lot of confusion and part of
03:58
it is because I didn't explain it all
04:00
clearly at the beginning I gave you this
04:02
symbol when we were talking about about
04:07
lyin about glides in Chinese this symbol
04:11
a great big circle with a line through
04:12
it this is a mathematical symbol for a
04:14
null set and we call it a zero initial
04:17
in English and Ling Xiang Mao in Chinese
04:27
whaling the link singing Nessun Muccino
04:30
mo quick link Shang Wu and that is when
04:33
we don't have a glottal stop and we
04:34
don't have a glide in front of a vowel
04:36
and the two vowels we're talking about
04:38
our would eat so if we just say you lie
04:42
you lie with no woof
04:44
and no up then we have a zero initial
04:46
and we don't normally mark it the reason
04:49
I introduce the symbol is because we
04:51
needed a contrast with in the case of Wu
04:54
lie for example we needed a contrast
04:57
with what as in rule lie some people in
05:01
some situations say Oh lie with a
05:03
glottal stop but some people I don't
05:06
want to put these brackets around here
05:07
to confuse you some people just have a
05:09
lie helping schwannoma wind chime in
05:12
some of the Mayo your male high in your
05:13
male whole studying we call that being
05:17
shown more now
05:19
then Stanley started doing some deeper
05:20
research he said ah but this vowel
05:23
occurs in languages like Norwegian Oh
05:27
and it's the om lout in German in
05:30
spelling we write it with an O with the
05:32
two dots over it like her is high these
05:42
are these are very different things this
05:44
is not a ton tone that I pay simple it's
05:47
like a it's like a city to the white I
05:50
don't see it's used only in how you can
05:53
share how you then I go show me and
05:55
surely man but you don't girls like I
05:56
don't see just because we need a
05:58
contrast between these two we can't tell
06:01
we've got three possibilities so we need
06:03
a symbol for the third one just writing
06:05
a vowel doesn't really call our
06:07
attention to the problem so this is not
06:09
an IPA symbol this is used in
06:12
exclusively as far as I know in Chinese
06:14
linguistics it may be used elsewhere I
06:17
don't know about it but I know that it's
06:19
not in the IPA there's a hanging you
06:20
ensuring that yoga join you on that you
06:22
go for how it's a large zero it's a
06:25
mathematical symbol the smaller circle
06:28
with a line is earth and that is a mid
06:32
high front rounded vowel let's find it
06:35
in the table so that we know what we're
06:38
talking about okay the vowels are on the
06:43
inside back cover of your book can you
06:46
find other here is our vowel space on
06:52
the bottom part of the inside cover and
06:54
you can see that it is a mid high front
06:58
rounded vowel and that's usually written
07:01
like this in German ooh okay so two very
07:05
very different things there's even a
07:07
third symbol that got confused into this
07:10
question while you're still on that page
07:13
on the inside cover look under in the
07:16
consonants look under bilabial fricative
07:19
on the voiceless side on the left
07:21
do you see something else that looks
07:23
sort of similar again alright so this
07:26
has got a big circle not an IPA symbol
07:29
this is a smaller symbol it is an IPA
07:31
symbol for a vowel
07:32
here we have a third symbol a circle
07:35
with a line straight through the middle
07:37
up and down straight vertical line this
07:39
is a consonant it's a by a voiceless
07:42
bilabial fricative
07:44
and we're going to learn about it second
07:47
semester I don't think we'll get to it
07:48
this semester but just so you know what
07:50
it is everybody look and listen it's
07:53
it's just like spreading your lips and
07:57
blowing out air and I'll put the vowel e
07:59
after it so listen fee fee if it were F
08:04
it would be fee fee I'll use the
08:08
microphone to make it clearer F with an
08:13
e sound is fee fee but this is a
08:17
voiceless bilabial fricative be e-sign
08:23
twin meal pool not yachts it just shall
08:26
we shout a little bit you don't be a
08:29
biggest shot and then blow air out okay
08:33
and then if you put a vowel after it'd
08:35
be five hey whoa
08:40
I smell the blood of an Englishman okay
08:43
so those are three different symbols is
08:46
that clear now go change oh ma don't mix
08:48
them up whenever you're not clear first
08:50
of all check yourself and if you can't
08:53
resolve it please ask and make sure that
08:56
you check in often to NTU phonetics on
09:00
Facebook now what better excuse could
09:03
you have for going and checking into
09:05
Facebook right do we need an excuse no
09:08
but here is one anyway going to Facebook
09:11
means that you're goofing off and not
09:13
doing your work but in this case you're
09:14
keeping up with phonetics class you can
09:15
tell your mother I'm doing my phonetics
09:17
work okay it's not just fooling around
09:20
on Facebook chatting with my friends but
09:23
you have friends in the phonetics group
09:25
as well so anyway that's clear we have a
09:30
number of other questions I'm just gonna
09:32
pick out some of them because otherwise
09:33
it's going to take forever because
09:34
they're quite a few things one of them
09:36
is palette au yeung alveolar that's what
09:41
we learned in the text right palate toe
09:44
Divac pool fences she answered the first
09:47
part is an adjective the second part is
09:49
also an adjective
09:50
well you can call it an adverb in that
09:52
case if palatal is an adjective
09:54
then sorry if alveolar is an adjective
09:58
than palatal is an adverb modifying the
10:02
adjective because the palatal alveolar
10:04
york' down means in that case pilato is
10:06
the adjective alveolar is the noun
10:08
so it's palate Oh pa la tio young
10:12
alveolar if it's the one that's reversed
10:16
for TT she and Chinese on the polish
10:18
sounds then it is LV lo al it's just an
10:22
al vol au yeung palette ole so he means
10:28
the one tobogganing sitting into the
10:30
booth in your AR you're al cuz it Jo
10:34
should have a poof in kind of salacious
10:36
or not
10:37
oh okay palette o alveolar
10:40
alveolo-palatal for GT Sheen for adding
10:44
an S to words it could be a noun it
10:47
could be a verb could be all kinds of
10:49
things can be either a plural form could
10:52
be third-person singular of a verb or
10:55
could be the possessive some of you may
10:57
need to review that those rules because
10:59
you're still having trouble with them
11:00
some of you I'm writing an article on
11:03
that right now for should of that's
11:05
going to be number eight you've already
11:07
read up to number seven which is stop it
11:09
stops number eight will be about S&Z; so
11:12
that's still being written
11:14
Jaime all share one the symbol a we have
11:23
two different ways of writing a we have
11:25
this one and we have this one please
11:28
make sure that you distinguish one then
11:31
this one is used for what kind of vowel
11:34
- thumbs and remember this has got a
11:37
weird spelling my enough ph th in quasi
11:43
ph th ong monophthongs Adamo in this one
11:47
is used for diphthongs this one doesn't
11:53
look as clouds on cuz it's not quite so
11:54
long and they're more used to it so
11:56
diphthong we use this one for diphthongs
11:59
this is for monophthongs so i will use
12:03
this a everyone clear on that
12:04
watch out when you're typing and when
12:07
you're inputting IPA symbols we have a
12:09
very handy tool called i speak if you
12:12
missed that post on facebook go back and
12:15
look at it i'll try to put the link on
12:17
our syllabus page as well I speak Zulu
12:20
IPA hum found bien then there's another
12:22
one when you're doing romanization
12:25
there's a pinion tone tool so yeah now
12:29
you're happy so don't let drunk wine
12:33
sundal the nigga tell fool girls don't
12:37
gather doubtful so you don't have to use
12:40
numbers you just input the numbers it
12:42
will change it over to the correct tone
12:45
mark on the correct vowel so in the
12:46
needs I need Vince out band yeah okay
12:49
but you can get lazy that way so if you
12:51
don't know where those two tools are
12:53
look on Facebook or I'll put the links
12:55
up as soon as possible as for sibilance
12:59
some of you have have asked about this
13:03
this is this doesn't have an extremely
13:06
stable to translation in Chinese hot
13:09
judging Co and good nuisance it but what
13:12
I have seen for in Taiwan writing my
13:16
house lead us to the jaga codes at the
13:18
end for Taiwan is more common for
13:22
mainland China
13:25
Slean is more common not more common
13:28
that's just what they use okay Taiwan
13:30
babble but you may see this in Taiwan as
13:34
well there's a lot of mutual influence
13:36
now as you know so don't be surprised if
13:38
you see one or the other it's not a big
13:41
deal to me long as you know what you're
13:42
talking about and sibilant in English
13:44
how many sibilance are there in English
13:46
six right and two of them are affricates
13:49
so they're actually kind of compound
13:52
sounds
13:54
mm see what else we have here do some of
14:00
you still have problems with jet and
14:01
ship because I get asked this question
14:06
over and over and over again every year
14:09
remember that sure is what kind of a
14:14
sound the manner of articulation is way
14:18
what kind of sound is it what's its
14:20
manner of articulation
14:22
it's a fricative that's right voiced or
14:25
voiceless this one happens to be voiced
14:28
and don't say boys
14:29
it's voiced not so much ball boy boy boy
14:34
giggle oh hold on and Ryan and quite you
14:36
like what you actually I've heard native
14:38
speakers say boys as well but I don't so
14:41
I think it's more common so voiced
14:45
that's better
14:46
make that all really short voice that's
14:49
much better
14:50
okay my ears like that this one is
14:53
voiced and we pronounce it how should
14:57
some of you will mistakenly say Joe it's
15:00
easy to fix
15:01
all you do is take the voiceless
15:03
counterpart of this sound which is an
15:06
add voicing it's very easy so write the
15:13
one you mix it up with is this sound
15:14
what kind of a sound is this what's its
15:16
manner of articulation
15:18
it's an affricate which is composed of
15:23
stop not stop please and my dialect stop
15:27
thank you
15:28
stop plus a fricative together and you
15:33
have it in Chinese like Joseph Shung
15:35
with a joke
15:36
that is also an affricate and it's very
15:38
similar to this one especially the way
15:40
it's pronounced in Taiwan Chrome for
15:42
Emma doesn't sound like English but dojo
15:44
soma and in Taiwan judges Shammai sounds
15:46
very similar so this one has a stop at
15:49
the beginning it's so fast if you just
15:52
use theory to explain it you may not get
15:54
it but just just you've got that D there
15:58
just go and shut so make sure that you
16:02
distinguish those clearly
16:05
and all right we've got this issue about
16:10
how to write B we're okay with schwa
16:15
I think schwa is not a phoneme really
16:18
you can call it one but you can argue
16:22
both ways but basically a schwa is a
16:24
reduced vowel going back in history the
16:27
vowel was a full vowel as far as we know
16:29
and you can tell from the spelling what
16:31
it probably was but many unstressed
16:34
syllables now have a schwa instead of a
16:37
full vowel so that's a schwa
16:39
now KK when he designed his system he
16:44
also decided to make a distinction
16:50
between a rata sized vowel we haven't
16:55
learned this term
16:56
some people say Rohtak some people say
16:58
rhotic I think I say Radek but it sounds
17:01
funny when you say erratic don't think
17:03
it's anything anything improper so a
17:07
wrote a carotid I'll probably say wrote
17:10
it just to avoid the silly puns
17:11
all right so I haven't heard agreement
17:15
on this I've heard different
17:15
pronunciations Rohtak just means a lot
17:19
in Chinese it's our valued
17:21
ryu so if we make this erotic sound or
17:27
erotic sound F say after a schwa it
17:30
becomes earth becomes earth and KK
17:35
decided Kenyon and not decided that
17:37
choise are not to be used and stressed
17:40
syllables so we have a separate symbol
17:45
for the rota sized up when it's not
17:49
stressed if we have a rota size vowel
17:53
with the UH sound like in bird they
17:59
decided to use a different symbol and it
18:02
looks like the number three so this is
18:04
uh we don't have this sound in American
18:06
English at all it's used in British so
18:09
in British we would write but with this
18:12
vowel but no R after the vowel after the
18:16
vowel we can also call
18:17
post vocalic no post up vocalic are so
18:21
canon and not sort of kept the same
18:23
system but he added a hook on it to show
18:27
that it's rota sized okay I just put a
18:32
little mark like this an American
18:34
because this is a single syllable and
18:36
it's a Content word we stress it so we
18:38
write bird like this now we could write
18:40
it like this if we made a different
18:42
decision but Kenya not made a rule that
18:45
Shaw is never used in a stressed
18:47
syllable now you can argue for or
18:49
against this it doesn't really matter
18:51
but I think you just pick a system and
18:52
you use it and I decided to stay with
18:54
the KK system on this point it doesn't
18:56
it doesn't matter I would just like
18:58
people to be consistent and you're used
19:00
to this
19:00
so for teacher teacher will use this one
19:04
if it's stressed we'll use this one
19:06
without the hook we don't have that
19:09
symbol in America it's used in standard
19:11
British English but all right
19:14
did that clarify questions about the
19:16
schwa and then the buzz sound or ersan
19:21
when it's stressed okay crema other
19:23
questions there was a discussion about
19:26
it on Facebook so if you want to go back
19:28
and look at it there's a little bit more
19:30
than that watch your spelling continue
19:34
what say host:thank it's the motion
19:36
shamah a MT not ent now that's not such
19:41
a big deal this is the kind of mistake
19:42
native speakers make all the time
19:44
independent you'll see many written
19:48
native speakers writing a and D all the
19:50
dent ei NT independent yeah a and T all
19:54
the time and I have I'm sure at some
19:56
time or other it's a common mistake but
19:59
doesn't mean that you should follow us
20:01
doing the wrong thing
20:02
alright so continue went in this case is
20:04
a and T don't write continent loose at
20:08
that so it's not a continent and
20:11
utterance someone had a very funny
20:13
spelling utterance is probably a word
20:15
some of you didn't understand so you
20:17
just wrote what you heard to utter it
20:20
just means short jewel or twosome
20:24
he didn't utter a word had told me to
20:26
show
20:27
and the noun form is utterance and we
20:31
use utterance because we don't want to
20:34
say sentence we don't want to say
20:36
compound we don't want to say word we
20:38
need something just to express the idea
20:39
of III and qua and that's my Chinese
20:41
translation of utterance Etan quoi
20:43
it could be just one sound like ah
20:45
that's an utterance or it could be a
20:48
whole sentence that's an utterance
20:50
yo I'm quoi that's all it is and please
20:53
spell it correctly and okay there were
20:56
some minor points I'm not going to take
20:58
time now to go over but those were the
21:00
big ones so Mindy and Sofie anything
21:03
you'd like to add you think is really
21:04
important I've seen the other notes and
21:08
maybe I'll post on Facebook about them
21:10
or mention them some other time I don't
21:12
want to take a whole class hour we have
21:14
very little time left but please watch
21:16
out through these things if there's
21:18
something you don't know look it up if
21:20
you don't find a clear answer if you're
21:22
still not sure ask ask the TAS that's
21:24
men you're Sophie or ask myself post on
21:27
Facebook that's the easy way to do it
21:29
but if you need to do something in
21:31
person like you need to say two
21:33
different pronunciations for me just ask
21:36
during break after class or in class so
21:37
ke is that all clear
21:39
so please clear up any issues that you
21:41
have don't let them fester you know
21:44
until the test comes and you're still
21:46
not clear and then we have problems we
21:48
are going to let's see what else I'm
21:52
going to assign another tutorial I'm not
21:57
going to turn on the projector I don't
21:59
think we need it but it's already on the
22:01
website on the syllabus I want you to do
22:04
the tutorial on closest part one the
22:07
link is there just go to the link you've
22:10
already done the tutorial on voicing is
22:12
that right do you have any questions I
22:16
find these tutorials truly outstanding
22:19
you can learn a lot about teaching from
22:22
those tutorials because doing them step
22:24
by step gonna miss my food done did you
22:27
have that feeling meals ammo food dad
22:29
because they make sure you understand
22:31
this they go on to the next step they
22:33
broke it down into very easily
22:35
digestible bits so mark huck phil has
22:38
done a tremendously good job on these
22:40
John made mint there are two people who
22:42
do tutorials like this so if you have
22:45
any questions please ask otherwise I'll
22:47
just assume everything's okay go on to
22:50
the next one which is tutorial on
22:51
closest part one okay and that's it all
22:55
that's left for today is to continue in
22:57
Chapter two
22:58
alright our next three dart get ready
23:00
please and we're starting from the
23:03
second paragraph of chapter two let's go
23:06
Vivian a list in this chapter and oh
23:09
just a bit louder go ahead in these
23:12
chapters we will be concerned okay
23:15
that's good
23:15
I'm sorry I have to stop you right away
23:17
but I keep reminding you that this is
23:19
very often a function word so we
23:22
shouldn't stress it right but sometimes
23:25
it is emphatic this one not that one
23:28
it's contrastive top just imply the baby
23:32
so in this chapter if I read it that way
23:36
what is implied as opposed to chapter
23:45
one cuz we finished chapter one that's
23:46
the only one we finished so in this
23:48
chapter don't know me Oh John bullit
23:50
take a chapter II oh boo Yong Hwa so we
23:53
will stress it in this chapter and the
23:55
same thing is with some and others like
23:58
I have some books each issue but some
24:02
books do it this way and some books do
24:04
it that way or other books do it that
24:06
way Daniel baby there's a hole not
24:08
joseon funk song ii me oh baby the
24:10
hydrophones owe me this is the same I'm
24:13
sorry go ahead in this chap in this
24:16
chapter in this chapter in this chapter
24:19
we will be concerned we will so she said
24:21
we we will be concerned we will be
24:25
concerned we can not concerned everybody
24:28
concerned consider not consider consider
24:35
concede confer I and this one is
24:41
concerned yeah don't say corner cone or
24:45
whatever you're saying it's can consider
24:47
confer concerned I'm done okay
24:51
we will be concerned concerned with the
24:55
phonetic transcription of careful speech
24:58
the style of speech you use to show
25:00
someone how to pronounce a word this is
25:04
called the citation style of speech
25:06
whenever you see something in bold what
25:09
does it tell you it's important and will
25:13
probably be on probably will because
25:17
when teachers are preparing tests their
25:19
eyes kind of scan through the chapter
25:21
and the bold terms the terms and bold
25:24
jump out at you and you say oh that's a
25:26
good test question and then you write a
25:27
question about that so bold items in
25:30
bold are especially important very often
25:32
they will be on a test this idea is
25:34
extremely important citation style of
25:36
speech and that's one difference between
25:39
experienced and less experienced
25:41
language teachers in a place like Taiwan
25:44
and it's not just East Asia
25:46
it applies elsewhere where they don't
25:49
have a large supply of native speakers
25:50
of English or other languages that they
25:52
want taught if you grab somebody off the
25:55
street and you ask them questions
25:56
they'll say well how do you pronounce
25:58
this word for example Zumo a in the
26:01
whole book they will say that's a book
26:03
and then maybe a lot of people will
26:08
start saying I have a book and how does
26:10
that sound to you now given your
26:12
training it sounds weird right so you're
26:16
not native speakers but you already have
26:17
a good feel that we don't use citation
26:20
forms for a lot of what kinds of words
26:24
what kind of a word is is up
26:30
it's an article in an article as an
26:32
example of a function word right so
26:36
function words usually are read with a
26:39
reduced vowel with a schwa which we were
26:42
just talking about they are not read in
26:44
their citation forms so citation form
26:47
that's a compound by the way is a very
26:49
very useful concept when you are trying
26:52
to explain things one of the things that
26:55
language does and namely that is when
26:57
you read something in isolation Jill
27:00
Dando - she - AHA you ain't in a hunting
27:02
tool for example who attended Chung how
27:05
do you pronounce it Chung but when you
27:07
say taxi how do you say it do you say
27:12
gee Tom choy you say dealin so gentle
27:15
right so the citation form of that
27:19
particular word is Chung right have a
27:22
tongue duel hum how if you want to say
27:24
it very carefully that's what he's
27:26
talking about when he says in careful
27:28
speech take out guan yin theta theta
27:31
that song yeah because a lot of you have
27:34
better training in english than you have
27:37
in chinese that is the harsh reality is
27:40
that not true and that's not a good
27:43
thing it's good that you have good
27:45
training in english but you need to
27:47
catch up in your native language a lot
27:49
of the things you learn in English you
27:50
need to carry over into Chinese because
27:52
so many of the things apply to Chinese
27:55
not everything but a lot of things do
27:57
and one is citation form citation form
28:02
so when you're teaching a foreigner
28:03
Chinese which some of you might do in a
28:05
language exchange be aware that you're
28:08
gonna pronounce it very clearly
28:09
according to the dictionary when you
28:12
read the word in what isolation as soon
28:16
as it occurs in a compound or in a
28:19
phrase or sentence you will probably
28:21
pronounce it in some different way
28:23
just like Chung becomes a gentle gentle
28:28
so if a student is somebody asks you how
28:31
do you pronounce Chung is anybody gonna
28:32
say huh
28:33
nobody will say that right but that's
28:36
how you normally say it in the word taxi
28:38
daddy L don't want ease them
28:41
all right and if you are interested in
28:43
these abbreviations in Mandarin I have a
28:48
paper that I wrote on it I'll put the
28:49
link on the site when somebody even
28:51
finds me if I don't remember myself so I
28:54
wrote a whole paper on this because I
28:56
noticed it my own kids and everybody
28:58
does it so citation form is very very
29:03
different from from what a phonetic
29:06
description of connected speech
29:08
continued transcriptions of citation
29:12
style are particularly useful in
29:15
language documentation and less
29:19
lexicography what is lexicography just a
29:26
peon food yet that I got a Michele went
29:28
and studying words dictionaries and
29:31
words okay and also serve as the basic
29:35
phonetic observations described in
29:38
phonology in Chapter five we will
29:41
discuss we well discovers pretty good
29:44
but can you make it longer Chapter five
29:46
in Chapter five by five yeah we will
29:51
discussed for now now we will if we will
29:54
discuss we will discuss phonetic
29:56
transcription of connected speech the
29:59
style that used in normal conversation
30:02
the style that used in normal
30:04
conversation does this look like there's
30:06
a mistake do you see mistake in the text
30:11
that is used okay we're going to have to
30:14
email professor Johnson the style that
30:17
is used in normal conversation and
30:21
that's where we need to stop so please
30:24
start next time okay crema that's it for
30:26
today we'll see you on Wednesday