Transcript


00:17
is this sound long or short
00:23
what's it short is it long or short why
00:29
is it long because it can occur in and
00:35
open syllable those of you who still
00:38
think this is short you need to correct
00:42
that in your mind because in some of
00:44
your notes in the notes of some of you
00:49
it shows that some of you still think
00:51
this is a short vowel it is a long vowel
00:53
everybody clear on that now is this long
00:56
or short it's long once more is this
00:59
long or short okay don't forget the
01:03
reason it came up is because many not
01:06
noted that in one of in the notes of one
01:09
of you you said that ah is an example of
01:15
okay and I think I said it that way them
01:18
myself that AHS an example of schwa
01:20
following a short vowel I think I did
01:23
mention that myself that day so I think
01:25
that I better correct it ah is a is a
01:29
diphthong in American English the sound
01:31
after it is like ah almost ah ah it's
01:35
not because it's short it's because it's
01:37
the way it is ah it is a pure vowel in
01:41
British English it's not short but it
01:44
has a diphthong equality in American
01:47
English okay that's too clear at that I
01:49
think that's partly my fault so I hope
01:51
that's not clear basically what we're
01:53
going to do today is we are going to try
01:55
to make headway in Chapter two so let's
01:58
go to page 37 and start everybody have
02:02
your book open to page 37 let's go and I
02:07
may ask you to stop in the middle of the
02:09
paragraph I do it anyway to explain but
02:13
I may ask you to do it and then I will
02:15
continue summarizing in order to save
02:17
time sometimes I'm no faster than having
02:20
a student rate but I would like to get
02:22
to the chapter as quickly as possible so
02:24
maybe I will have you read only part of
02:25
the paragraph I will say thank you and
02:27
then I will summarize let's go on let's
02:30
start actually it is originated there
02:34
right third
02:35
how do we say that what kind of ending
02:38
does it have a te everybody put this in
02:43
your notes if a word ends in a te what
02:47
do you need to determine first if it is
02:51
uh a noun or an adjective as opposed to
02:58
a verb everybody put this in your notes
03:02
it sounds like you're not really
03:03
familiar with the rule I know I've
03:05
mentioned it before if a word ends with
03:07
a te first determine is it a verb or is
03:11
it a noun or adjective nouns and
03:13
adjectives behave in the same way so put
03:15
those in the same category so if it is a
03:18
verb we pronounce a te and a teen suffix
03:22
as 8 for example graduate I know I've
03:26
mentioned it because I've just reviewed
03:28
the DVD where I said this in class now I
03:31
can't expect you to remember every
03:32
single thing I say but that shows why
03:35
it's so important number one to take
03:36
notes number one - pay attention number
03:39
two don't let your mind wander that's
03:41
hard I know I have that problem myself
03:43
number two - take good notes and number
03:46
three to go over your notes carefully
03:48
that's why we have you organized and
03:50
handy in your notes every week because
03:53
otherwise you might write something down
03:55
it sits in your notes usually we don't
03:57
remember something like this the first
03:59
two times that's mentioned the third
04:01
time maybe you start remembering that's
04:04
the way it is with new vocabulary words
04:06
as well the first two times it doesn't
04:08
sink in maybe the third time you
04:10
remember it a word that ends with a te
04:13
what do you need to determine whether it
04:16
is a verb or a noun or adjective and
04:20
what is this it's an adjective so if it
04:25
if it is a verb if the word ending in a
04:28
T is a verb we pronounce the ending as 8
04:31
as in graduate if it is a noun or
04:35
adjective we pronounce it with a schwa
04:37
but everybody please remember this well
04:41
because this is a very simple rule it's
04:43
almost always right not a hundred
04:45
percent but almost always right
04:47
if we
04:48
make mistakes or if we are irregular
04:50
it's usually in the direction of nouns
04:52
pronounced as a te like candidate I
04:55
consider more standard we can also say
04:58
candidate a lot of people do say
04:59
candidate
05:00
I would prefer candidate it follows the
05:03
rule okay
05:04
continues start over actually it is
05:07
unfortunate that different books
05:09
fanatics use different forms of phonetic
05:13
transcription alright I'm gonna stop you
05:16
right here because this paragraph is
05:18
quite long and sort of wordy and I've
05:20
already told you the content is that
05:22
right you will find different
05:24
transcription systems we're sticking
05:28
with standard worldwide agreed-upon
05:30
IPA there are other systems that are
05:33
used for Teasle books and in phonology
05:35
and in other places that for example
05:38
like to use a single letter for Chuck
05:41
and I said this in a previous class
05:44
it's a C the letter C with a hot chick
05:48
on it and you can see it in the text
05:50
they give you examples of s with a hot
05:53
chick is pronounced what go to the
05:56
middle of the paragraph right and Z with
06:02
a hot chick is pronounced C with a hot
06:06
chick is pronounced and we've got one
06:11
more day with a hot Jack is pronounced
06:14
yeah so that's about all you need to
06:18
know from this paragraph I've already
06:20
told you in a previous class that we use
06:22
tea and ash for Chuck the reason is
06:26
because they are phonetically two
06:28
separate sounds phonological e how many
06:30
phonemes how many in way are T and ash
06:37
I'll put it on the board so we're sure
06:41
that we're talking about the same thing
06:43
- and that's how many phonetic sounds
06:49
it's - and it's an affricate which is a
06:52
suet aa unit Sicilian + it's high in so
06:54
it's two sounds phonetically but
06:57
phonemic ly how many sounds is it how
07:00
many phonemes is it
07:01
means can we separate these two sounds
07:04
in a word like church like touch earth
07:09
we can't do that
07:10
because Chuck is one single inseparable
07:14
phoneme it's two sounds phonetically but
07:18
it's only one phoneme we can't separate
07:20
it and still make sense we can go to her
07:24
but we can't go touch we just can't do
07:27
that because it's an inseparable phoneme
07:30
so in phonetics we like to use the
07:34
double symbols it reminds you that those
07:35
really are two different sounds produced
07:37
in two different ways but when we're
07:40
talking about phonology it makes good
07:41
sense to use a single symbol because we
07:43
can't really separate it in speech
07:45
everybody clear on that and so his point
07:48
here is saying that different books will
07:52
use different systems a lot of books
07:54
don't use IPA they will use for example
07:57
why for the yes sound what symbol do we
08:00
use for the yes sound in IPA J why do we
08:05
not like somebody using why for the J
08:07
sound because we need the Y symbol for
08:17
the e sound and we don't need you for
08:21
English and that's why phonologists and
08:23
ET so books can use it but here we are
08:27
in Taiwan do we need that Y for our
08:29
purposes we need it for Mandarin right
08:34
we need it for Mandarin we don't need it
08:36
for me now you me now you has note me
08:38
Mandarin does so we need to keep our
08:41
symbols unambiguous and consistent other
08:44
books can do it if they're only talking
08:46
about English and they've got other
08:48
purposes in mind like phonology or
08:51
Teasle okay so that's all this paragraph
08:54
is saying he's saying that there's an
08:58
example which will show that th is
09:03
really two sounds this is towards the
09:06
bottom of the paragraph if you say Y
09:09
choose what's the beginning of choose
09:12
Chuck right
09:14
we could also divide it up across words
09:17
we can't divide it up in the same word
09:19
but across words we can we can say white
09:22
shoes if I put a big pause there you
09:26
won't get the point but if I say it fast
09:28
white shoes white shoes
09:30
did you hear a char in there white shoes
09:33
white shoes white shoes the tea and the
09:37
ash will go together quickly and then we
09:40
will hear the chirp so he's using that
09:42
as an illustration or as a way of
09:45
showing you that Chuck is really -
09:47
sounds white shoes white shoes white
09:49
shoes everybody got it got the point if
09:53
you don't please raise your hand and
09:54
we'll go over it again okay
09:59
but what is the difference between white
10:00
shoes and white shoes why choose white
10:04
shoes they both have a chill sound in
10:05
them they have the same symbols in the
10:08
same sequence what's the difference one
10:13
simple word Ruby
10:19
we stopped at the stop we also stopped
10:22
at the stop in Cho but it's very very
10:24
short so the one word I'm after is
10:30
timing the timing is different we have a
10:33
longer pause after the tea and white
10:36
then we do after the tea and choose
10:38
there's still a tea there and we still
10:40
stop but we stop very very a very very
10:43
short time so white shoes a longer stop
10:47
why choose Touhou man you'll go stop but
10:49
it's so fast we can barely catch it any
10:53
is okay yeah so that's the point of this
10:56
paragraph you are responsible for
10:59
reading this on your own we're going to
11:02
the next page some other books on
11:04
phonetics transcribe to enjoy as in
11:07
Church and judge with single symbols
11:10
we've already talked about that we'll
11:15
see that some linguistic segments have
11:16
two phonetic elements for example vowel
11:18
diphthongs linguistics segments that's
11:21
what we can call a diphthong somebody
11:24
asked me is a different one sound or two
11:27
well it depends on how you define it
11:30
it's define it it's two vowels put
11:32
together in the same syllable but we can
11:35
call that a segment I we can call it a
11:36
segment they have two elements kasnian
11:39
Salonga it's selected years ago nt
11:42
element like type you could be a demo in
11:44
Ag and E and then
11:47
segment lights home who just I to the
11:52
diphthong and so for a diphthong it's
11:56
good to use two symbols he's already
11:58
explained why he likes to use two and
12:00
ish for the chest sound phonetically
12:03
they're two sounds and also for
12:06
diphthongs it's good to use two symbols
12:08
in English spelling we usually have for
12:14
many difference we have two symbols but
12:17
they are not continuous for example here
12:24
this a stands for the a sound which we
12:27
write like this but it's not just the a
12:30
that tells us that in spelling and
12:32
phonics it's the silent e at the end
12:35
without that let's use a better example
12:38
let's use rat because this one's a word
12:40
and rate in both cases this a it in each
12:47
case the a stands for a different thing
12:49
but in this case we know that it's a
12:51
because of the e at the end so this is a
12:54
and this one is a is that right okay so
13:00
that's just talking about spelling and
13:02
spelling we often in fact do use two
13:05
letters to represent a diphthong
13:07
or for example pale you are using a I is
13:12
spelling we actually do usually use two
13:14
symbols in some phonetic symbol systems
13:18
they don't for example a very famous one
13:21
in Taiwan they only use one symbol for
13:24
the a sound which system is that KK
13:27
right we've already covered this they
13:30
use this for a and use this for Oh and
13:33
I've told you we're changing to this and
13:38
this for O so latter fo'get is just
13:42
going over the reasons why it's good to
13:44
use two symbols for affricates and why
13:48
it's good to use two symbols for
13:51
diphthong s-- in Taiwan it's especially
13:53
important as I mentioned earlier it's
13:56
because the second element of the
13:58
diphthong and Taiwan is often dropped
14:00
you - song eyes diphthongs
14:03
Taiwan ting Tong Bao chuan Mui I had
14:05
done diamond in watt just a homie on a
14:10
nigga to a nigga mu in me own n so
14:12
instead of saying take in Taiwan you
14:15
often hear tak yeah for example tak that
14:22
pan
14:22
tak we often hear Tech or tack for take
14:26
I think it's partly because in KK you
14:28
use only one symbol we said this in a
14:30
previous class so Peter letter folk it
14:33
is now and also professor Johnson
14:35
they're just going over these points
14:37
it's better to use the phonetic way of
14:40
writing it for our purposes in this
14:41
class
14:42
okay so both for affricates
14:45
and for wet diphthong stiff thunks not
14:50
defunct everyone diphthongs mm-hmm
14:54
all right the glottal stop he's talking
14:57
about glottal stop that begins words are
15:00
that are spelled with an initial vowel
15:02
we've talked a bit about glottal stops
15:04
were in the middle of the second
15:06
paragraph on page 38
15:08
Hossein is usually the first sound we
15:10
hear of a word that starts with a vowel
15:12
especially when it's the first word in
15:14
an utterance so for example is he coming
15:17
it if the first sound is not it's not a
15:20
vowel it is a glottal stop is he coming
15:25
is he coming and he mentions this in the
15:28
middle of the second paragraph is
15:32
written phonetically with we already
15:35
know this we don't use this this the
15:41
slashes we're going to use this because
15:44
it's not a phoneme it's not an
15:46
independent phoneme
15:47
it's a phonetic realization how's the
15:50
show you elephone Tasha tongue wait you
15:53
okay it's it's or a phone it's a
15:56
phonetic realization of of a
16:02
pronunciation okay so we can use this
16:06
symbol at the beginning of words that
16:07
start with vowels we usually don't put
16:09
it in because it's understood because
16:10
it's a rule almost every word that
16:13
starts with a vowel especially if it's
16:15
the first word in an utterance the first
16:16
sound is actually a glottal stop because
16:19
it's a rule we don't have to keep
16:20
marking it because it's redundant da da
16:23
da da da da mule and Atlantis yeah if we
16:25
are being careful and we're trying to
16:28
produce a more narrow transcription we
16:31
may put that in so in the middle of the
16:34
paragraph it says that the word flee
16:37
East Wang don't tell it so it's
16:40
pronounced flee East flee East first of
16:45
all it's how many syllables
16:48
two syllables and second it's got that
16:53
glottal stop in between
16:55
we don't usually safely East we can we
16:58
can safely East we can safely East I'm
17:01
trying to take out the light the glide
17:03
or usually we will put in the glottal
17:05
stop fleet East everyone fleet East
17:08
let's try to do it without the glottal
17:11
stop it's still with two syllables flee
17:13
East we can do that and we do it often
17:17
but usually we'll put a glottal stop in
17:19
there to separate the two syllables or
17:21
two words fleet East all right how is
17:26
that different from FL EE CED fleeced
17:29
means battle since and emoji Tao please
17:33
hire a girl leave the useless it means
17:37
Ken's orange at a chance hi he fleeced
17:41
him he fleeced him had your P&L; has
17:43
Toyota chance had to flee somebody's us
17:46
of the you so flee East is one
17:49
pronunciation and if it's FL EE CED its
17:53
fleeced pleased everyone fleeced fleeced
17:57
so then he says the status of a glottal
18:00
stop as or the glottal stop is a
18:02
consonant phoneme in English is
18:04
questionable because its distribution is
18:06
limited we often look for well when we
18:11
are talking about phonies we are doing
18:12
phonology well mean y'all kind either in
18:15
the thump a and if it's sometimes turns
18:19
up but not very often
18:21
how does a Henshaw to shin or Joe
18:22
Johnson and tobita change wong
18:24
ting-kwong - ottawa - shin well Mito
18:26
honk why this was a dun dun da Iike
18:28
phoney suppose it turns on digger in way
18:30
packin and so sick of bein the eager
18:33
phonetic da chun-yin pack Conan's is the
18:37
in way more moisture ting-kwong quits
18:39
hands and you go either you know give
18:41
you an example where that's also an
18:44
issue like in the word and this is a
18:49
famous one how do you say this tense and
18:54
in theory we would transcribe it like
18:57
this is that right but listen to how I
19:00
say it
19:01
see if you can hear another sound in
19:04
there that we didn't transcribe I'm very
19:06
tense I'm really tense
19:09
do you hear another sound in there
19:11
besides the ones up there
19:13
I'm very tense we hear we already have
19:18
this is so take this out we have to
19:20
isolate it tough there you go do you
19:24
hear a tone their tents
19:26
I'm very tense how about yowl dance you
19:31
can be careful and say dance but usually
19:34
that tea is in there so tense actually
19:39
sounds like this it sounds the same as
19:43
handle adjunct home and dance in theory
19:49
is this
19:50
but in practice sounds usually like this
19:54
dance for this one there's a joke it's a
19:59
really famous phonetics joke and you
20:01
should know about it you can try it on
20:03
your friends but you have to know two
20:04
vocabulary words first first in Native
20:08
American culture you can sign joshing
20:12
then it's all so we'll stick at I'm
20:14
holding on to make a chayote P happy in
20:19
five hundo it's on you know ti ti TP
20:21
just a nigga you ain't you may lead some
20:23
down home to await - there's another
20:27
kind toss lee jung-soo pete order now
20:29
what had a Shan Shan Shan one coupon I
20:31
don't it that's called a wigwam now this
20:37
sounds like really py hua but you need
20:39
to know these two words to understand
20:41
the joke there's a guy who's having
20:44
terrible problems sleeping well he just
20:48
can't sleep well
20:49
so he goes to a doctor and he says
20:53
doctor you know I'm having so much
20:55
trouble sleeping because one night I
20:58
dream I'm a teepee do you understand
21:01
what so maman Jan Wilson Iike your and
21:04
joulemeter his own town home and then he
21:06
says and then the next night I dream I'm
21:09
a wigwam I keep dreaming that I'm a
21:11
teepee and I'm a wigwam and the doctor
21:14
says
21:14
well you know your problem is you're too
21:16
tense
21:19
you laughed you got it isn't that good
21:22
and that joke is based on this
21:26
phenomenon that tense actually sounds
21:29
like tense right so there's maybe your
21:32
first phonetics joke this is a really
21:34
famous one and it's a good one that
21:35
illustrates it the reason we have that
21:38
tea sound we will run into it later in
21:40
the text
21:41
this is called an epithet ik consonant
21:45
epithet ik and I think I've mentioned it
21:48
before
21:49
Patos mo8 eugenie men all the way oh why
21:52
wait multiply to get in wait about two
21:54
radical or wider in your kids I'm not
21:55
sure and it's because if we have a nasal
22:01
and then a voiceless fricative after it
22:06
had Joe White Ensign ego can end tall
22:10
way that you guys fit in so and so nasal
22:15
home yin asks you a question that you
22:18
get I in na hoona hi Joe came out so we
22:22
go can end home weight owing a fine G
22:24
nigga wait Sudha yes she's a toyota
22:26
alveolar that Yugoslavian ego whoosh I'm
22:29
sorry
22:29
so sick equator this happens another
22:32
place that happens that will help you
22:34
with your pronunciation and that is with
22:36
the word strength strength now a lot of
22:41
Taiwanese face strength and in fact a
22:45
lot of native speakers do - I've been
22:46
paying attention for years a lot of
22:48
native speakers pronounce this strength
22:50
but I don't because that's an NG as far
22:53
as I'm concerned it really should be
22:54
dealer so strengths to me sounds weird
22:57
but I hear it for me the standard way is
23:00
string every day Inga and now holds I
23:04
drag a th now sort of Sagan a slow
23:06
Johnson he got voiceless fricative
23:08
she was so what kind of a stop are
23:11
we gonna get in this word what kind of
23:13
an epithet ik stop are we going to get
23:18
there we go you got it huh right so
23:21
listen to the way I say this normally
23:23
and I'm not doing this on purpose it's
23:25
just the way I say it
23:26
strength can you want hear the K yeah
23:29
strength
23:30
strength just once more everybody's
23:34
strengths very good
23:37
now in this case we have a tea in this
23:40
case we have a que are those phonemes
23:43
well me outshoot pat-downs Lika do de de
23:47
got in weimar no Nancy
23:50
anyway conquer yoga take equator hiccup
23:53
in fungi go Bhushan that's high in Thai
23:55
Joseph
23:56
woojong song yo way mouth to Iike
24:00
Lucinda you got a home wait tonifying
24:02
wait Judah you Castilian Napa shake a
24:05
phony not so sick of Pyongyang that you
24:07
got phonetic take a shim sham and that's
24:10
what he's saying here is probably the
24:12
case with glottal stops not a Superman
24:14
NASA Kendra Yugi wait - Shanta ego Oh
24:19
Ida ink are got to Li the position
24:22
that you're in sit on I hope Maori shout
24:25
baby the leads for example is and is
24:28
those are not two different words just
24:31
two ways of saying the same thing
24:32
strength and strength may okay sends the
24:37
strength the sangat oh yeah okay so
24:41
we're talking here about phonemes we
24:43
want to figure out what the phonemes of
24:44
English are and he's saying that we've
24:46
got a glottal stop that we use a lot in
24:48
English the two main purposes are mowing
24:50
height oh that's a de de in the glottal
24:53
stop usually at the beginning of an
24:55
address especially and it often replaces
24:58
a T in what situation I said in another
25:00
class if it's the last sound of a
25:03
syllable and the next syllable starts
25:05
with up take ing its way Hawaii to tea
25:11
shower get in get the either ends to get
25:13
to the in and got tea on Simon yeah I
25:17
just went over the I just went over the
25:19
DVD we spent a lot of time on it in
25:21
class so it's in your notes I'm sure
25:24
it's a glottal stuff thank you very good
25:27
maybe you're just being shy quiet so
25:29
remember our example was hit me hit me
25:34
we can say it with a tee but we often
25:37
say hit me hit home and they got tea
25:40
away Ben
25:41
so let's hop went beyond sing a whole so
25:43
yeah
25:44
so those are two common purposes for the
25:47
glottal stop in English neither of them
25:50
is phonemic DeLeon kotoba so phony
25:53
total elephone don't seek a PR
25:56
machine shop to Samoyed everything how
25:59
would your mocha P&Y; your mortgage in
26:01
which we share kappa syke swimming to
26:04
cheapen and make a set of phonemes
26:07
everybody's got that the set of phonemes
26:09
are the set of symbols that will make a
26:11
difference if we insert them into a word
26:14
like pat bat p and b
26:16
traits of Bhutan the phony but eat and
26:20
eat those are not different phonemes
26:23
sorry Clara stop was she a phony in
26:26
diapers Iike phony all clear
26:29
xxx just the junk oh I'll stop there's
26:32
no phonemic state establishing a phoneme
26:34
I sure wish the map so we safely east to
26:38
make it clearer we separate the words
26:39
it's got two syllables we put that glad
26:42
we'll stop in there to keep them
26:43
separate if we made took the glottal
26:45
stop out it would be fleas did stop the
26:48
same meaning fleas does only one
26:50
syllable and that's entirely different
26:52
where other consonants may appear in a
26:54
variety of positions and words for
26:56
example note the K in cat scab back
26:59
active across global stop only occurs
27:02
word initially before vowels in American
27:06
English so it's the only go diga insert
27:09
moon in - AHA that's how real glottal
27:12
stop so across dancer in cockney cockney
27:18
is worker class speech of the East End
27:22
of London it also appears between vowels
27:26
in words like butter and button so
27:29
butter I have wet in my kind of English
27:32
I have a tap butter butter for but mmm I
27:38
don't have a tap what do I have I have a
27:41
glottal stop but usually it's a
27:43
unreleased T plus a glottal stop but mmm
27:46
mayo T Ocoee let's talk about butter
27:49
because that's different from the way I
27:50
do it in and cockney it would be
27:53
but but
27:55
everybody tried but uh all right pings I
27:58
say I use a tap I say bottle but how
28:03
would a cockney speaker say bottle but
28:06
oh well Oh today this is cockney that
28:10
you get closer this is important to know
28:13
cockney in fact is becoming an
28:15
endangered speech variety shins like
28:18
gender junk Hawk neither yet gentle the
28:20
cockney you're likely shall I have put
28:22
an example of it on the webpage
28:25
I'm one of the webpages maybe I'll dig
28:28
it out during break he is an author how
28:31
Sakawa Jack he's a genuine native
28:33
speaker of cockney and you'll hear it
28:34
spoken very naturally usually when you
28:36
hear spy a cockney spoken now it's a
28:39
parody of cockney houses I'm more fond
28:41
its iPhone soon say 'gosh L now hope
28:45
without D so a lot of people don't
28:47
really speak it natively anymore however
28:50
the glottal stop is used a lot in many
28:53
dialects especially in British English
28:54
because it is associated with cockney do
28:58
you think that cockney is admired as a
29:00
prestige variety of British English no
29:02
it is not it's a less prestigious kind
29:06
of variety and so for that reason Brits
29:10
are very sensitive to glottal stops
29:14
GLaDOS stops are kind of looked down on
29:18
even though grits use glottal stops a
29:20
lot in certain places they don't notice
29:21
those but they will notice it if you say
29:23
but instead of butter and they will
29:26
immediately have a prejudice against you
29:29
he will they will judge you and I'm
29:31
sorry you can't help it I had this
29:33
discussion with my British friend just
29:34
not long ago and I was talking about
29:37
remember I told you to avoid saying X
29:39
right X me a question jung-hwa
29:42
what's the reason well first of all it's
29:44
not standard that's the simplest reason
29:47
but also what do we associate it with
29:50
southern and black English and they are
29:53
not prestige varieties of English and
29:54
they will distract your listener and I
29:57
was talking with my friend about we
29:59
can't help it we have got this race
30:01
thing it still has not been solved when
30:03
we see somebody we can't forget their
30:05
colour immediately it's just the way it
30:07
is I
30:07
Chinese are the same and then he says
30:09
well you know that depends on the
30:11
individual I said no I think it's
30:12
everybody I said okay well how about you
30:14
if you meet somebody who talks like he
30:17
says but and then he is very
30:20
working-class not sophisticated he said
30:22
oh yes well that's our problem are we
30:24
Brits it down a working-class terrifying
30:27
table door so time and race hybl rule
30:30
work just like a subway GG don't even
30:34
now in Britain it's the same as race in
30:35
America raises an issue there too but
30:38
what social class you belong to is
30:40
really really a big thing in Britain and
30:43
then you will hear a story I think it's
30:46
by George Bernard Shaw he says that all
30:48
you have to do oh yeah it's from Yahoo
30:51
I'll show you
30:52
it's from Pygmalion his original he says
30:55
all a British person has to do is open
30:57
his mouth to make another British person
31:00
hate him it's honey and song I'm not
31:05
kidding you as soon as they hear that
31:07
but you don't count they're not gonna be
31:09
friends with you probably because
31:10
they're not good enough for you now I'm
31:12
saying it really extreme things are
31:14
changing now because glottal stops are
31:15
becoming more and more common and
31:17
varieties of British English but I'm
31:18
just telling you that these are social
31:22
linguistic phenomena and they are gut
31:26
reactions we can't help it we can't help
31:29
it you can use your conscious brain to
31:31
say I'm going to overcome that prejudice
31:33
and forget about it or try to ignore it
31:36
you can do that but it's still there and
31:38
for Brits this thing is a big thing so
31:40
that's my glottal stop is an issue not
31:42
such an issue in American although it is
31:44
a small one because if I heard people
31:47
say airplane or the other suns of the
31:50
other what do you all kind you adopt and
31:53
I it's to me it sounded uneducated I
31:54
said in a previous class we should say
31:57
in at least in my opinion not the other
32:00
but the other the other that to me is
32:04
more standard and it's more prestigious
32:05
the other it was also it was already
32:07
common when I was a kid and I kind of
32:09
was a bit judgmental about it so but so
32:13
faceunion John Doe all right but keep in
32:15
mind and then he's got other examples
32:17
here he says that the glottal stop also
32:22
is used with the final T in words like
32:27
cat and bat they can be globalized
32:29
replaced by the glottal stop or the
32:32
glottal stop comes up before it or after
32:35
it at the same time it can be in any of
32:37
those places so if your voice goes down
32:41
to a creek remember we talked about a
32:43
creek being as low as you can go you can
32:45
count the pulses remember the creaky
32:49
voice that we use to find what which
32:51
warmint first formant that's right so if
32:55
we go way down to the creek then we're
32:58
getting it when we stop to just one
33:00
creek that's a glottal stop and when we
33:03
have a final stop in words so here it
33:06
gives you examples like cat and bat we
33:11
often have a glottal stop there because
33:12
we're going down to a creek so bat bat
33:16
home in creaky and when I stopped at the
33:20
creek it becomes a glottal stop so bat I
33:23
still have a T but I may have a glottal
33:25
stop together with the T that's what
33:28
they're talking about here so look at
33:30
the end of paragraph 2 page 38 you need
33:34
to mark that that will be in a test ok
33:37
so this is a globalised final stop in a
33:41
syllable so cat cat I've already gone
33:45
down to the creek so there's a glottal
33:47
stop cat cat I still have a tea I would
33:50
not drop that tea but there it may be
33:53
globalized so pronounced with
33:58
simultaneous TomTom satoshi it can be a
34:02
little earlier a little later at the
34:04
same time let's just say it's most often
34:05
simultaneous posters at the outdoor cat
34:08
glottal stop Java final stop okay
34:12
Hema so these are different functions of
34:16
the glottal stop is any of them phonemic
34:20
is there any difference between listen
34:23
carefully is there any difference
34:24
between cat and cat cat cat
34:29
is there any difference no the second
34:32
one I got creaky and had a glottal stop
34:33
the first one I did not so here's the
34:36
glottal stop a phoneme if it doesn't
34:39
make a difference in meaning it's not a
34:41
phony that's your test if it makes a
34:43
difference in meaning if it becomes a
34:45
new word with a different meaning then
34:47
it's a different phony but if it's just
34:49
a variation of the same word
34:52
it is not a phony Gintama we need to
34:57
know this in order to judge whether a
34:59
sound is a phony or not and that is
35:02
relevant in just about in the analysis
35:05
of just about any languages because I've
35:07
talked to you before about an and en why
35:14
do we write E and namings the en why
35:20
don't we write E and then F and then why
35:26
don't we do that
35:27
in fact solely on visit only go phony
35:32
well actually it's two phonemes we write
35:34
them as one but it's a good lean and
35:38
then they got app and zigga look at act
35:40
Vince I get it Jesus are towing that
35:43
ain't hot does it so I'll take of the
35:44
English on how this says a good eugenio
35:46
ad and beyond wok this is a tongue it
35:48
don't sink in this case it's pretty
35:51
clear and can en demand a nigga added in
35:54
english i tonig a phony in other cases
35:56
it's not so clear okay is anybody not
36:01
with me please ask questions if you want
36:03
to clarify anything because i just
36:04
related what we're doing in english to
36:06
what happens in one situation in chinese
36:08
anybody want to ask anything
36:10
teens oh ma give me some feedback that
36:13
shows it's clear okay look up smiles I
36:16
got it all right so I'm assuming now
36:20
that you understand that you understand
36:26
everything in this paragraph there's
36:27
just one more thing towards the
36:28
beginning of the paragraph I didn't say
36:30
that there's something called a ligature
36:33
go to about the eighth or ninth line if
36:38
you want to make it clear if you're
36:40
using a phonetic style of
36:42
description and you want to make it
36:47
clear that this is the same phony this
36:49
is ego phoneme Huizenga phony it's like
36:51
a chose the ego phoneme has a longer
36:52
phony it's just one Chuck comes together
36:56
and Africa it's an Africa it's only one
36:59
phony if we want to make it clear that
37:01
this actually is only one sound one
37:03
phony you can use something called a
37:05
ligature ligature means to bind aliens
37:09
ie TV and she's is she if you really
37:12
really want to make it clear okay why
37:14
can't say on the for ha na do touch it
37:16
out that she's it to see ego phony
37:18
phonetically Langer in coats on eco
37:21
phony crema that's towards the beginning
37:24
of the paragraph
37:24
that's called a ligature ligature li GA
37:28
tu are illegal and we're going to use
37:32
this ligature in other places so this is
37:33
worth knowing I think we've covered the
37:36
main points let's go on there's one more
37:37
minor matters still to be considered in
37:39
the transcription of consonant consonant
37:42
contrasts of English in most forms of
37:45
both British and American which does not
37:48
contrast with which especially in
37:52
standard British English are P the ho
37:56
sound is totally gone now a lot of you
37:59
think that more conservative
38:01
pronunciations our perhaps British
38:04
English is that right
38:05
Mesa kind of like a cup and you're like
38:07
a fine cuz he by Nobuo he just doesn't
38:09
make wrenching on quality yeah I change
38:12
something I got a polity that's right
38:13
wrench and then they got inch in Gonzaga
38:15
in maybe some of you have this idea is
38:17
that right have you had this idea yeah
38:21
okay thank you Sarah Lee but in this
38:24
case not because the whole sound like in
38:28
which whi CH is absolutely totally gone
38:33
from standard British jewels the
38:36
biogenesis at Rp and they don't ancient
38:39
wine trend may aqua though shins I'd
38:42
also would say what Kate rating and I've
38:45
discussed this with my British English
38:46
teacher as well and I've seen it
38:48
reported many times so he fails in the
38:51
in Shinagawa eating bull twins I 18 boyo
38:56
if you hear it NASA cookie you wait
38:59
Byron native speakers boo wait Cydia Chi
39:01
Yan Zagat you American is different I
39:04
push you to get rid of the hood in
39:07
exchange it for whoo because that's the
39:09
way I speak and that's the way in my
39:11
impression the mainstream speaks most
39:15
Americans speak speakers use the would
39:17
sound instead of which they'll say which
39:19
for both however as I've mentioned in
39:22
another class I now have noticed over
39:24
the past 10 or 15 years many regions of
39:27
America still have the ho sound and many
39:31
people many individuals have it and I
39:33
have one good linguist friend who is
39:36
saying which one is it she's from Iowa I
39:39
said why do you use hook she said I
39:43
think it's fun
39:44
she changed her whole speech style just
39:48
for fun she's a linguist incredible ear
39:50
speaks many languages fluently Japanese
39:53
Chinese among others and she now says
39:56
which one for fun and it's totally
39:58
natural cudgels bop a young widow okay
40:01
so in American English who is more
40:04
common but I encourage you to stick with
40:05
wool it's gone from our pee it's the
40:08
mainstream of American and there are
40:11
different ways of writing it in KK you
40:13
represent it with HW is that right and
40:16
we used to use that in Old English as
40:18
well go in went yeah you're on HW tikka
40:22
ShareFile that's probably where we got
40:25
the inspiration
40:25
what but later on with spelling changes
40:30
the Whois sound came to be written as WH
40:35
it got switched around fine young cuz
40:39
the shins led up in Foshan quite it's WH
40:41
18 co Seneca Beowulf that the e kazoo
40:45
just to think it's a Beowulf Newman do
40:49
Lamia do Guana what is the first word
40:52
Pratt
40:53
that means listen listen I'm going to
40:57
tell you a story quit and that's how
40:59
it's written
41:01
besides this way of writing it we can
41:03
write it HW
41:06
as in KK we can also write it with an
41:10
upside-down W this is not an M does it
41:13
go to be job either
41:15
yes yalda we can use this upside down W
41:18
for the same sound foot that's an IPA
41:21
symbol a recognized IPA symbol and there
41:26
is a further way of doing it if you
41:27
really want to because this is a voiced
41:31
or voiceless sound it's voiced if we
41:35
want to make it voiceless you look a
41:37
fool how shy man you got a cone they get
41:39
trained Chen that means pronounce this
41:42
as a voiceless sound so in theory in
41:45
actual practice we have three ways of
41:48
writing cook and actually I don't need
41:50
any of them right because I don't use
41:53
them my third grade teacher tried to
41:55
train us to say which queer what and we
41:58
just thought it was funny okay cuz none
42:01
of us spoke like that anymore but these
42:02
are three different ways of writing the
42:04
same thing what we've covered 38 all
42:08
right so your knives onion that can you
42:10
read the first paragraph we have a new
42:12
section the transcription of vowels
42:13
we've already talked about consonants
42:15
let's let's just go look through the
42:17
table see if everything is familiar
42:18
those of you who didn't know peep at KK
42:20
before let's go through the table on
42:24
page 36 table 2.1 page 36 2.1 look at
42:28
that list of symbols on the left I'll
42:31
just read them you'll repeat for those
42:32
of you who don't know the symbols really
42:34
well yet this should help you the rest
42:36
of you maybe it will Joshua and in shop
42:38
so everybody put PI to Tai Chi Chi but
42:49
by notice my voice gets lower when I
42:52
voice remember that because in the
42:55
future when we discussed Chinese tones
42:57
we're going to refer to that a home
42:59
intolerant don't want some doubt sheet
43:01
owners to help job voicing some sanyaweb
43:04
nd this is going to be useful in the
43:06
future when we discuss Chinese see how
43:09
many of you remember it when we refer to
43:10
it how can some yo-yo grant don't want
43:13
to shun doubt and voicing l1
43:15
the dye good guy
43:20
mmm my mmm nigh
43:26
mmm rang can't put it at the beginning
43:31
Phi mmm Phi Phi okay note theta for
43:40
those of you who didn't know kak theta
43:42
is its voiceless hmm by this is the same
43:48
sound but voiced and this letter was
43:51
also used in Old English and metal
43:53
English to get to the more each answer
43:55
even yo-yo Cola sigh mmm sigh nevermind
44:03
Zion you get sick by jaga ng it had your
44:06
curtains Zion mm-hmm next and the pair
44:11
at what they have in parentheses is the
44:13
other style the phonological style s hot
44:16
chick remember hot chick shy hmm genre
44:23
ok they don't have it there because they
44:25
want to once a single syllable here well
44:28
lie what why I don't say why but it's
44:34
possible everybody cry and those are the
44:37
three ways to write it if you want to
44:38
say it that way but this one again is
44:40
what why yeah why yeah ye this is hard
44:50
for Taiwan students because E and ye
44:52
Nieman Himanshu be a mark that I may
44:55
test you on at some time
44:57
hey yo Lin Wei Lian 3 you eat some Oh II
45:00
can Yi's neimand is it ring why it is
45:04
East yeast don't don't be a hand
45:08
Xiao mo everybody East not is it's not
45:11
as it's East please don't make the
45:14
mistake it's really common East okay
45:18
Chad gets young cuz it's human jagoff I
45:20
in your yeast
45:21
huh and the other one is ear ear
45:27
we'll stop here the Intel year so put
45:31
those three minimal pairs down we
45:35
contrast II and Yi in Chinese they are
45:38
not different phonemes they are
45:40
allophones in what you moi it's the same
45:43
thing in WA you've got young one they're
45:46
the same but each Yi are different East
45:49
yeast are different and ear year are
45:52
totally different so yeah definitely is
45:55
a phony it is not in Chinese at the
45:57
beginning of a an e sound and then we
46:01
have huh
46:02
actually it's voiceless hi
46:06
mm-hmm and all this is is aspiration
46:09
remember that for a test some tables do
46:12
not have because because it doesn't have
46:20
any special place of articulation
46:21
teaching job nigga her defining the way
46:24
to the wine Tran car home in the Marines
46:26
I Nadi nigga H Joe and on auntie Sheila
46:28
so he H will be very high in front ha
46:33
what will it be low and back he and high
46:36
nigga H Joseph going straight and they
46:38
go Moo in like Dean way and that's why
46:40
you won't even find an H on some
46:42
phonetic symbol tables so once more hi
46:47
and then we have it says note the
46:50
following because they're composite
46:52
there too phonetic sounds put together
46:54
to form a single phoneme chai that is
46:59
now a word that's common in English
47:01
right in Taiwan as well try Indian chai
47:09
you hear chai tea tidal citta satsang
47:13
dhawan either cuz it's a inducer d'etat
47:16
such other nigga Leung Luda
47:17
now how I'm daddy she's young Meowth
47:19
that's chai so we can add that word here
47:21
it is now a common word everybody know
47:25
I'm still on Chuck Chuck Thai and just
47:31
dye the word they give us jive
47:35
jive alright for those of you who didn't
47:40
know a KK before make sure that you
47:43
learn these well now what they have here
47:47
in the different columns first of all we
47:49
already went through the first column
47:50
with I second column same thing with E
47:53
we don't need to repeat it just gave us
47:55
a couple extra example words like Z and
47:58
V well we had VY but Z we didn't have a
48:01
words I and then in the third column
48:05
some words can only appear at the end or
48:08
middle of a word so like M for contrast
48:12
we have everybody RAM ran ring and I
48:19
know a lot of you will have trouble with
48:21
this so we're going to come back to it
48:22
some other time
48:23
and then for it's there for contrast
48:27
listen mizzen alright mizzen is an
48:32
unusual word look it up yourself it's
48:34
unusual we don't use this word often
48:36
mission mission like a mission to Africa
48:40
trying JAL vision okay so then we have
48:48
the last column what is that its names
48:51
for the symbols because when we're
48:53
talking we're not writing we can't see
48:55
them we need a way to refer to them so
48:57
if it's Xiao Jie to summit zoom we just
49:00
say lowercase P for example everyone
49:02
lowercase P lowercase M now for ng I
49:09
often just say ng to make it clear it
49:12
can be called Eng or egg ma I've also
49:16
seen it called egg ma so everyone in Eng
49:20
MA so from now on if I say egg MA that
49:22
means under the in and then we have
49:26
theta because that's from Greek and
49:28
modern Greek I understand is Theta but
49:30
we say theta the classical Greek want
49:33
everybody say de and then the voiced
49:36
version as now over the phone it would
49:41
not be clear it might sound like S or
49:43
something it wouldn't be clear or is I
49:46
don't know then we have for the
49:49
it sure sound the elongated s that
49:52
represents the shoe sound we call it s
49:54
sometimes we say along s just to show
49:57
you a lot of tongue town to us everybody
49:59
s or we can say along Z for sure that's
50:04
one way to say it
50:05
everybody long Z it's often also called
50:09
yoke yeah
50:11
and that's for sure that takes care of
50:14
the names of the symbols that got us
50:17
through two vowels the Bell has rung
50:20
okay it will still be your turn to read
50:23
we'll try to get through we'll try and
50:27
try try hard to finish the chapter
50:30
second hour we're gonna try to out go
50:32
faster all right take your break before
50:34
we continue everybody ready before we
50:37
continue talking about vowels
50:39
first of all did anybody look up mizzen
50:42
I found a picture of it online
50:44
it's the third mast of a ship now we
50:48
don't usually sail ships now we don't
50:51
have a bunch of masts and sails anymore
50:53
so it's not used anymore unless you read
50:55
old novels emisn it's the third mast of
50:58
a ship all right um
51:02
talking about phonies I think the
51:05
clearest thing we've said was the day
51:07
when we said that the phoneme is you and
51:10
the allophones are the way you behave in
51:12
different circumstances with different
51:13
people right so the sound as a phony
51:19
that is just the grind Nia just the
51:22
abstract concept of the sound but the
51:25
actual pronunciation in different
51:26
situations are different allophones but
51:28
they all come back to the same sound if
51:30
they are the same phoneme this becomes a
51:33
little problematic when you're working
51:35
with Chinese because first of all as I
51:38
tried to say in another class we are
51:40
very deeply influenced by a writing
51:42
system what we believe about our
51:43
language is very we have very very deep
51:47
convictions that are based on the
51:50
writing system and sometimes they're
51:52
useful incorrect and sometimes not some
51:55
not so correct ones that are misleading
51:57
in English
51:58
the average English speaker believes
52:00
that ng
52:01
two different phonies how many is it
52:04
okay I believe that the average English
52:06
person who doesn't are English speaker
52:09
wouldn't call them phonemes but he
52:11
believes those are two separate sounds
52:13
because we talked about dropped ends if
52:16
we say for example going instead of
52:21
going we say that's a dropped G and not
52:24
dropped and sorry dropped G now the
52:28
standard way to say it is going but in
52:31
casual speech we say go in we call that
52:33
a dropped G did we really drop a G did
52:40
we take away a sound to make going into
52:43
going did we take away a sound
52:45
no we just what we exchange sounds we
52:49
replaced in with mmm right
52:53
instead of when we have going but native
52:56
speakers will assume that we have taken
52:59
off a sound because we have taken off a
53:01
letter that's an example of how the
53:03
writing system confuses us and you
53:05
should know that ng was not originally a
53:09
phony in English tiger and shampoo shake
53:11
a phone Ian those were two separate
53:13
sounds so just like in finger we write
53:18
ng but we've got a nun a girl and
53:20
actually only nothing so originally and
53:25
we would say cyngor but then eventually
53:27
the good got dropped in many situations
53:30
so originally we did not have the
53:33
phoneme energy and that explains why its
53:35
distribution is so limited if it were
53:38
Tony Cash's sycophants in tongue ah the
53:41
ego phoneme the ha had a thin paper wait
53:44
no my Yoshi n now we only find n where
53:49
at the end of a syllable okay now you
53:51
understand why because originally it was
53:53
not a phoneme at all okay that's one
53:57
place where we mix up the I where the
54:01
writing system affects the way we think
54:03
about the language and it's not correct
54:05
how about the how many sounds and foot
54:09
how many phonies
54:11
how many phonies in
54:14
one you all know that you know that
54:16
better than native speakers because most
54:19
of you have had KK training but native
54:21
speakers will usually think of this as
54:23
two different sounds that they're two
54:24
two sounds simply because they're two
54:26
letters that's an example of how the
54:28
writing system really sort of sets and
54:31
cement the way we think about language
54:33
now you do the same thing with doing
54:35
full house and I just had a little
54:37
discussion with Alex which I think was
54:39
it was will throw some light on it I
54:42
almost called this a phony but it's not
54:45
a phoneme it's two sounds if you look
54:48
over here it's at an and and we've got a
54:54
vowel and a nasal those are geodata
54:56
Samantha in but when you look at this
54:58
don't you think of it as one sound Ruby
55:03
yeah of course you do because it's just
55:05
like this in English all right we think
55:08
of thirst - sounds cuz it's written as -
55:10
you think of two sounds as one song
55:12
because it's written as one sound that's
55:14
totally normal
55:16
doesn't mean it's correct but it's to be
55:18
expected but you need to change these
55:20
ideas now because now you are fond of
55:22
Titian and you know better so this is an
55:25
- sounds not a phony
55:27
it's two phonemes when we put a in front
55:30
of it as we mentioned in class before E
55:32
is what kind of vowel where is it
55:37
hi friend so it's going to pull the
55:41
vowel in an up higher - so it becomes
55:45
from an we get yen from at a when we
55:50
have a velar nasal after it where do we
55:55
pronounce a velar nasal what part of our
55:57
vocal tract what part of our vocal tract
56:02
do we pronounce a velar nasal um where
56:07
front back high or low well it's coming
56:12
together right so this is very back and
56:15
because it's back we now have an AA
56:18
instead of an at or an end so we have an
56:23
yeah
56:24
um and young we've got two things here
56:29
that could influence the pronunciation
56:31
of the vowel we've got yet when we had
56:34
yet in this case what did it do to the
56:35
bellow it raised it right made it higher
56:40
so from an we got yen now we have um
56:43
because the ant the gonna sound the egg
56:45
my song pulled it back but what if we
56:49
put both of them around that vowel which
56:52
one influences it more the nasal or the
56:57
glide in this case you can see it's the
57:00
nasal we say Jana
57:01
we don't say Yin we don't say him just
57:05
like we say Yin but we don't say YUM so
57:11
both what comes before the vowel and
57:13
what comes after the vowel can influence
57:15
the vowel but in this case um egg ma is
57:20
B Jody hi you want to go yeah he does mo
57:23
found a year to Heiser um young right
57:25
now are these all the same phony we have
57:29
at UH we have it we have aa are there
57:32
the same phony you're not so sure
57:35
because look you've got first of all you
57:38
didn't even think that this was two
57:39
sounds and same for this one
57:41
two sounds and in addition in addition
57:45
we've got a totally different symbol
57:46
here this is because it's a velar nasal
57:49
but the vowel is not represented
57:52
separately mayo duty by nigga moisture
57:55
to light every day there but also being
57:56
tiny can easily man is that right give
58:01
me feedback guys otherwise I'm gonna
58:03
keep looking at you and asking okay so
58:07
we've got different symbols here but
58:10
let's not we know that the nasals are
58:13
different phonemes and again um I know
58:16
homie Omega um then um those J days to
58:19
put on the phony strands I ties to the
58:22
Mandarin Ian Chrysler hope your wishes a
58:24
Chrysler Pima but they are different
58:25
phonemes but what about the vowel is are
58:28
the vowels different phonemes
58:35
use your brains think hard look at this
58:38
pattern here that we've got very good go
58:44
ahead
58:44
you think they're not because they're
58:50
just telephones of the same vowel so
58:53
here is a really clear example and by
58:55
the way I started using IPA
58:57
for Chinese so write these down this
59:00
will give you a help when we start
59:01
transcribing Mandarin into IPA here's a
59:05
here's an introduction for unwell but
59:08
yawns a got your mouse is at a four
59:11
Chimayo
59:11
either good your yield took a glide when
59:13
we are young cow saying ho man yo um
59:17
you're gonna go velar nasal there's to
59:19
help me I own Mayo miles into a they're
59:21
all the same phoneme and that's why I'm
59:23
using brackets well young Shana power
59:25
cut in Chambal doyoung hey you don't
59:27
change to the egg you make those at home
59:30
you're phoning we are quite sure of that
59:32
so you're gonna have to start looking at
59:34
Chinese through the lens of the IPA and
59:38
through the lens of phonetics and you
59:40
will see it more clearly because what
59:42
you know now about the sounds of
59:44
Mandarin is mostly due to what mostly
59:47
based on the new Mandrake or you that in
59:51
the loggia tree also can do some math to
59:54
win for how which we call in English the
59:57
Mandarin phonetic symbols if you want an
59:59
English name the mandarins phonetic
60:00
symbols otherwise known as Buffalo feh
60:04
okay the Mandarin phonetic symbols so
60:07
everybody understands what's going on
60:08
here same vowel and alveolar nasal gives
60:13
us some more friends vowel and now velar
60:16
nasal plus a glide at the beginning the
60:20
year a palliative glide makes it higher
60:22
so AB goes to F a velar nasal at the end
60:26
makes the vowel very back and then it
60:29
becomes aa and then even if we put a
60:33
pallet or glide here it doesn't change
60:36
the vowel if there's a velar nasal after
60:38
it everybody followed that this is
60:41
really important for you because that's
60:42
going to help you sort out chinese much
60:44
if you understand it join for how is
60:48
kind of curious so I wrote this here so
60:53
else was saying are you sure and isn't
60:54
just one phony is everybody convinced
60:57
now that Ines two phonemes - I'm Deema
61:01
what is joined for how hot woman
61:03
Samantha Finlay this is an alphabet to
61:07
them all and an example is ABCDE that's
61:10
an alphabet and we put sounds together
61:12
not quite phonemic but it's something
61:14
like phonemes so mm and man it's three
61:19
letters three phonemes so sometimes it
61:21
works pretty well for Japanese we have
61:24
kaki a kook a call that's not an
61:27
alphabet we call that a syllabary
61:30
everyone's syllabary these words are
61:32
important and they will also turn up in
61:34
tests make sure you understand them and
61:36
you know the words
61:36
that's called a syllabary because we
61:39
have a consonant + up vowel that's a
61:44
syllable it's a CV structure so it's
61:48
structured syllable consonant plus vowel
61:51
- it is seized a constant fasciae the
61:53
VESA vowel so constant vowel doesn't do
61:56
you go the syllable kakapo carol etc
62:00
that's a syllabary so these two lacing
62:04
hi my angel but what is doing for how is
62:08
it an alphabet is it a syllabary what is
62:11
it yeah but what about the the EB - fo
62:19
needs two symbols
62:20
isn't it behaving like an alphabet man
62:25
ma mine oh and it's not a good sorry
62:31
bad example uh-huh okay if you if we
62:34
take like single vowels we have no
62:35
problem my MA - ma ma ma ma - symbols to
62:40
phonemes right so in those cases it
62:43
behaves like an alphabet but as soon as
62:47
we get to and and um it starts behaving
62:51
like a syllabary so what are we going to
62:54
call to mean for ha a mixture
62:57
don't hurt that has a downsell machines
63:00
it's all hard ihe so it is a mixed
63:03
system it's part alphabet part syllabary
63:08
all of these words and and when do you
63:11
have a question
63:23
what would you classify them as
63:25
syllabary or alphabet
63:27
anybody who knows a little bit about
63:29
Korean Korean has widely praised as one
63:32
of the really great writing systems of
63:34
the world it's a really good writing
63:37
system it was carefully designed to suit
63:41
the needs of Korean and there are some
63:44
allophonic changes so if you know the
63:46
letter you don't always know how to say
63:48
it unless you know the rules if you know
63:50
the rules you can read anything in Korea
63:52
its Korean and alphabet or syllabary for
63:57
those of you who know a little bit about
63:58
Korean if you don't then you'll have to
63:59
look it up
64:01
what would you say Wendy okay all right
64:07
how about the rest of you let's give
64:09
this to you as a question look up Korean
64:11
the alphabet find out about it I want
64:14
you to tell me maybe I'll give it to you
64:16
as a test question I want you to decide
64:18
you now understand the difference
64:21
between an alphabet and the syllabary is
64:23
that right anybody have any questions is
64:25
it not clear so will it be that's an
64:30
example of doing for help behaving like
64:32
an alphabet but I'm bad but uh mmm Sanga
64:37
phoneme because the old angle fool how
64:38
in this case it's behaving more like a
64:40
syllabary but not completely because
64:47
well yeah close enough yeah in that case
64:49
it's behaving like a syllabary Japanese
64:52
is a clear-cut example of a syllabary
64:54
how about Korean okay write it down I'll
64:57
ask you on Wednesday
64:58
do you think Korean should be classified
65:01
as an alphabet or as a syllabary and
65:05
I'll write it down so I don't forget
65:07
Korea
65:12
okay any questions before I move on
65:16
we're going to vowels now any questions
65:19
okay anybody let's go all right so
65:23
finally you get your chance
65:24
go ahead the transcription of vowels the
65:31
transcription of the contrasting vowel
65:34
the vowel phonemes in English suggesting
65:37
vowels vowels are two contrasting vowels
65:40
the valve only phonemes in English isn't
65:44
in English in English it's more
65:47
difficult than the transcription of
65:49
consonants for two reasons first accents
65:54
of English differ more in their use of
65:57
vowels than in their use of consonants
66:00
stop right there Marcus how do the
66:04
accents of English vary in what aspect
66:07
do they vary the most vowels remember
66:10
that that's not true of different
66:12
accents of every language I've talked to
66:14
you before about Spanish the double L in
66:19
Spain is Lea like a Lea Lea doesn't need
66:23
it half but in Latin America it's mostly
66:27
a young Lea a yes so in that case the
66:31
two varieties differ more in hmm Spanish
66:38
this is Spanish we're talking about do
66:40
they differ more in vowels or consonants
66:41
based on the data so far consonants the
66:45
vowels are very very close there is not
66:47
much variation among the different
66:49
dialects or varieties of Spanish and
66:51
vowels but that's an example of how the
66:54
consonants vary another example is the c
66:58
and z sounds in spelling words that are
67:01
written with c or z are pronounced with
67:04
a thud a theta in spain like uno dos
67:10
tres cuatro Cinco Cinco in Spain think
67:13
of like an English but it's Cinco in
67:17
Latin America uno dos tres cuatro Cinco
67:19
Cinco Cinco so that's another example of
67:23
where they differ in
67:25
consonants but with English it's the
67:28
vowels the vowels very widely they're
67:31
changing to vowels are changing in many
67:34
parts of the english-speaking world so
67:36
that's one way the one reason why what
67:40
it's harder to transcribe bottles in
67:42
English because the the dialects very we
67:45
have to pick our dialect before we
67:46
transcribe and go differ authorities
67:54
what's authorities it's the subject stop
67:57
after the subject everybody remember
67:59
that like fine and there's a whole food
68:01
system go to Cynthia wanna tangy shah
68:04
aahana don't sit home and take a shower
68:07
change sweden authorities differ
68:09
you ain't opposites or any incest emma
68:12
judge it sir right judge it to the chin
68:15
hey so read again obvious attitude sir
68:30
very good you said appropriate which is
68:33
correct a lot of people say appropriate
68:35
and that's a verb to appropriate so it's
68:38
down why do they use appropriate sister
68:40
done alright we made it through a
68:42
paragraph those are both important
68:44
because first of all varieties of
68:48
English differ greatly in the vowels and
68:51
different people have different ideas
68:53
about how to represent the vowel sounds
68:55
good
68:55
go ahead taking the same approach the
68:58
same approach the same same out Johnny
69:05
taking the same approach the same
69:08
approach the same approach in looking
69:11
for contrasting Mouse dolls in looking
69:16
for contrasting vowels as we did for
69:19
contrasting consonant consonant
69:21
consonant we might try to find a minimum
69:26
set of words that differ only in that
69:29
way oh yeah that's right right
69:30
let's differ only in a vowel sound
69:34
sounds right
69:35
we could for example looking for look
69:40
for mother syllables that begin with her
69:43
in with in supplement this minimal set
69:48
with another date with other dates of
69:51
Molossia post other lists with other
69:55
lists resistance with other lists we did
69:59
with of mother syllables that can't read
70:02
only addressed not contrast that only in
70:07
their bowel sounds like temperature
70:10
point
70:10
take-take-take table 2.2 shows five set
70:15
of five such stretch of words usually
70:19
doesn't show the recordings of these
70:21
words on a CD while reading of following
70:24
discussion of the bowels
70:26
okay recordings recordings yeah okay
70:30
stop there let's look at the table and
70:33
we're going to use the same method that
70:35
we use with consonants but this time we
70:37
have two separate columns because what
70:41
we didn't need two separate columns
70:43
before because we were talking about
70:45
consonants and what what about
70:47
consonants are they so different between
70:49
British and America at British in
70:50
American English it's happy up with that
70:52
yo top I push the Mayo yo but they're
70:55
not important enough to bother with
70:58
however when we come to vowels then we
71:00
have big problems we have big
71:02
differences so the first column is
71:04
American if you look at the R's in there
71:07
then you know the second column is
71:09
standard British sometimes called RP and
71:12
like I say there are not so many native
71:14
speakers of standard British anymore a
71:17
lot of people speak
71:19
kind of dialect that's different from
71:20
the standard that you find in textbooks
71:23
Jensen the down is ahead Beltran hi
71:26
Beltran done it don't RP then should
71:28
share like gender boudoir like your shop
71:30
UAE instil in you type being be enough
71:34
inquire as I've said before so let's
71:36
just look at the first column for
71:38
America and we'll go back for British
71:39
and we're gonna use her and duh for the
71:42
first column the second column is he
71:44
it's an open syllable so what will we
71:47
not find in the second column what will
71:52
what will we not find in the second
71:53
column short vowels very good you got it
71:56
now and then in the third column we've
71:59
added a final D voiced and then T a
72:03
voiceless final stop and then we have
72:07
he'd kid etc we'll worry about the other
72:10
ones later so first about for American
72:13
everybody II he'd it hid a hade that's
72:23
the way they say head in Singapore by
72:25
the way hade does she need a partial
72:27
toll defying all right yeah head what's
72:31
hade yeah I think it's Haiti I had aa
72:37
hard I do not like using an example with
72:42
an hour after it for any vowel because
72:44
our changes the vowel in American and
72:47
British pod is a good example for i but
72:51
it's not a good example for American
72:53
because they always did that in our
72:55
textbooks when I was in second grade and
72:57
I always felt you should not use an
72:58
example with our because our changes the
73:00
vowel if it's up our is present through
73:03
the whole vowel like bird weenie Kai
73:05
dojo your art attempt in say so H is a
73:07
more homey I'm found are sit boos oh
73:10
honey Oh doggone shame they do it so
73:12
they can compare British and American
73:14
with the same word but I don't think
73:16
it's a good example I would use the word
73:18
spa or father spa father or spot but
73:23
here we have hard let's just change it
73:27
to spa everybody's spa
73:30
we go the next one is hot now that's the
73:33
problem in American they're both the
73:35
same hard and hot they're the same bowel
73:38
Hondo young opines understood so little
73:41
short oh so ah an American see the same
73:44
symbol all right but they're different
73:46
and British we'll come back to it
73:48
because it's confusing here the next one
73:50
ah hard then we have look good
73:56
Oh hold mmm food uh HUD that's a name
74:06
not hood open your mouth wider HUD yeah
74:10
that's better
74:10
and then we have a herd that is not a
74:15
phony in America we have earth or
74:18
British hood they put it in the list
74:20
because it's a phoneme and British they
74:22
don't pronounce hours after vowels in
74:24
American how many phonemes is it - just
74:28
like an as - phonemes or is - phonemes
74:31
but they do it because of the British
74:33
next I and we would have hide here yeah
74:38
hide ow
74:40
how do how do you do how do you do in
74:46
the test that's a perfectly good word
74:47
it's a contraction how apostrophe D
74:50
how'd i McCain you Omega everybody how'd
74:53
boy hoid that is not a word let's use
74:58
void everybody void and then we have a
75:03
or ear I'm sorry here it is not a
75:07
phoneme it's two then we have air also
75:12
not a phoneme hair and ire also not a
75:18
phoneme but we'll go back to British and
75:20
you'll see why it's there and then you
75:23
hewed you is not a phoneme we counted as
75:28
two sounds it's a special disk um it's a
75:31
rising diphthong I told you about it
75:33
before dig through your notes yeah is an
75:36
on glide comes at the beginning of the
75:38
diphthong happy jump with shin so the
75:41
puffins Icheon it
75:42
on glide beach opposition to the puffins
75:45
shall I tie home a nigga jaw off glide
75:48
remember now I'm glad 1-0 you Neoga de
75:52
all right
75:54
tire bead out to appeared illegal status
75:55
how you were meant own town boot on the
75:58
job down so so gambit in our boot down
76:01
so you go is a diphthong all right for
76:04
British let's look at the same thing II
76:06
is almost the same my British is not
76:09
perfect I'll give you something close
76:11
bad guy they don't use Satoko ela
76:14
because when people look at the video
76:15
they say oh what a terrible accent so
76:17
I'm just making excuses first alright
76:20
everybody II he'd he'd now don't put the
76:26
SH line there American hood kid in
76:30
British no schwa hid uh-huh a hade these
76:36
are very similar not perfectly the same
76:38
but very similar a head uh-huh ah in
76:44
American but a British it's slower ha
76:46
had aa head it's lower so they'll be
76:51
ID'd in and then and probably more back
76:54
ah
76:55
HOD HOD nature so hard you'll are that
77:01
coming in hard
77:02
now hold on I guess you know
77:04
condescension to go for half thousand
77:07
mailmouse's at a powwow like I said that
77:10
is a new symbol you're going to need and
77:12
this is short this one is short so
77:14
you'll see that in the second in the
77:16
next column in the fourth column
77:17
there's no example it can occur in open
77:21
syllables and this is an American is hot
77:24
and British it's hot hold
77:27
don't make it too close cuz you'll mix
77:29
it up with the next one hold hold sorry
77:32
Bobby I'll tishell alright the next one
77:35
is hard in American and in British it
77:39
would be hold hold and my teacher says I
77:43
do it pretty well now hold all right and
77:46
that one is long or short long right so
77:50
keep those two separate
77:52
hold is short hold is
77:56
open Oh is long in both dialects and the
78:00
double Ida a is short and British we
78:02
don't have it in American but you need
78:04
that symbol now the next one hood an
78:08
American hood very clear diphthong no
78:11
character British no diphthong hood yeah
78:15
next one is let's see we're end all
78:20
right hold an American in British it's
78:24
more of an O sound and I overdo it
78:26
usually code code yeah so you see a
78:30
schwa in an or so old in American is
78:34
usually schwa place'll and British hold
78:37
hold hold
78:39
okay the next one is Oh similar ooh
78:44
food alright the next one is quite
78:48
different in British an American is a
78:51
cup Hut in British it sounds more like
78:53
aa HUD ah
78:56
it's not ah like father it's not ah it's
79:00
ah Oh hug hug
79:03
okay that's why a lot of people get it
79:07
wrong in English now they using a
79:09
British influence double i2z Bell V
79:13
Honduran - inside ties a mini man you
79:15
don't listen in so easily in Shanda it
79:18
got awesome a cop it should be cup in
79:21
American but it's cop and British a cup
79:23
of tea right next one we don't have an
79:27
American except with earth an American
79:30
is heard and British it's a hood herd
79:34
good the next one is this almost the
79:38
same I hide how are you read input home
79:43
that's a tights hide okay the next one
79:46
oh is very similar and we don't have an
79:49
example but how how yeah we do we have
79:52
how similar or is very similar I think
79:57
my British friend says all the all part
80:00
longer than I do I say for example void
80:03
and he might say void
80:06
might make it longer okay so it's very
80:09
short an American void void okay then we
80:13
have iya in American its ear everyone
80:17
ear here
80:19
British here here now is that one or two
80:24
syllables
80:27
yeah they count it as one syllable
80:33
because a diphthong means it occurs in
80:35
the same syllable but if you say it slow
80:37
it sounds like two syllables here come
80:40
here here to me my ears say two
80:43
syllables and besides I believe there's
80:46
an R there that's all the more reason I
80:47
want to hear another sound and I will
80:50
tell you something that's funny with
80:52
Americans when we're listening to
80:53
British we often hear ours when they're
80:55
not there woman he was she Guan are way
80:58
bigger schwa like IT woman joke tonsil
81:01
house jumped in the okay now our young
81:03
that's happened before and I'll say well
81:05
I heard an iron his British and my
81:07
friends is no way no impossible but I
81:10
hear ours why I'm not so much now but
81:12
for a while I did what were you a with
81:14
teen want our because I automatically my
81:17
brain puts ours in there and you may do
81:19
the same to because you're used to
81:21
American English most of you the next
81:23
one is hair and American and British
81:25
yeah yeah okay and then we have hired
81:30
this one's problematic because it can be
81:34
a family it can be hiya hiya
81:38
hi can you hear three vowels in British
81:43
it can be three vowels hiya
81:46
try higher higher but you can also say
81:51
hi he wants to hire someone
81:53
ha ha ha ha Cleese some reappears on ego
81:58
dis song everybody hi hi mm-hmm okay and
82:04
you is about to say
82:05
huge huge I think they have more
82:08
friction British vowels I'm sorry
82:11
British consonants in my experience tend
82:13
to be more a fricative they have more
82:16
friction there's an insert
82:18
to the e panting um what's how to turn
82:21
don't be nice to that okay they they're
82:24
not always a fricative but I often hear
82:26
more friction more force in the
82:28
consonants that I do in American and the
82:33
other columns you can look at yourself
82:37
let's just go over what they are for
82:41
what they're there for
82:47
in the next paragraph he says that first
82:51
of all we're looking at only one form of
82:53
British in one form of America so not
82:55
all Americans speak like this and not
82:56
all Brits speak like that it's just too
82:59
representative kinds of English one
83:01
American one British and we don't
83:04
pronounce ours after vowels in English
83:06
because in America in British English
83:08
because British English is not a what
83:10
kind of dialect that rotate yeah let's
83:14
stick with the O sound Rohtak British
83:16
English is a non-rhotic variety not all
83:21
British English in many parts of England
83:23
they do have ours but not in standard
83:25
British so British English is a
83:27
non-rhotic dialect my dialect is a
83:31
rhotic I speak a rhotic dial a dialect
83:34
of English and because of the dropped
83:36
ours they did use to have ours that's
83:39
why they're in the spelling and early on
83:41
in English ours used to be trilled
83:43
or Treat so - aha who in when the our
83:46
server or the whole I the you go find
83:50
PMOI all right and then the the dropping
83:54
of the arse is fairly recent in British
83:55
English this is G Bunyan are you - -
83:57
chain may go mooing holder r45 me this
84:00
is G by 2 G banana searching burn I yo
84:03
and because of the dropped ours we have
84:06
a bunch of extra diphthongs pick out
84:09
very quickly the difference we have
84:10
because of dropped R's in British
84:11
English go through the list quickly grab
84:13
them in column 2 they are
84:21
which ones yeah as in here and uh as in
84:27
half and AH as in hi all right those are
84:32
three extra difference we have because
84:34
of dropped vowels in British English and
84:36
we also have the extra sound as earth as
84:40
in hood hood and that's not a diphthong
84:42
but it's a sound we don't have an
84:45
American everybody found it alright and
84:52
okay so we have extra diphthongs in
84:55
British and they're talking about some
85:02
variations in American English such as
85:05
odd odd cut clot with sorry um Stanley
85:10
has been posting some questions about
85:11
this on n tu phonetics on Facebook so
85:15
you can go back to those posts and also
85:18
on our website I want you to read some
85:20
webpages since Janice oh why Dada
85:29
go to pages 25 and 26
85:32
please read pages 25 and 26
85:35
those are the two pages that discuss the
85:39
ah oo merger in American English and as
85:42
I mentioned before about what percent of
85:44
Americans merge these two sounds are
85:48
Gandalf for example taught taught cut
85:51
caught make with a guide by friends at
85:54
door shop about the language of being
85:56
loved easy to remember just guess it's
86:01
about half five years of pythons
86:04
or en algún are eating her
86:07
finger you will need to know this okay
86:10
Bakari binder may wear a guitar so even
86:13
in Dhoni ins want re occurred only
86:15
entire kawaii because it being less
86:18
Otunga in would you be a about half of
86:21
Americans and some speakers mainly from
86:27
the East distinguished between can from
86:29
the noun can so I can do it sees on fire
86:34
cuz the Guan tell us a can can I be
86:37
judged on diphthong I met the first
86:40
paragraph on page forty everybody got
86:42
that
86:42
so can sounds wake up shank I don't sit
86:46
she ain't I do don't sir it's just can
86:48
coach the quanto you'll share the
86:50
winning can can AHA junket did saw me
86:54
young I've heard that so the first
87:01
column in table to point to is America
87:03
and the second column is standard
87:04
British and then he tried to line them
87:08
up as best as he could and then let's
87:14
see how did we pick the vowel symbols
87:18
for the IPA we used continental European
87:21
values if we just pick a language from
87:24
West Europe like French Spanish or
87:26
Italian
87:26
how does spelling Jill so you'll make up
87:31
mu in that nigga and Phi in
87:33
woman Josie you all knew that don't
87:34
shoot with IPA the fool how so for
87:36
example if you see an A in
87:38
Italian or Spanish it will usually be I
87:41
in American it's usually at but in these
87:45
languages it's usually uh so that's why
87:47
we picked the symbols we did for the
87:49
vowel symbols in IPA okay
87:51
Joseph in G Co three do door shoulder
87:54
you en de Yan feier had a ping ping back
87:57
and find a young file and it's also
88:01
pretty much applicable to languages like
88:04
Swahili Turkish and Navajo as well so we
88:08
will use the same symbols of the IPA
88:10
when we're writing a spelling alphabet
88:12
when we're creating a spelling alphabet
88:14
for new languages like the three I just
88:16
mentioned Turkish used to be written in
88:18
what kind of an alphabet Alexander's not
88:26
in class this year Alexander's crazy
88:29
about Turkish right dr. Chang okay so
88:35
Turkish is now written in the Latin
88:37
alphabet with some extra symbols some
88:40
diacritics it used to be written in what
88:44
Turkish used to be written in what kind
88:46
of alphabet just guess think of their
88:49
religion Arabic Arabic not aerobic by
88:52
the way okay everybody Arabic it's
88:56
written in the Arabic alphabet like many
88:57
languages and we that have a largely
89:01
Muslim population many of them adopted
89:03
an Arabic alphabet but they changed with
89:07
it with the Turkish revolution just the
89:10
neighbors who hej I'm gonna show how
89:11
they change to romanization and there's
89:14
another place in China that uses the
89:16
Arabic alphabet we're seen John they
89:21
also use romanization for a while for a
89:24
while they use the Latin alphabet and
89:25
then they change back to the Arabic
89:26
alphabet so if you go to seeing John you
89:29
will see signs all over in the Arabic
89:31
alphabet for a weaker which is related
89:33
to Turkish by the way okay and we did
89:38
not realize our dream all right so we're
89:42
going to start with the second to last
89:43
paragraph of 40 please read ahead read
89:49
ahead read the web pages I do
89:50
gave you read ahead in the textile that
89:52
we can get through it fast they're
89:54
mostly things that we already know we
89:56
just need to sort of solidify them but I
89:58
think shall I and then get ready for the
90:02
next test which will be in another week
90:04
or two okay so please preview the text
90:07
let's get through it next time and then
90:10
we'll see on Wednesday