Transcript


00:17
anybody want to ask any questions before
00:19
we begin because otherwise we're going
00:22
into chapter 3 and we're going to try
00:24
and really plow ahead no questions all
00:27
right Inez say where we are where you're
00:30
starting page 61 second paragraph other
00:36
language other languages do not have
00:38
this rule for exactly one 6161 okay I
00:43
350 go ahead yeah I'm Annie yeah other
00:47
languages do not have this rule for
00:50
example it is a mark of speakers with an
00:53
Italian accent Italian Italian accent at
00:57
least that was at at at least as curry
01:03
curry cultured in think of the word that
01:07
I corrected a long time ago character
01:11
characterized this one's very similar
01:15
caricature there you go caricatures here
01:18
now I don't like as a que que huh
01:21
caricatured in films and on television
01:23
that they release all their final step
01:28
pop all their final stop consonants
01:33
producing an extra ball at the end as
01:36
they normally would in their own
01:38
language okay try not to put a glottal
01:41
stop and would it should be would would
01:43
ya put in their own language others
01:47
trying to indicate authors authors said
01:51
authors trying to indicate an Italian
01:55
speaking English will write the sentence
01:57
it's a big day as it's a big update they
02:03
are presumably trying to indicate the
02:06
difference between the Nommo there
02:09
normal it's a big day and the foreign
02:13
accent it's a big update very good this
02:16
will probably be a test pay attention if
02:18
you release your voice stops and other
02:21
stops as well then it sounds like you
02:24
have what if you release your stops you
02:27
say big instead of big
02:30
how does that sound to a speaker of
02:32
English it sounds like it is being
02:36
spoken with a foreign foreign foreign
02:38
accent Deborah desi a white WebWork oh
02:41
my gore changa so please make sure that
02:43
remember that it's probably going to be
02:45
on the test so if they you'll speak like
02:47
this say you sound Italian it's a very
02:50
easy it's a big day that's what they're
02:53
you have to have the don't talk so if
02:57
you release the stats that's usually
02:59
what you will find in films when they're
03:01
trying to caricature what does
03:04
caricature me does it mean that it's
03:06
very very dowdy it just means how
03:09
shallow haga con what does it evaluate
03:11
it that's one thing that they will do to
03:14
make to just mark that that's supposed
03:16
to be an Italian so releasing stops
03:19
makes English sound like it's being
03:21
spoken with a foreign accent next Vivian
03:25
it's interesting that we're such as rap
03:28
rat rack ro distinguish our raw raw ro
03:35
distinguishable even when a final
03:38
consonant are released and that watch
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everybody please watch this one this
03:43
one's really hard to catch and Taiwan
03:45
English because it's a habit you brought
03:47
over from Mandarin remember why ye
03:49
instead of one e you shouldn't bring
03:51
that to English it's ok in Chinese it's
03:53
not only ok it's the way you should do
03:55
it but if you have a final in and then
03:58
you've got a glide in the next syllable
04:00
or whatever is in the next syllable make
04:03
sure that final n is actually pronounced
04:05
with alveolar contact so in other words
04:08
it should be pronounced as unreleased I
04:11
remember early in the semester I
04:12
mentioned this anybody remember whenever
04:14
you see an end at the end of a syllable
04:16
give yourself a little extra reminder
04:19
because it's something you do
04:20
automatically in Mandarin you bring it
04:23
over to English unconsciously you don't
04:24
even think about what you're doing
04:25
because you're not aware of it in
04:27
Mandarin McCoy your needs on me any good
04:29
mail gong jia everybody does it it's
04:31
correct in mandarin but then you and Mel
04:33
Grimes your knee boots abuja England
04:35
light josepho day so we don't say
04:37
unreleased and I was speaking with my
04:40
British teacher yesterday
04:42
and I said what can you understand what
04:44
I'm saying I said one year he said say
04:46
it again I said one year said I can't
04:50
quite hear it what is it I said one year
04:52
it sounds like Chinese hey Palin which
04:56
is a doorway one year it should be one
05:00
year now we were speaking over the phone
05:02
to skype so that's part of the reason it
05:05
wasn't clear when you're speaking over
05:06
the phone you're missing a lot of
05:07
information but I repeated it maybe five
05:10
or six times he still didn't understand
05:12
it so that reminds you you really need
05:15
those final ends please do not neglect
05:17
them everyone unreleased good the
05:23
difference in the sound Muslera 40 in
05:26
the way that the vows and that dhamma
05:28
let the all the vowels and after all the
05:35
rest is silent and sure it's correct but
05:37
remember to link everyone after all
05:39
after all the consonants before and
05:43
after a vowel always affected Solar is a
05:47
slight slight but noticeable light but
05:50
noticeable slight but noticeable
05:53
difference in its quality in its in its
05:57
quality you can put in your notes you
05:59
need to number linking if you link
06:01
you'll fix a lot of little problems okay
06:03
compare your pronunciation of words such
06:07
as picked pip tit kick your tongue tip
06:12
is up throughout the word hit whereas
06:15
impaired where as in where as in where
06:18
you asking link whereas in deep and kick
06:23
is that it stays behind the lower front
06:25
teeth okay does it keep keep its eeep
06:28
peep as a sound little chicks make it
06:30
also means to okay this is PIP right and
06:35
it kick it is you're in kick it is
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labelled all the time is the back of the
06:43
tongue baby right tongues Angola is the
06:45
back of the tongue it is look back of
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the tongue not all of the time yeah that
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is raised throughout the word throughout
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through side through
06:55
throughout you can link here we've got
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vowels here ooh plus a vowel how do we
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link when we've got or a plus a vowel I
07:06
hear a lot of mumbling what should it be
07:13
it's a very slight linking sound but we
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have it and it makes your pronunciation
07:19
sound smoother if it's or hook we have a
07:22
little wool and we've got a vowel here
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so throughout throughout instead of
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saying either through out and sometimes
07:30
when you say threw it out they have a
07:32
false tab and a similar rule says that
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after ER it going to a vowel we use wet
07:40
yeah as little a little tiny here as a
07:43
linking sound so that's an extra thing
07:46
that you have to think about when you're
07:47
reading I know it's you're dividing your
07:49
attention among a lot of different
07:51
things but this is the class where we do
07:53
that kind of thing so just kind of push
07:55
yourself to remember all these things
07:57
all these rules throughout throughout
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everyone throughout the word very good
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throughout the world and in pip the tape
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gestures affected in effect the entire
08:10
vowel the same is true for words with
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voiced consonants such as paper did kick
08:17
the council and gestures are
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superimposed on the vowel in such a way
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that they're there of their effect is
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audible through throughout much of the
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silk well done well done you read
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beautifully I think the one thing you
08:33
really need to watch out for is linking
08:35
the rest is really quite good what are
08:38
they talking about here wrap wrap wrap
08:42
those final staffs are not very clear if
08:45
they're unreleased we found that out
08:47
early in a semester when we were doing
08:49
dictation the first dictation when I
08:51
didn't release the
08:52
consonants it was really tough wasn't it
08:54
it's really hard to hear them we can't
08:57
really hear a consonant at the end
08:59
because it is unreleased and after after
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the consonant is silent so we really
09:05
cannot hear anything what do we rely on
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to try and distinguish those three words
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the vowel will change slightly because
09:14
of what the tongue right what about the
09:18
tongue what about the tongue it will be
09:26
in a different place to prepare for each
09:29
final consonant is that right so it'll
09:32
be on the alveolar ridge to get ready
09:34
for the tea it'll be against the soft
09:36
palate to prepare for the k that is
09:39
going to change the vowel quality
09:40
somewhat not a lot they're quite quite
09:45
subtle changes but in the absence of a
09:48
clear final consonant we need to
09:50
sensitize our ears to those little tiny
09:53
micro changes to help us understand
09:56
because sometimes we don't have a lot of
09:57
context to help us and as we learn at
10:00
the beginning of semester Taiwanese
10:01
students in general they rely hugely on
10:04
console on context just like race and
10:07
raised country gene how many up with hi
10:10
Kwame go win the time to go to s your
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meal diet died in there mainly relying
10:16
on context and context can really fool
10:18
us sometimes because there may be clues
10:21
that you miss because you're not
10:22
familiar with them and then you will get
10:24
the wrong words so taking a phonetic
10:26
approach will increase your
10:28
understanding greatly so I'm going to
10:30
save them a few times I just want you to
10:32
listen carefully you can look up and see
10:35
the final consonant because you probably
10:36
won't be able to hear it well you'll at
10:38
least be able to see the P and then
10:40
you'll be able to see that it's not P
10:42
either to your K so listen a few times
10:45
and then close your eyes and see if you
10:47
can hear a difference between the vowels
10:49
in the three words ready rap rap rap
10:57
rap rap rap close your eyes rap rap rap
11:06
can you hear a difference or not or do
11:09
they sound the same to you be honest
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you're not going to get any points taken
11:13
off either way they sound the same right
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it is really difficult the differences
11:19
are extremely subtle but this is telling
11:22
you that this is something that you will
11:24
need to work on because native speakers
11:26
have to be able to do this we often
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don't hear that final consonant clearly
11:30
when will we hear it clearly can you
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give an example of a situation where we
11:34
will hear it clearly if the next word
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starts with a vowel right that's why
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linking is so important that's one of
11:44
the reasons if the next word starts
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starts with a vowel then we are going to
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hear that final consonant clearly in
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most situations for example rapa or Rapa
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rata rakha now we hear it clear clearly
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right so first of all linking is
12:03
important and second if you don't have a
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word that starts with a vowel after it
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you need to start sharpening your ears
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to hear the difference in the vowels
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okay listen again rap rap rap rap rap
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rap does it sound like I'm saying the
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same word over and over or do they sound
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a little different now a bit different
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some of you are noticing the differences
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you need to practice with this you can
12:30
find audio files online the dictation
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exercises have some similar exercises
12:36
everyone knows the dictation practice
12:38
page right you can find some examples
12:41
there that will help you you can also
12:43
use merriam-webster you can copy their
12:45
files their audio files you can use
12:47
audacity or another recording program
12:50
and copy the files and practice so the
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real difference is in the vowels let's
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try another another set of three words
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hip tip kick the ptk at the beginning
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are clear but the final stops may not be
13:09
so clear
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listen a few times yep kit kit kit kit
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kit can you tell the difference in the
13:20
final stocks and let's see it's also
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true of final words with final with
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voice final consonants like them did
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good in the case of gig we have an extra
13:37
clue what is it bib did gig look at my
13:46
face you can see it bib did gig we've
13:53
got Vela raising so G is going to be
13:55
easier to hear due to view erasing it if
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the person has it not everybody has it
14:01
but a lot of us do have it so big did
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gig at least if there's a final G and
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there's a short front vowel before it
14:10
you will be able to hear a clear
14:12
difference so for example Pat but gag
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gag if there were a word gap it would be
14:20
gap Gag Gag Gag hi Tom end well for the
14:25
AG you can hear pretty clearly that
14:27
that's a G at the end let's continue I'm
14:32
Bella the sounds are not the only voice
14:38
does stops the occurring English that
14:40
occur that occurred right two things to
14:43
watch out for what are they occur is the
14:46
citation form we've learned about
14:47
citation forms right what's the citation
14:49
form what is the citation for Ella can
14:54
you tell us the way you show a person
14:58
how to pronounce the word that's you
15:00
could say it that way it's the form in
15:02
isolation it's the idealized
15:04
pronunciation of the word in isolation
15:06
as a citation for ochre is the citation
15:11
form usually we use a schwa occur that's
15:14
the first point the second point is
15:16
linking and then the third point which I
15:18
didn't mention originally is we've got a
15:20
tee there so it becomes a
15:23
a tap so you've got three things there
15:25
that affect that little phrase there so
15:28
instead of that occur it's that occur
15:30
that occur many people also pronounce a
15:35
glottal stop in some words a glottal
15:38
stop is the sound or to be more exact
15:41
the lack of sound that occurs and that
15:44
occurs that occurs that occurs when the
15:47
when the vocal folds are held tightly
15:50
together tightly tightly not tight tight
15:53
tight tightly together as we have seen
15:57
as as as we have seen the symbol for a
16:01
girdle stub is ? without a period
16:04
without that we are resembling a ?
16:07
without a dot all right question
16:09
question right there's a funny
16:12
pronunciation pronunciation of question
16:15
popular in Taiwan don't round your lips
16:18
too much for the chub every one question
16:20
that sounds good question question okay
16:26
it says to be more exact a lack of sound
16:29
a glottal stop is just a closing of the
16:32
Gladys so we really hear nothing well
16:34
here a book there's nothing after that
16:37
come on Julia glottal stops occur
16:43
whenever one calls whenever one cause
16:46
whenever one coach says she's okay you
16:50
should be able to get the sensation of
16:53
the vocals being pressed together like
16:57
us together being pressed together at
16:59
past everyone look pressed you have to
17:04
do this or it doesn't come out right
17:05
everybody get your hand ready pressed
17:08
perfect good being pressed together by
17:13
making small coffee noises small coffee
17:16
noises okay everybody makeup make some
17:20
small coffee noises there we go you're
17:24
using your Gladys to make those noises
17:27
next take a deep breath and hold it with
17:31
your mouth open with your mouth open
17:34
listen to the small plosive so close it
17:39
flips out that the crowd sound sound
17:43
there occurs data that occurs when you
17:48
let the breath go alright let's do that
17:50
take a deep breath hold your breath and
17:53
then listen to that little pop that you
17:56
hear when you let your breath girl so
18:03
that's a glottal stop but ok now well
18:08
breathing out through your mouth try to
18:12
check and then release the pred by
18:16
making the releasing a short glottal
18:19
stop then do the same while making a
18:22
voice sound such as the foul our
18:26
practice producing glottal stops between
18:29
follows saying Ah or e so that you get
18:36
to know what they feel like right except
18:39
that I didn't hear any glottal stops how
18:40
do we do it listen ah ah ee etc so let's
18:46
practice some glass tops first with ah
18:47
ah i'm ii ii ii eh eh eh ooh ooh there
18:57
we go can i'll make loyal snaps continue
19:00
okay Stanley one of the most common are
19:06
the most your sound dalian today oh one
19:11
of the of the most common occurrence of
19:18
a quarter occurrences kind of a gallardo
19:23
Sarah other of a glottal stop is in the
19:29
ad D utterance means no orphans spelt it
19:36
uh-huh uh-huh uh-huh could I just say
19:41
yes
19:42
and say yes you did it right okay if
19:48
someone asked you a question you can
19:53
reapply no by saying um usually with
20:00
nasalized wow wow wow which we will
20:06
symbolize letter all right let's not do
20:09
it later I've already told you and I'll
20:11
just remind you again symbolize we
20:13
symbolize a nasal eyes out with Tildy
20:16
Carla Tildy from Spanish field day
20:19
because they use it in Spanish for words
20:21
like mañana and that's just a palette
20:25
alized in a lot in that means there's a
20:28
year sound together with the end yeah
20:31
yeah everyone yeah this is also used a
20:34
lot in haka so if you know anything
20:37
about Cody aha you're going to need this
20:39
symbol this is a Tildy here it means
20:43
nasalization here it means
20:44
palatalization in Spanish it's used to
20:46
have a different meaning the word for
20:48
tomorrow is mine yeah it's really funny
20:51
mañana mañana everyone mañana
20:58
uh-huh and it's called the Tildy but
21:01
here it seems for nasalization so it's
21:04
oh and we'll put a little stress mark
21:09
here uh-huh and then it comes out about
21:11
right everyone this one's also no we
21:16
don't need a glottal stop there okay
21:21
noted that there is a contrast between
21:26
the author's meaning meaning no and that
21:32
mean we need yes that is dependent on
21:38
the presence of the gland lethem
21:43
dependent on the way depend on the
21:46
presence presence a presence of the
21:50
glottal stop if you had meant to say yes
21:56
you might well have say sad said uh uh
22:01
uh huh right they should have put this
22:05
dress mark on the second syllable not
22:07
the first it's not uh-huh it's haha
22:09
uh-huh and it's also probably nasalized
22:12
uh-huh also nasalized you can tell you
22:18
can tell that it is it is the glottal
22:24
stop that last Glove stop that is
22:28
important important important to convey
22:32
into in conveying that mean is about the
22:39
meanings by the fact that one could be
22:45
understood equal equally wells by using
22:49
earth sing sing sing sing lepak syllabic
22:59
consonants han cong sinan can also come
23:03
everybody watch out consonant with a con
23:07
consonant consonant shown by putting the
23:12
mark branch under the consonants instead
23:20
of vow and the saying mm-hmm for yes
23:28
again the stress should be on the second
23:30
syllable mm-hmm for yes and for no as
23:40
long as there is a glove stop between
23:43
the two syllables the utterance will the
23:49
utterance will mean no irrespective of
23:54
of what vows or day so is used that's
23:59
right so aha you could do it without a
24:03
nasal but it sounds like you have a cold
24:05
we almost always newswise it uh-huh
24:07
mm-hmm mm-hmm I listen to a conversation
24:11
of my father on the phone many years ago
24:13
the whole phone call was yeah mmhmm yeah
24:17
mm-hmm that went on for about 20 minutes
24:19
not kidding that's all he said so when I
24:22
see this I always think of my father all
24:24
right so mm-hmm and the negative is
24:27
remember that the stress is different
24:30
mm-hmm and and then we could use a
24:35
different nasal and it wouldn't matter
24:36
so if for some reason you just happen to
24:39
produce a velar nasal mm-hmm that's fine
24:41
too neat velar nasal is fine so mm-hmm
24:44
mm-hmm alveolar is ok too mm-hmm we do
24:49
that sometimes I've heard those and I've
24:51
made them myself and I think they're
24:53
fine so that's why it says regardless of
24:55
what nasal okay and I don't know if I've
24:59
asked before but what does this me mmm
25:08
we have mm-hmm but what does this mean
25:11
mm-hmm okay whoever just said it be
25:15
quiet how about the rest of you what
25:19
does it mean mmm no it doesn't mean
25:24
maybe somebody already shouted out the
25:26
answer not shout out quietly said the
25:28
answer but mmm-hmm I was really
25:34
surprised the first year I discovered
25:36
that this was not universal I thought
25:38
everybody knew it was but people who
25:40
have been studying English for many
25:41
years and at least in the past nobody in
25:44
the class knew it and I said well did
25:46
you ask around and find out they said no
25:48
no what is it please tell us so even
25:50
after a week one person did ask a native
25:52
speaker and got the answer mm-hmm some
25:57
languages use whistling because their
26:00
tone languages and you can understand
26:02
what people are saying just by their
26:04
whistles of the tone patterns this is
26:06
one case where we use humming of the
26:08
intonation of a short sentence and it's
26:11
understood by every English speaker I
26:13
bet mm-hmm you think this one's better
26:17
that one's better mm-hmm I don't know I
26:21
don't know so there you go that's a
26:23
really good one try it out on your
26:25
friends mmm don't give them too many
26:27
clues okay so mm is I don't know can do
26:32
that completely with a bilabial nasal
26:39
I do this
26:45
this can go to lower mm-hmm this one's
26:51
not too pretty but that's how it is that
26:53
the Tom mark is about here I just use
26:55
these are tone letters so Tiny's
26:56
hallmark so mmm everybody hmm that's how
27:00
I would read it in the absence of some
27:03
other system that we're using for
27:05
marking intonation any other questions
27:07
let's go on I'm Vivian glottal stops
27:11
frequently occurred as allophones of to
27:15
probably most Americans and many British
27:19
speakers have a glottal stop followed by
27:22
the syllabic nasal in words such as
27:25
baton kitten fat and perfect did y'all
27:28
hear her absolutely perfect everyone
27:31
beaten kitten fatten perfect London
27:37
cockney and many forms of as taught re
27:41
learning this word because we talk about
27:44
it fairly often estuary that's when a
27:48
river is going down towards the sea and
27:51
then there's this Delta the Sun Council
27:53
make a DJ nigga job estuary that's an
27:55
estuary the waters in that area estuary
27:58
English is young people's English and
28:01
Britain now remember I've mentioned that
28:03
a lot of Brits now say building they
28:05
don't pronounce the else and one tool
28:07
free instead of instead of one two three
28:10
those are features of estuary English
28:13
people under save 40 or 35 years old
28:16
many many Brits now speak like this with
28:18
estuary English some of them with a
28:21
really strong estuary English accent
28:23
some with just some features so it's a
28:25
continuum okay estuary English also have
28:31
a glottal stop between vowels azing but
28:36
kit e fat beautiful many many speakers
28:42
in both Britain and in Britain and
28:45
America have a glottal stop just before
28:48
final voiceless stops in words such as
28:52
rap rat wreck excuse me and we did talk
28:56
about that before we're having a lot of
28:58
things repeat
28:58
it because now he's going through what
29:00
again we've already gone through the
29:02
phonemes of English in this chapter
29:04
we're focusing on the don't forget to
29:08
pay attention to chapter titles remember
29:10
I told you right at the beginning this
29:11
semester what are we focusing on in this
29:13
chapter consonants so we're repeating a
29:17
lot of information we had but we're
29:18
offering more detail that's what we're
29:21
doing and then the next chapter will do
29:22
the same thing again with vowels right
29:25
so we mentioned before that a lot of
29:30
people have a kind of creek before the
29:33
final stop or at the same time as the
29:35
final stop so instead of saying rap with
29:38
no creek rat many people say rep rat ad
29:43
dollop glottal stop and they produce a
29:44
pee at the same time that's what they're
29:46
talking about here rap rap try it rap
29:51
try to go down to your creek if you
29:53
forgot where your creek is then say wah
29:55
wah yeah rap so it's come to a halt your
30:00
creaking and then the creaking comes to
30:03
a halt to get slower it stops and you
30:05
also make a pee at the same time okay
30:09
usually the articulatory gesture for the
30:13
other stop is still audible so these
30:15
words could be transcribed rep rat wreck
30:21
when Peter data fo'get recorded the word
30:24
mat for a figure 3.3 33 hip or now he
30:31
pronounced it as Caitlyn pronounced it
30:34
he pronounced it as met with the glottal
30:40
stop and the closure for two occurring
30:43
almost simultaneously good
30:45
simultaneously is American
30:47
simultaneously is the British so they're
30:49
both fine but let's be consistent and
30:51
Matt I think I do both it does not
30:54
matter to me at all it depends on how
30:56
creaky unfeeling if I'm not creepy Matt
30:59
Matt there's no creek at all there
31:01
there's no glottal stop at all but if
31:03
I'm down to my Creek ranged Matt it's on
31:06
the mat there's it's very possible i'll
31:08
put that in so this for me
31:10
I don't know if it's in free variation
31:12
but it's an alle phone and it doesn't
31:15
really make any difference to me either
31:17
way I just mentioned free variation what
31:20
does that mean sometimes a feature
31:27
occurs in free variation that means you
31:31
can say it or you can not say it really
31:33
doesn't matter people go back and forth
31:35
they say both new and new they're almost
31:38
in free variation for me I don't use
31:41
student but for new and new i use new
31:44
quite a bit and new as well so in theory
31:48
something can co tuyet either this one
31:52
or that one doesn't matter but in
31:53
practice usually there is some kind of
31:56
conditioning factor that means you'll
31:58
know II don't tell you wish to the woman
32:01
you'll take away on Monica okay LaBeouf
32:04
LaBeouf he studied things like this why
32:08
certain groups pick one's kind of
32:10
realization one elephone in a certain
32:13
situation or why they picked another one
32:16
or maybe when social group pics one and
32:18
another social groupings another or
32:19
under certain circumstances if you're
32:22
feeling kind of formal you use one less
32:23
formal you use another there may be all
32:26
kinds of different reasons his point is
32:29
that things do not usually really happen
32:31
in free variation we almost always have
32:33
some kind of motivation for choosing one
32:36
over the over the other so in choosing
32:39
between you and knew which one sounds
32:41
more formal nu nu is more formal for me
32:46
although when I use it sometimes it's
32:49
not in a formal situation I just say it
32:51
so I don't really know when I say you
32:53
and when I say knew I'd have to record
32:55
myself and then analyze it because I use
32:57
it without thinking but the point is
33:00
that we have this term free variation
33:02
that means either one is fine we can use
33:03
either one but in practice there usually
33:06
is a reason why you choose one in this
33:08
situation and a different one in another
33:10
situation let's continue to
33:14
practice producing words with and
33:17
without the colors double glass tile
33:20
glottal stop after you have some
33:23
awareness of what a koala stock feels
33:26
like feels like feels like try saying
33:29
the right thing try saying the words rap
33:32
red rag in several different ways begin
33:36
by saying them with a cloud or stopping
33:38
in the final with this right right right
33:43
everybody tries or glass top plus a plus
33:48
a final release wrap wrapped rack try
33:55
okay don't make it too smooth you need a
33:57
glottal stop in their rap go down your
33:59
Creek rat okay good enough going next
34:06
see them without a them without still a
34:10
hand without save them without say them
34:15
without a cloud or stop and with the
34:17
final steps and exploded unmixed own
34:20
exclusive on um next on next right um
34:24
next bulleted wrap wrap wrap everybody
34:29
all together please one two three good
34:34
then say them with a glottal stop in a
34:37
final exploded confident rap rap rap rap
34:44
rap rap so we've got a glottal stop but
34:49
no release here go ahead everybody one
34:51
two three okay put that Creek in there
34:56
okay finally say them with a glottal
34:59
stop and no other final consonant red
35:03
wreck wrak all right that's how it
35:05
sounded when I first read three
35:06
different words they all sounded the
35:08
same but now they are the same there's
35:09
no final ptk there's only a glottal stop
35:12
go good Amy when a voiced stop and a
35:18
nasal occur in the same word as in
35:20
hidden the stop is not released in the
35:23
usual way both litter and then I'll view
35:27
their consonants the tongue comes up and
35:30
conducts the LVN and connects the out
35:34
the tongue comes up and contacts right
35:37
and note this is context we don't say
35:39
contact it's contact even as a verb and
35:42
contacts and contacts the alveolar ridge
35:45
blvd rich for duh and stays there for
35:49
the nasal which becomes syllabic knit
35:52
syllabic so that it can hidden good
35:56
consequently as shown in figure 3.4 the
36:00
air pressure build up the air pressure
36:02
built up behind those stop closure snap
36:05
closure stock closure is released
36:07
through the nose by the through the nose
36:09
the nose by the ring has passed before
36:12
TC TC is released through the nose is
36:15
released through the nose right by the
36:17
ring of the soft palate the V them for
36:21
the nasal consonant this phenomenon
36:24
known as nasal plugin is normally used
36:27
in pronouncing words such as satin satin
36:32
sudden needin lettin that didn't it is
36:35
considered a mark of a foreign accent to
36:39
add a vowel
36:41
sadun sudden ledin the nasal plosion
36:46
also occurs in a pronunciation of words
36:48
with two falling by the followed by Doug
36:52
as in kitten for those one kitten for
36:57
those people who do not have a glottal
36:58
stop instead of the two but the majority
37:01
of speakers of English pronounce this
37:03
word with a glottal stop kidding right I
37:08
didn't hear you kitten yeah all right
37:11
you see it in bold right you see the
37:13
words in bold that means that they're
37:15
going to be in the test I can promise
37:16
you they will be on the test nasal
37:18
closure we've got two different
37:20
situations here one is T plus in one is
37:23
d plus and let's start with deep listen
37:26
because that's a clear-cut case of nasal
37:27
closure most of you probably say hidden
37:31
ledin sudden sadden it's perfectly
37:36
correct there's nothing wrong with it
37:38
and it says it's it's a mark of a
37:40
foreign accent to pronounce that vowel
37:42
that schwa between the D in the end but
37:44
this is not a serious not a serious
37:48
problem in foreign accents so it's worse
37:51
it's much worse to say it's the big day
37:53
I mean that one's really obvious but
37:55
hidden legend is perfectly fine if you
37:58
don't want to fix it it's okay it's not
38:00
going to stick out too much it will
38:01
stick out a little bit of it it's not
38:02
serious home should this is phonetics
38:05
class so let's learn how to do it the
38:07
way most people do it and that is with
38:08
nasal closure and you make the D and
38:10
there's no vowel at all and your tongue
38:13
does not let go that's the key to it so
38:16
where do you put your tongue to make the
38:18
D on your alveolar ridge now when we
38:24
make a stop remember the rule is we have
38:26
to have what behind the con
38:29
act between the two articulate errs what
38:31
do we have to have behind that those
38:33
that contact increase air pressure is
38:37
that right by put we've got increased
38:39
air pressure and here we've got him
38:42
right now we're going to go from the D
38:45
to the end to make an end the air has to
38:47
come out of where the nose so the key to
38:52
making this sound and a lot of people
38:54
have trouble with it at first they
38:55
practice it and then they'll run into me
38:57
on canvas a Miss chill mr. listen hmmm I
39:01
did it quite a bit usually on a bicycle
39:03
it's happened more than once they come
39:05
up to me on a bicycle and then I have
39:07
this conversation hey that's great
39:09
that's wonderful because it really is a
39:12
tongue Joe if you didn't do it weren't
39:15
able to do it before and you can do it
39:16
now so please work on this if you don't
39:19
already know how to do it so hid now
39:21
normally if we're going to release an
39:23
oral stop where do we release it from
39:25
where do we release it orally we let
39:29
down the tongue and the air comes out
39:30
over the top of the tongue it's a
39:32
central oral staff right so let's try
39:34
releasing it orally done between the D
39:39
in the end we have wet a schwa hit done
39:43
and that's perfectly fine there's
39:44
nothing wrong with it but usually it's
39:47
hid now what are we going to do with
39:50
that air pressure it has to go somewhere
39:51
we're not going to release it orally
39:53
we're going to it's already come all the
39:55
way to the tip of the tongue and we're
39:56
going to send it back gai dau and it's
40:00
going to come out of the that's how
40:02
nasal plosion works so say hid but then
40:05
don't let your tongue down and then push
40:08
the air back so it comes out through
40:09
your nose and then release the in oak
40:12
out performance you can hear how it
40:14
should sound hid mmm kid mmm my tongue
40:19
is not moving hidden mmm
40:23
hit not hitting you have to voice it
40:25
hidden is almost right but you need to
40:27
voice it hidden boy not getting you're
40:36
not voicing it that's the problem a lot
40:38
of students had this problem you can say
40:40
shall mommy with no problem that kitten
40:43
kitten that's perfect but we have to
40:46
voice it hidden I still here hittin
40:52
hidden hidden practice that one put it
40:58
in your notes practice it I'm going to
40:59
ask you on Monday about nasal plosion
41:01
hidden let's try a couple more sudden
41:05
not Sutton sudden sad leaden not lastly
41:15
Lydon some of you are getting it but a
41:19
lot of you are not voicing it so put in
41:21
your notes that you need to work on
41:22
voice angle listen to it online just go
41:25
to merriam-webster some place where you
41:27
can hear it leaden sudden hidden sadden
41:32
those are throwing up on mmm for
41:36
kitten it's less of a problem but he's
41:38
saying that it's only nasal closure and
41:42
if it's really a tee kit hmm kit mmm
41:45
then it's a nasal an example of nasal
41:47
plosion but if there is no t-there it
41:50
doesn't count as nasal closure it's just
41:52
a glottal stop kitten kitten just a
41:57
glottal stop naughty kitten kitten
42:00
that's just a glottal staff but if you
42:02
have a tea kit mmm then it counts as
42:06
nasal plosion did you get that so T and
42:08
D are a little different t because you
42:10
can replace it with a glottal stop you
42:12
can't replace d with a glottal stop so
42:14
there you can only get nasal plosion
42:16
otherwise you get you get an extra vowel
42:18
you didn't alright let's take a break we
42:22
just talked about nasal plosion remember
42:25
with Doug and it's a clear-cut case
42:27
hidden leaden practice that one make
42:30
sure it's found in your notes I want you
42:31
to practice it so you can learn how to
42:33
say it so you know not only what it is
42:36
in theory but you can actually produce
42:37
it leben hidden sadden etc the next year
42:42
chap sorry the next two paragraphs are
42:44
about tub + mmm and it's it discusses
42:49
whether you're using a glottal stop or
42:52
glottal stop plus T etc exactly what
42:54
you're doing read those over on your own
42:56
marcos next two paragraphs they are a
42:59
little outside very detailed look look
43:03
them over yourself the question is just
43:05
about do you use a glottal stop use a
43:06
tea or what is the order of the two if
43:08
you use both etc and they give you a
43:11
method to tell if you are letting out
43:14
air and that is use a straw put into a
43:16
glass of water so if your releases stop
43:19
bubbles will go into the water read
43:21
those two paragraphs yourself because
43:23
they're kind of detailed for what we
43:25
want to do now we're going to go on to
43:27
the next paragraph it's the bottom of
43:29
page 63 okay next my name is yen chimp
43:33
it is worth spending some time the last
43:37
paragraph on page 63 when two sounds
43:43
when she went to sounds have this thing
43:47
please up articulations they are said to
43:51
be home or J Nick home organic whole
43:54
organic good it's not there for a minute
43:56
the second thing is the word home
43:57
weren't home organic we see something in
43:59
bold it will be on the test so just look
44:02
at those terms in bold and put them in
44:04
your notes right away underlining
44:05
whatever you do homo means same and
44:09
ganic is organic jodida having to do
44:15
with shin they have means they have the
44:17
same place of articulation in phonetics
44:21
home organic means they are pronounced
44:23
at the same place of articulation so mm
44:27
hook are those two sounds home organic
44:31
yes or no mmm so all right mmm are those
44:36
two sounds home organic yes how about
44:39
mmm
44:41
no so make sure you understand and know
44:44
how to use the term home organic one
44:48
lost the consonants the and the question
44:55
which are both articulated on the
45:00
alveolar ridge which reach not me its
45:03
rich reach our home organic for nasal
45:10
plugins to a conclusion frozen way to
45:16
occur within a word within within right
45:21
there must be our stuff followed stop
45:26
stops followed by a home organic nasal
45:31
only in these circumstances can there be
45:35
pressure pressure pressure first built
45:39
out in them built first way first beaut
45:45
huh help in the mouth first built up
45:49
first pew doubt built up Butte out can
45:52
you link it built up built up and make
45:55
it either built up built up there in the
46:00
mouth do inner stop and then released
46:03
through the nose by loading the soft
46:06
palate soft soft palate good why do i
46:10
say built up with aspiration remember if
46:14
we have a tea between two vowels and
46:16
american it's often pronounced as a cap
46:20
but i honestly build up it would sound
46:23
like the shins i should anyway this is a
46:25
go chief NC why do i say built up
46:28
there's a little sub rule for the tap
46:30
rule a tea between two vowels is often
46:34
pronounced as a tap especially when the
46:38
second syllable is unstressed and in
46:42
this case up is it stressed or
46:44
unstressed its stressed and that's why
46:47
we're pronouncing it like the beginning
46:49
as though it were the beginning of a
46:51
word like tough
46:52
tape top etc built up built up instead
46:57
of build up because build up it sounds
46:59
like it's bu bu ild instead of tea
47:02
everyone built up so when the second
47:05
syllable is stressed very often we don't
47:07
get a tap we just get a aspirated tea
47:10
it's not always the case for example it
47:13
is it is is there is it sounds like it's
47:18
stress it's pretty high anyway but we
47:20
have attacked there so it is it is but
47:24
built up built up okay continue many
47:30
forms of English do not have any words
47:33
with a bell labios stopped by pal labial
47:37
stub pipe or but followed by the home
47:42
organic nasal at the end of the world
47:48
nor in most forms of English are there
47:52
any words in which the veil or stove
47:55
need whether stopped velar stops the
47:58
other stops Kirk normally followed by
48:04
the velar nasal okay mmm right I'm going
48:08
to take over from here so what are the
48:10
conditions for nasal plosion we have two
48:13
important things what are they number
48:19
one we have to have a stop and has to be
48:22
followed by a nasal that's the first
48:23
thing we have to have a stop like an HID
48:25
followed by a nasal tone and the second
48:28
point is what has to be true of the
48:30
relationship between those two sounds
48:32
they must be home organic so remember
48:35
those two things a stop plus a nasal
48:38
what kind of nasal a home organic nasal
48:40
those are the conditions for nasal
48:42
plosion it normally happens in english
48:45
at the app at the herb alveolar ridge so
48:49
the place of articulation in english is
48:51
routinely the Arctic sorry the alveolar
48:54
Ridge hidden kitten we don't usually
48:57
have it with bilabial sounds or with
49:01
Mueller sounds you can but they're a
49:04
little bit margin
49:06
your daily y ella phonic and when might
49:10
we have when when might we have them it
49:14
gives an example here for example open p
49:22
and n are they home organic p and n are
49:26
they of a home organic no but if the
49:29
next word starts with a bilabial nasal
49:31
like my like open my door please in that
49:35
case it might come out like this open my
49:38
door please oh my door please it's
49:41
possible we won't always say it that way
49:44
but occasionally you will hear it that
49:45
way Oh hmm now is that nasal frozen mmm
49:51
is that nasal closin we have P and then
49:55
what's the nasal after it and right are
49:58
they home organic and did we put a vowel
50:01
between them know is that nasal plosion
50:03
yes it is but it's a little bit unusual
50:08
just a or way fashion it's not
50:11
guaranteed it just happens now and then
50:13
oh my door please as possible and timber
50:20
G&I; CRT he calls himself captain tim
50:23
berg ii captain captain tim berg ii
50:26
captain what have we got here captain he
50:30
plus we got p and then we've got t plus
50:34
and so we're skipping the t we're going
50:37
from p 2 to the N but he is assimilating
50:43
it he's turning the n into to an M so
50:47
captain captain captain timber be that's
50:51
the way he used to say he doesn't call
50:52
himself that anymore this is from years
50:54
ago but that's an example of bilabial
50:56
nasal closure captain timber key captain
50:59
all right and it's also possible at a
51:04
velar place of articulation oh we've got
51:08
another one here and this is we've
51:10
instead of changing just the nasal we
51:13
also sometimes will change the sound
51:16
before it even the man
51:18
of articulation changes here so 47 if
51:21
you're counting fast instead of saying
51:24
seven what is not even a stop it's a
51:28
fricative so instead of saying seven we
51:32
might count really fast one two three
51:33
four five six seven seven seven it's
51:37
possible I don't like to think I'll do
51:40
it but maybe I do sometimes so then we
51:43
have another one something this one's
51:45
common especially in very casual English
51:47
and with children I may have told you
51:49
about this one before something some mmm
51:53
something can be pronounced very
51:56
casually as something mm-hmm I have
51:59
something behind my back I have
52:01
something something try it something ok
52:05
we have nasal plosion there and it's
52:08
bilabial and bacon for example if we say
52:15
bacon and eggs or no that wasn't it
52:19
bacon grease that was the one bacon
52:21
grease so we've got bacon is got a nasal
52:25
bacon grease going from k to the G we're
52:30
going to turn that nasal into what it's
52:33
a originally an alveolar nasal and we're
52:35
going to turn it into bacon grease the K
52:41
going to a G what do you think that L
52:42
velar nasal is going to turn into we've
52:46
got a cake baked and then grease there's
52:49
another velar sound velar velar and
52:51
we've got a nasal in between it will
52:54
probably turn that L velar nasal into a
52:56
velar nasal so we can say bacon grease
52:59
bait mmm grease and then we've got nasal
53:02
closure everyone bacon grease mmm bacon
53:07
grease there we go so that takes care of
53:11
that let's go on to the next paragraph
53:13
next reader we're going to skip that
53:15
we've already covered that sort of so
53:16
let's go to the next paragraph I'll
53:18
probably just have you read half a
53:19
paragraph go on a phenomenal similar to
53:23
nasal plosion may take place when an
53:25
elven or stop or the occurs before a
53:29
hormone again
53:30
lateral as a little as in as in as in
53:36
little lado little late oh we're done
53:42
okay the air pressure built up during
53:47
the stop can be released by lowering the
53:50
size of their tongue this effect is
53:53
called lateral potion all right we've
53:56
got words in bold again watch out that
53:58
will be in the test so we were releasing
54:03
what was originally an oral stop instead
54:07
of releasing it orally we released it
54:09
how nasally right mad hmm lemon
54:14
originally it's an oral stop but it's
54:16
got a nasal right after we took the
54:18
bowel out no vowel at all and instead of
54:21
releasing it orally we push the air back
54:23
and it came out through the nose that
54:25
was a nasal release right and then we
54:27
call that nasal closure here's something
54:29
that works in a similar way but we're
54:31
not going to re-route the air under
54:34
pressure through the nose if it's got a
54:37
lateral release where is the from where
54:39
is the ear going to be released if it's
54:42
got a lateral release think about it a
54:46
lateral release go ahead Amy exactly
54:54
from the sides of the tongue that's
54:56
where the air will be released normally
54:58
a sound like T or D is going to be
55:00
released over the center of the tongue
55:02
tub but the air is coming right over the
55:05
center of the tongue but if it has a
55:07
lateral release there's an L after it
55:09
and we don't take our tongue away from
55:11
the alveolar ridge and we go straight to
55:13
the L with no vowel and the air gets
55:16
released from the sides of the tongue
55:18
that's called lateral motion everyone
55:21
lateral plosion
55:23
first of all I'm going to tell you i do
55:25
not have lateral plosion and I think
55:28
many Americans don't probably the
55:30
majority of Americans don't some do but
55:32
mainstream American does not use letter
55:35
implosion in my observation British
55:38
routinely uses lateral promotion it's
55:41
very typical of British English and i
55:43
had to get training in this from my
55:44
British teacher and I did it wrong at
55:47
first I'll tell you what I did wrong
55:48
first of all I say these two words like
55:51
this little ok don't repeat now just
55:54
listen and tell me what I'm doing little
55:57
ladle little ladle does that sound like
56:02
lateral ocean know what am i doing first
56:06
of all I have a tap I don't have a tea
56:07
it's a tab and then what comes after the
56:10
tab a schwa very good and then Oh a dark
56:14
out little that's my normal way of
56:16
saying it and I would think probably
56:18
majority of Americans do the same thing
56:19
ladle is Tom Shaw in case you don't know
56:22
what it is and I do the same thing
56:25
except it's a Dean out of tab labeled
56:27
ladle that time I did have a little bit
56:30
ladle ladle ladle lately no I don't
56:34
ladle ladle ladle sometimes I may have a
56:39
bit of lateral plosion but usually not I
56:41
don't think the point is that in
56:43
American we don't use it quite so much
56:45
but in British it's very very common i
56:47
would say its standard so instead of
56:48
saying little or little they say look
56:52
cool little and amy thought it was kind
56:55
of funny and you can hear the kind of
56:58
slobbery air coming out the side it'll
57:01
get a little bit there's a little bit of
57:03
saliva coming out there sometimes be
57:04
careful don't get too close to people so
57:06
little little and you will often be able
57:11
to see one or both sides of your face
57:13
when are both of your cheeks will puff
57:15
up a little bit so lift cool there we go
57:17
look cool cool now that's cool you get
57:21
okay
57:22
everybody tried to try to say little
57:25
with lateral closure and the British Way
57:28
a little lip fool look cool you need a
57:33
little puff there for it to be right now
57:35
how did I do it wrong when I first was
57:38
trying to imitate it I said little lit
57:41
full instead of this tool that sounds
57:46
pretty much the same right to my ears
57:49
they did too and that's why I did it
57:50
wrong but my teacher caught it
57:52
immediately when I did it wrong so if
57:54
your native speaker you'll know
57:55
something's wrong it took them a while
57:56
to think what was wrong it's just sort
57:59
of like the difference between why
58:02
choose and white shoes do you understand
58:05
it's a similar difference a difference
58:08
of timing so instead of saying white
58:13
shoes I should have said why choose it's
58:16
the why choose type that works here so
58:17
it's live pool the tea has to go
58:21
together with the L and that lit pull
58:24
that's what I was doing wrong so I
58:27
really have to yeah I really am grateful
58:30
to my British teacher because he's got
58:33
such a sharp Biron he could it took him
58:34
a while he says what's wrong it's not
58:36
right it's not right I know what you're
58:38
doing and then he fixed it so lip pull
58:41
I'm sorry lip pull get the wrong way
58:45
again lip pull lit pool that's lateral
58:50
motion all right how about for ladle
58:52
laid pool label label they're all right
59:00
that's lateral plosion we've got again
59:02
are they home organic are they home
59:05
organic yes they are just like with
59:08
nasal plosion we have a stop and we have
59:11
a lateral approximant this time after it
59:14
they must be home organic and there's
59:16
only one way for those two sounds to be
59:19
home organic the first sound must be
59:20
where what place of articulation has to
59:25
be let it has to be alveolar because L
59:26
is alveolar with nasals we have three
59:29
choices right it could be Orton or moon
59:31
mmm the alveolar nasal is the only
59:35
in one in American English but laterals
59:38
there is only one lateral so it has to
59:40
be alveolar so it's either t or d plus l
59:42
and ladle ladle I have a bit of a little
59:46
bit of lateral plosion but I don't feel
59:48
much pressure so I don't know if it
59:49
counts so little I definitely don't have
59:52
lateral closin ladle ladle ladle ladle
59:56
okay I'm sort of half and half on that
59:58
one but in British they definitely have
60:00
it that's it let's move on next
60:05
paragraph next reader oh they say give a
60:09
couple more examples and there could be
60:12
lateral plosion and words such as
60:13
Atlantic Atlantic did you hear me have
60:17
any lateral ocean atlantic do you hear
60:20
that implosion Atlantic come on know if
60:24
there were it would be at planted at
60:27
Atlantic Atlantic and I don't have it
60:31
let's go
60:35
Wendy this bring us to another important
60:40
point about coronal stops and nasos for
60:44
many speakers and any speakers for many
60:46
speakers including most Americans the
60:50
consonants between the vowels in words
60:52
such as city better writer is not really
60:56
a stop but a quick tap in which the
60:59
tongue tip is tongue tip to the a ton no
61:04
you're using an alveolar and we need a
61:06
velar here tongue tongue tongue the
61:08
tongue tongue yeah tongue tip good is
61:14
thrown against the alveolar Ridge
61:16
alveolar Ridge everybody remember
61:20
alveolar Ridge is not a compound noun it
61:22
is not alveolar Ridge alveolar Ridge
61:26
this cell is written in the IPA with the
61:31
symbol tap tap so that city can be
61:35
transcribed as city city remember that
61:39
final y is always e never in in America
61:42
never it at least in my American all
61:46
right fine many Americans also make this
61:50
episode also he also make this kind of
61:54
tap when two occurs after a stressed
61:57
vowel and before an unstressed vowel an
62:00
unstressed vowel unstressed vowel as a
62:03
result they do not discrete distinguish
62:07
between pairs of words such as letter or
62:10
and ladder all right let's stop there
62:12
and I'm going to summarize the rest so
62:14
please follow along this is how I say
62:17
these two words and I want you to tell
62:19
me if you think they are completely how
62:22
complete homophones or not are the exact
62:25
homophones or not ladder ladder ladder
62:27
ladder are they exactly the same okay
62:33
you can hear the difference right you
62:35
know how to listen now even a native
62:37
speaker would probably say well at least
62:38
they're the same I think they're the
62:40
same that's what they would do they're
62:42
the same yeah the other the same they're
62:46
not sure because
62:47
yeah there's something different and I
62:49
often have this feeling when I was a kid
62:50
like between ryder and ryder and in
62:54
theory i thought they should be the same
62:56
because i couldn't describe the
62:58
difference but i thought no they sound
63:00
different but it still it does sound i
63:02
mean when i was a kid i thought about
63:03
these things I really did in this case
63:06
they're even more similar than writer
63:08
and writer because writer has what
63:10
Canadian raising writer I remember
63:14
before a voiceless sound writer writer
63:16
they have an even bigger difference but
63:19
ladder and ladder if I'm speaking
63:22
quickly there is no difference if I
63:24
speaking quickly they are homophones if
63:26
I'm being careful I can make a
63:28
distinction latter first of all the tea
63:31
is voiceless so is that a before that a
63:34
sound before the tea going to be long or
63:36
short it's going to be shorter right so
63:40
we already know that even though it's
63:41
going to turn into a tap and is a tap
63:44
royster voiceless a tap is voiced but it
63:49
comes from a sound that is voiceless so
63:53
although a tap is in practice voiced we
63:57
still have to keep in mind that it came
63:59
from a voiceless to so even if I make
64:03
the voiceless to into a voice tab what's
64:07
going to happen to the vowel is it going
64:08
to lengthen or not this is important
64:11
make this clear in your notes so ladders
64:15
are holds up I've turned the tea into a
64:17
voice tag is that ass now I'm going to
64:20
get lengthened or not that's the
64:22
question so I'll say the tapped version
64:26
and untapped version together and
64:28
compare them latter ladder ladder ladder
64:31
and then teats a ladder ladder ladder
64:36
ladder now I'm emphasizing a bit but
64:41
that's the way it works if i turn the
64:44
tea into a tap it's now voice but what
64:46
about the vowel is it lengthened or not
64:48
no so that tells us that that tap is a
64:53
kind of yummy initiation it's a surface
64:56
phenomenon
64:57
d Tony meant a high so voiceless t we're
65:01
voicing it because we've got the tap
65:03
rule in America lose most of us do a lot
65:05
of us do but that see me bein is still a
65:08
tee and it's still voiceless so we don't
65:10
lengthen the vowel ladder that at is
65:12
just as short as in latta latter latter
65:15
ladder ladder with a real D we will
65:20
lengthen the app but when we're speaking
65:22
quickly you really can't hear the
65:24
difference even a native speaker can't
65:25
tell the difference and you'll probably
65:26
ask you to repeat it because they're not
65:29
sure which one it was and if you slow
65:31
down then you can make it clear so we
65:35
already talked about Canadian raising
65:37
writer writer that's at the end of the
65:39
paragraph so we're done with this
65:41
paragraph next reader please Sabina we
65:45
can summarize this discussion of stop
65:47
consonants by thinking of the
65:49
possibilities there are in the forms of
65:52
a branching diagram ok excuse me stop
65:54
consonants everyone watches the compound
65:56
stop consonants stop consonants we're
66:02
going to be looking at this diagram very
66:05
carefully pay attention listen and more
66:08
important than reading now I'd rather
66:10
have you listened to the reader and then
66:12
look at that diagram carefully to make
66:14
sure you understand it it's not that
66:16
difficult but you need to sort it out in
66:18
your head if you just look at it it's
66:19
not going to mean anything you have to
66:21
concentrate and listen to the reader go
66:23
ahead as shown in figure 3.5 the first
66:27
question to consider is whether the
66:30
gesture for the stop is released
66:32
exploded or not if it is right let's
66:35
let's go to the top of the diagram we're
66:37
starting with stops there are different
66:40
things that can happen with stops
66:41
depending on your eating and depending
66:43
on the choices we make if it's at the
66:46
end of a word we have a choice for
66:48
example stop we can say stop or we can
66:51
say stop either one right so if I say
66:55
stop where have we gone we've gone way
66:59
over to the right to the box that says
67:02
and make sure you say the end
67:04
it's unreleased all right so stop we're
67:08
done we're unreleased one if it is
67:12
released then is is it oral potion or is
67:17
the release due to a lowering of the
67:19
bilham elin bellum with air escaping
67:23
through the nose making a nasal plosion
67:25
nasal flushing nasal push right so stop
67:30
is unreleased we could release it stop
67:33
in that case where do we go on the
67:36
diagram Oh world Emma oral please yes
67:42
thank you oral so there we go stop
67:44
released oral and then we've got two
67:48
more choices let's keep going if it is a
67:51
repulsion then it's the closure in the
67:54
mouth entirely removed or is the
67:56
articulation in the mid mid line weekend
68:00
and one or betaine pasta sheets again it
68:03
gets the channel should we do wise
68:06
please retain and and one or both sides
68:11
of the tongue lowered so that air
68:14
escapes laterally all right in this case
68:17
stop where have we gone we've gone from
68:19
stops to release to oral and then
68:21
central or lateral central so we've
68:24
already figured that one out stop right
68:28
stop once your unreleased and it stops
68:30
there that's the end of the story but
68:31
then for stop we have stops released
68:34
oral central we're done there but what
68:37
if we have for example lit pull lift
68:41
pull in that case we have a stop all
68:44
right in lip pull was it released yes so
68:49
we go to released was it oral or nasal
68:51
it would please don't say oh they are
68:55
there we go oral it wasn't nasal so that
68:58
means we have two more choices was it
69:00
central or lateral there we go so we've
69:03
gone from stop to release to oral to
69:05
lateral all right how about hidden
69:08
hidden we go from stop to was it
69:12
released yes was it oral or nasal we're
69:16
done
69:16
that's the end of the story all right
69:18
everyone understands this diagram now
69:22
for coronal stops there's an additional
69:25
point for example little little and
69:29
let's finish the diagram there so it's a
69:32
stop tub becomes a dub is it released or
69:35
unreleased little little little it's
69:41
released and is it oral or nasal oral
69:45
right and is it and is the release
69:47
little is the release central or lateral
69:51
little we've already talked about the
69:55
pull and that has way what do we call
69:59
that lateral plosion right but now we're
70:02
doing it the American Way little so stop
70:06
released oral or nasal oral and now
70:11
we've got one more choice to make is it
70:14
central or lateral central that's the
70:16
difference I have central release my
70:19
British teacher has lateral release all
70:23
clear and that takes care of it one
70:25
fricatives next reader please grace for
70:30
you the tips the free glimpse of England
70:33
we pronounce that with a aspirated Kate
70:36
fricatives not forget his Rica the
70:39
frigate of the brink fricatives frigate
70:42
tubes the fricatives of English very
70:44
less than is very very less then the
70:48
stop consonants the stop consonants imma
70:53
stop consonants there stop consonants
70:57
yet the major elf on the variation Ella
71:01
phonic very funny funny phonic
71:04
telephonic variations very
71:07
yoga here variations that do occur do
71:11
occur that do occur I do occur that do
71:15
occur all right let's make sure we
71:17
understand it so far it says that
71:19
fricatives the Benoit be stop stop yet
71:23
the major Ella phonic variations that do
71:27
occur Joseph gotta be on my fan shop cuz
71:30
of gene yo the nation being wads I am
71:33
that do occur Dean yo do you understand
71:36
what I'm saying in chinese food walk cuz
71:38
a genial the nation sit down sit in that
71:41
case we're going to stress the helping
71:42
verb dude that's a rule keep that for
71:44
the future okay so hun shop cuz it
71:48
Jeannie old in Asia the ones that do
71:50
occur that do occur are in many ways
71:54
similar to those of the stops earlier we
71:58
saw that when the vow occurred before
71:59
one of the voiceless stops it is shorter
72:04
than it would be banned or would be then
72:07
it wouldn't you start since then it
72:12
would be before one of the voice stops
72:14
west / voice stops voice stops voice
72:18
stops but the go the same kind of
72:23
difference in the embel length occurs
72:26
before voiceless and voiced fricatives
72:28
the valving shoulder in the first word
72:31
of each of the pairs which each everyone
72:33
write this down because almost everybody
72:35
says fish and time I it's each its long
72:38
in each each each of the pair's strife
72:43
stripe good teeth teeth rice rice
72:49
mission vision very good we've already
72:53
covered this many times yes the sound
72:56
after the vowel is voiced than a vowel
72:59
is longer that's all we're saying it
73:02
works the same with fricatives as it
73:04
does with stops next Samantha stops and
73:08
fricatives fats stop Singh and
73:11
fricatives are the only English
73:13
consonants that can be either voiced or
73:15
voiceless consequently we can revise our
73:18
statement hand
73:20
the end we can revise our statement that
73:23
balls are shorter before voiceless stops
73:26
than before voice stops instead we can
73:30
say that valves are shorter before all
73:32
voiceless consonants than before all
73:34
voiced consonants are voiced consonants
73:37
all voiced consonants remember contrast
73:39
in this way we can capture a
73:44
linguistically significant
73:45
generalization generalization
73:48
generalization there's a timing issue
73:50
there instead of generalization which is
73:53
too slow we have to speed up some of the
73:55
extra syllables generalization still too
73:59
slow listen what's generalization
74:04
generalization instead of dinner
74:06
realization its generalization
74:10
generalization which as well
74:15
generalization generalization it has two
74:18
stresses actually I should have put both
74:19
in them generalization generalization
74:25
generalization it's getting better don't
74:28
say I that's more British we can say it
74:31
but we usually say it or a
74:33
generalization generalization there we
74:38
go that's the right timing so you have
74:40
to speed it up when it's an unstressed
74:42
syllable to get the right rhythm
74:44
generalization here you go that would
74:46
have been missed if our statement about
74:50
English had included two separate
74:52
statements one dealing with stops and
74:55
the other dealing with fricatives so
74:57
what they're saying is we can make the
74:58
rule more general instead of just saying
75:00
that a vowel is lengthened before a
75:03
voice stop we can now say a vowel is
75:06
lengthened before a voiced abstract and
75:09
that's coming up I guess it's coming up
75:11
at a couple paragraphs later we've
75:13
already learned ABS doin foo in which
75:15
includes stops and fricatives and let's
75:21
see the next one is about the same
75:26
information so we have similar behavior
75:29
between stops and fricatives as regards
75:32
vowel length
75:34
let's skip that paragraph next one
75:38
they're like each other in another way
75:41
the degree of voicing that occurs in a
75:44
fricative at the end of the word ooze
75:46
now remember we said I think we said
75:48
that the voicing only lasts about half
75:51
way through a final stop for example pad
75:55
pad for the rest of the staff the
75:58
voicing is gone and the same is true if
76:02
fricatives it's even clearer with
76:03
fricatives because you've got a little
76:04
stale at the end with Z so booze and by
76:09
the way what does ooze me just a hunt
76:13
Odelia don't Ishaan nigga yoggoy yeah my
76:16
man that eats who lie that's is a
76:18
toothpaste or yoga mat manda danza
76:22
utilize boobs when we say the finals ooh
76:25
only the first half is a voice zoo the
76:29
second half is a tale of voiceless so
76:31
listen who's can you hear that suit at
76:34
the end there's no voicing in the second
76:37
half of the Z ooze we need that voicing
76:41
in the first half so please don't
76:43
neglect that don't say loose that sounds
76:46
really funny so boos boos so the rule is
76:51
that if you have a final obstinate book
76:55
wants to stop well it's a fricative the
76:58
voice and lasts only about halfway
77:00
through the second half is voiceless
77:01
that's the rule so we've covered that
77:03
and we already know the word ops joint
77:07
we're on the second last paragraph on 66
77:10
fricatives do differ from stops in that
77:13
they sometimes involve actions of the
77:14
lips that are not immediately obvious
77:16
try saying Finn FinCEN shin and we've
77:20
got lip action in the first word because
77:23
it's lady oh dan Telfer everybody safe
77:25
in does it you chih-hao probably that C
77:28
is a thin but your lips move in any of
77:31
the other three words for example say a
77:35
thin sin Shin everyone
77:40
it's a thin it's thin thin that's better
77:46
don't say theme can you all distinguish
77:48
thin Wow good don't see everyone thin
77:52
thing beautiful you're good please teach
77:56
all of your friends because most people
77:58
say it's very thing when they mean to
78:00
say thin in Taiwan English so teach your
78:02
friends so do we have any lip action in
78:06
thin sin or shin yes or no it says here
78:12
that most people find they move their
78:14
lips lightly in any word containing sin
78:18
can you see it in my lips so sin sin
78:23
there's not much a tiny bit of lip
78:25
action for sin sin Dan Tien but how
78:29
about for thin and in the passion thin
78:32
I've lips doing anything nothing so
78:35
nothing for f of course we've got a lady
78:37
or dental for thin no lip action sin a
78:40
little bit so you turn the sound shat
78:43
upon a GTO your dentine not very much
78:46
sin since you're eating in teen like a
78:49
FIFA so they'll go deep on your identity
78:51
it's very slight sin sin yo but how
78:55
about if we say shin shin look at
79:00
my mouth Shin shin do we have lip action
79:05
it's often called rounding your Anglin
79:08
and that's where a lot of problems can
79:09
come in because in Taiwan English CH e
79:13
I'm sorry sh e is often pronounced too
79:16
many people say she because the textbook
79:18
tells us that we have lip action when we
79:22
say should write but is it food or shoot
79:26
no so in order to distinguish between a
79:29
240 will call that rounding for sure
79:32
we'll call that label ization labial
79:36
ization in chinese twin wha will
79:40
distinguish between the two with vh1 and
79:42
chew em qua if it's too mwah don't make
79:45
your lips too small and tight because
79:47
then we'll get you
79:48
and children instead of she and children
79:51
cheer co trong wat do well and Jean but
79:54
the lips are not tightly rounded that's
79:57
the important thing we need to know and
79:59
the same thing applies to you because
80:02
it's the same sound only voiced should
80:07
we call this label ization a secondary
80:11
articulation it's a secondary
80:14
articulation what's the difference
80:16
between a primary and a secondary
80:18
articulation in this in the primary
80:22
articulation what is our place of
80:25
articulation for a show that we learned
80:26
it's called show is classified as way
80:30
place of articulation everyone palette
80:35
go hallett Oh L velar together
80:41
good in addition to the palatal alveolar
80:45
place of articulation we've got label
80:47
ization which one has a closer
80:49
approximation so lambda the gym Naga
80:53
Naga chikwe calibido T the palette
80:57
palatal the palatal alveolar place of
81:01
articulation or the labial place of
81:03
articulation in which one do we have a
81:05
closer approximation of the articulator
81:10
one or two one there's a much closer
81:14
approximation of the articulator at the
81:17
palatal alveolar place of articulation
81:18
the label ization we have something
81:22
going on there but the lips do not get
81:24
that close together ok so the tongue is
81:29
very close to the palate Oh alveolar
81:32
area but first the lips are not as far
81:36
apart as for theirs they're more far
81:40
apart but for Shh they're more tense and
81:43
closer together but not that close
81:44
together it's not so make sure that you
81:49
understand the difference between a
81:50
primary and a secondary articulator it's
81:53
decided by in which case the to
81:55
articulate errs are closer together now
81:59
you go now have a TTY 3g make a dosa
82:02
primary articulation nike gel yet make
82:05
it just a secondary ok so we've got two
82:08
places of articulation but the label
82:10
ization is called a secondary
82:13
articulation next ron affricates and we
82:19
have some examples uh in addition to
82:24
Chuck and dub those are our two
82:26
affricates that are alpha sorry that are
82:28
phonemes in English we also have some
82:31
that occur in words sort of incidentally
82:36
like 8th your goatee Daggett eh they're
82:39
not exactly the same place of
82:40
articulation but because of the th the
82:43
tea will make a stick out your tongue 88
82:46
in fact i don't have the tea at all i'm
82:48
just going according to their example
82:50
say eight I have no tea at all the
82:51
eighth one at E is gone but if I had an
82:54
A if I had a tea in there it would be
82:56
eight we could call that an Africa
82:59
because although they are not the same
83:01
place of articulation the places of
83:03
articulation are very taba Henry alma te
83:09
gaan th man jean de they're very great
83:12
clothes so for some Africa Africa if the
83:15
two places of articulation are very
83:16
close we can count it as an African so
83:20
if the T plus a th they're close enough
83:22
we can count them but it is not a phony
83:25
it's not a separate phony it's just so
83:28
far that you don't Africa the same with
83:30
cats that forms because of the plural
83:33
ending s after cat so it's like the
83:36
Africa we have in Mandarin so it's just
83:39
that it's sooo cats we have the same
83:41
thing in English but is it a phoneme in
83:43
Mandarin so this is that it's is it a
83:47
phony my Mandarin yes it is is it a
83:51
phoneme in English no we've got a tea in
83:53
and ask those are two different sounds
83:55
two different phonemes that came
83:57
together it's a phonetic Africa it's not
84:00
a phonemic one it's not a phony each
84:05
badge that's good enough let's go on
84:08
nasals there's even less variation among
84:12
the nasals then there is among the
84:14
fricatives nasals together with RL can
84:18
be syllabic when they occur at the ends
84:20
of words and by the way we have a name
84:23
for R and L that will come up soon r and
84:26
l are a separate class called liquids
84:31
liquids you mr. Holmes winch on this
84:35
young in in Chinese are called Leo in yo
84:38
shadaloo Leo in liquids ours and l's
84:42
together form a class called liquids and
84:47
beyond that liquids are often grouped
84:50
together with nasals for certain
84:52
aliphatic rules you also argan ldp
84:55
option goodness
84:57
be enhanced yeah so we often hear the
85:00
phrase liquids and nasals you want
85:01
comment yo shoukata pouch in MLA sudah
85:03
liquids and nasals so it says here that
85:08
they can all be syllabic when they occur
85:11
it the ends of words and we put that
85:13
little mark that line under the symbol
85:16
to show it is syllabic that means no
85:18
vowel if an l and r are or a nasal forms
85:26
a syllable all by itself with no schwa
85:28
in front of it no vowel at all then we
85:29
say it is syllabic sica dudes etawah go
85:35
tango india echo in the in surgical tech
85:39
india so want to me oh Moo in the team
85:41
wants a shot then it's syllabic so we
85:43
may have it in words like seven in that
85:46
case we have a syllabic in and table
85:52
table and british more likely hey boo
85:56
boo absolutely no vowel then we have a
85:59
syllabic out but I say table do I have a
86:03
syllabic L table no because I have a I
86:07
have a schwa there so it's not syllabic
86:09
for me so a lot of the things that you
86:11
learn from the kick to write in the KKK
86:14
MBO is syllabic tease the water you when
86:17
they ship was a syllabic little i have a
86:19
swap saddle and table I have a schwa for
86:25
all of those in most pronunciations
86:28
Prison prison they often don't have a
86:32
schwa no vowel so those can be
86:34
considered syllabic and and if it is
86:38
reduced and if it comes between two
86:40
wheeler sounds it may become a syllabic
86:43
velar nasal listen Jack and so the cake
86:46
Kate starts with a cake Jack and cake
86:48
Jack and cake Jack mmm the and turned
86:52
into in so try jack and kate Jack and
86:56
Kate right
87:00
and the last paragraph on 67 one way to
87:04
consider the different status of a or an
87:07
MA is that in the history of English it
87:09
was derived from a sequence of the
87:10
phonemes and Angie and that's why we
87:12
write it ng originally it was not a
87:15
phoneme it was n plus go together two
87:18
different sounds over time they
87:20
assimilated to each other Tong voila and
87:23
then we got the new sound with knoji
87:26
after it so at an earlier time we had
87:29
singha to the tonga used to be soon good
87:32
and sync used to be sink sink Josie oh
87:37
sure Jenny Johnson k then there was a
87:40
sound change that turned the end into up
87:42
to an egg ma so it became singing cook
87:45
and sing good sing good with sink we
87:49
kept the K but how about with single
87:51
what happened to it we dropped the G
87:55
right we don't say singha we say sing
87:57
although some foreigners will say that
88:00
let's see how much we have left here we
88:02
won't finish today but we're very close
88:05
we're definitely going to finish on
88:07
monday so you need to start preparing
88:08
for the next test I know it's test after
88:11
test but that's because I was very
88:13
gentle with you at the beginning we took
88:15
a long time at the beginning and one
88:18
reason we can save time now is because I
88:19
told you a lot of stories at the
88:22
beginning I took a lot of diversions he
88:25
said giulio because I knew they were
88:27
coming and I wanted to save us time
88:30
later so i told you at the beginning so
88:32
actually we did spend the time but we
88:34
just did it earlier than the textbook it
88:37
says something about er here we deleted
88:42
the G when it was part of part of a
88:48
suffix for example when it was either at
88:51
the end of the word it was it soo ate a
88:54
lot then we would just say sing with no
88:57
good or if it was a stem plus a suffix
89:00
like Earth so do we say singer or singer
89:05
singer because earth a suffix its away
89:08
dover de
89:08
but how about in finger is that er it's
89:11
the way or is it part of the same phone
89:13
it's kind of the same morphine it's part
89:17
of the same morphine has a sweet
89:18
colleague of you sue so we keep the G in
89:21
that case finger but I think I mentioned
89:24
there rdy for example long the
89:27
comparative is longer and for strong
89:31
it's stronger so there are exceptions
89:36
there's one more and I forgot what the
89:37
third one longer stronger hiding like a
89:40
in jisu it up she owns I can't remember
89:43
it right now however some speakers of
89:47
English both in the UK and in the US for
89:50
example in New York they will say singer
89:53
and finger both in New York some people
89:57
do it not everybody woman nigga would
89:59
didn't even the nigga Popo Nubian
90:02
dejaras come on Yoda momenta at least we
90:05
got right to the end of the section so
90:07
we have approximate sand overlapping
90:09
gestures left so it's our union Chengdu
90:12
but not much so you have the rules for
90:15
English constant allophones to write out
90:17
by hand and someone asked if you have to
90:21
write out all the explanations after the
90:23
rules the answer is no only the rules
90:25
the numbered rules don't get in Asia
90:27
tongue the explanations brioschi you
90:29
don't need that just the rules and you
90:32
have your pot assignment start early on
90:35
it so you can get familiar with pots it
90:37
takes a little more time to get used to
90:39
it the learning curves a little steeper
90:40
than with wasp it's a little more
90:42
complex but it's so flexible and you can
90:47
use it for many things diacritics we're
90:50
going to cover that start in the
90:51
exercises to do that right DOM and all
90:56
this is do it's on the website when
90:57
everything is do is on the web page I
90:59
didn't write it in my notebook have all
91:01
that stuff ready we're going to have a
91:03
test on chapter three very soon so make
91:06
sure you're all ready we're going to
91:07
have to zip through chapter four chapter
91:09
five is even more important in one year
91:11
I jumped chapter five before I did
91:13
chapter four to make sure we spent a lot
91:15
of time on five and didn't rush through
91:17
it we may take tetra five next instead
91:20
of four so when we're rushing
91:22
rushing through four and not five okay
91:24
so we may jump to chapter 5 next through
91:26
chapter for last so we can if we get
91:28
stuck rushing then we're rushing through
91:29
four and five do we have any questions
91:32
at all okay the next chapter probably
91:35
will be five what I guys as well as your
91:37
thing will probably do that again so we
91:39
don't have to rush through it as much no
91:41
questions so work on your homework start
91:44
early do a little bit every day all at
91:45
once it will be overwhelming so spread
91:47
it out that's it we will see you next
91:49
Monday