Transcript


00:17
we're going to start today but we're
00:21
going to go over the written performance
00:23
exercises second hour we're going to go
00:25
over chapter 5 first hour during break
00:28
it should be about 17 or so of you have
00:32
been assigned part of the exercises to
00:35
put on the board most of the exercises
00:37
we're going to do orally we're going to
00:38
go around the class for some of them we
00:40
need to draw heads and to write out
00:44
transcription so we're going to do that
00:46
second hour during the break you put
00:48
your answers on the board those of you
00:50
who have been assigned an exercise so
00:54
does anybody have any questions before
00:56
we continue we're going to be pushing
00:59
through chapter five quite quickly we
01:01
still have chapter four to get to so
01:03
that's going to be even faster so if you
01:05
are able try to read the chapter
01:08
yourself bring your questions to class
01:10
it will save us all a lot of time and
01:12
you'll get more out of it rather than
01:15
just kind of tagging along passively as
01:17
we're doing things in class you need to
01:19
read ahead chapter five and go to
01:21
chapter four when you have a little yuly
01:24
you have a little extra time and energy
01:26
and we're going to go that through that
01:28
one really fast okay that's it we're
01:34
going to continue with chapter five now
01:37
exercise a second hour let's go to our
01:40
next reader okay in reading spectrograms
01:45
the first and most basic observation to
01:48
make instead there are three basic types
01:51
of sounds a stuff appears as a wide gap
01:56
silence followed by a very thin vertical
01:58
stripe the release burst you can see
02:03
this pattern end up both productions of
02:07
opposite in figure 5.1 all right
02:11
everyone stop at that point and find the
02:14
part on the spectrogram that is being
02:16
referred to an attacks the paw and
02:17
opposite we have a white space why
02:23
because up puts it up we have silence
02:28
and then we have a release there's a
02:32
birth so we're going to see a long
02:33
vertical line the silence is the hold
02:37
phase of the stop right hold remember
02:41
approach hold release remember that from
02:43
the tutorial this is the hold face we're
02:45
holding that air under pressure inside
02:48
of our oral cavity and then when we
02:51
release it it makes noise and that's
02:53
that long vertical spike let's go on
02:55
fricatives appears as dark patches much
02:59
more fricatives appear yeah as dark
03:03
patches near the top of diff spectrogram
03:07
spectrum ya SPECT spectrograph ok this
03:13
earth opposite is visible in both
03:15
productions a step method actions
03:18
production production as is the after
03:24
action the third basic type of sounds
03:29
includes vowels about three basic type
03:32
of basic type of sound right includes
03:38
fallows approximants and nasals and has
03:43
anywhere from two to five monthly from
03:49
from X to Y right from two front two to
03:55
write with roughly parallel horizontal
03:58
and generally with one band bit below a
04:03
thousand hurts hurts under vertical
04:07
scale scale one between 1000 and 2000
04:11
prints and another between two thousand
04:14
and two thousand Hertz two thousand
04:17
thousand Hertz ok Hertz has repeated so
04:20
we don't stress it three thousand 33
04:24
thousand her three thousand Hertz three
04:27
thousand or three thousand Hertz because
04:29
thousands repeated as well let's find
04:31
all those we already talked about the
04:32
stop we also have fricatives what if
04:35
fricatives look like on a spectrogram
04:37
fifth line everybody dark patches near
04:41
the
04:42
why are they near the top because on a
04:45
spectrogram the vertical axis shows us
04:49
what the vertical access reflects sweat
04:59
judo patience to the sistema Hertz which
05:05
is frequency right hurts means how many
05:08
vibrations per second so the vertical
05:11
axis shows us frequency and if those
05:14
dark pack patches are towards the top of
05:17
the spectrogram what can we say about
05:18
those patches what can we say about
05:20
fricatives that's right they have high
05:26
frequencies ah is very low compared to
05:34
SH which is very high when you have
05:36
fricative noise you get a lot of high
05:38
frequencies and that's why they are very
05:41
hard to hear over the phone because the
05:43
phones don't give us those high
05:44
frequencies phones only go to something
05:46
like thirty five hundred thirty seven
05:48
hundred Hertz you can see these are far
05:50
above 35 or 37 hurts so older people as
05:54
well will have trouble hearing them
05:56
because as we get older after age 18 or
05:59
19 you start losing your higher
06:02
frequencies isn't that scary you're
06:04
already getting old your ears are
06:06
already getting old babies have the best
06:08
hearing little babies they're hearing is
06:10
really really good by the time you're 18
06:13
or 19 you may still be hearing about
06:16
18,000 to twelve thousand Hertz
06:18
frequencies and those right in that
06:20
range but after you're 18 or 19 you
06:23
start going downhill you start losing
06:25
it's very slowly over life losing the
06:27
higher frequencies so that's why it's
06:30
harder to tell the difference between
06:32
and since when you're older you're
06:34
speaking on the phone so those dark
06:37
patches are our fricatives with high
06:39
frequencies and then we have a third
06:41
basic type of sound including three
06:45
kinds of sounds vowels approximants and
06:51
nasals these will have those dark bands
06:54
we
06:55
attention in class last time which are
06:57
they reflect what louder syllabics are
07:08
included you can put them in that
07:10
category not all of them are celibate
07:12
and can be syllabic but what are those
07:15
black bands we talked about it last time
07:19
we've got one two three four black bands
07:22
right everybody knows what I'm talking
07:24
about I know the image is really tiny
07:26
here but one two three four black bands
07:30
right those are formants the performance
07:36
go Jenn foam that's what those are
07:38
remember when you are talking about the
07:40
creaky format and the whisper formant or
07:43
the whistling formant f1 and f2 these
07:47
are f1 f2 f3 and f4 we don't need up for
07:50
four phonetics we usually don't use that
07:52
for occasionally we do but very rarely
07:54
f1 and f2 are the very most important f3
07:58
is also important for ours for rounding
08:03
okay mainly for ours and rounding those
08:06
are the two big things that we need the
08:07
f 34 okay so you can see with this third
08:13
type of sound we get formants that means
08:16
kochany menya we should call me those
08:19
are not reflections of what's happening
08:23
at the glottis just a Sunday a bin ich
08:27
ayada nigga oh yeah this is sha me and
08:30
yoga so with a voice bar Shami and yoga
08:33
hey hey hey waiter eat cow CR you're
08:37
voicing the diva 3d poner bien y yo in
08:41
with sybian the nigga pindy boy uncle
08:43
but which how could a guy who buy paints
08:46
on unless you're singing soprano it will
08:48
go over a thousand but thats singing
08:50
soprano because the ping zhang jian hua
08:52
shi Wu Zhu by in a joy yo so Shamia
08:55
nigga hey way that they d tau neck it's
08:58
a voice bar I be also you're voicing new
09:01
google com butanna just make
09:02
improvements the male voice inga if it's
09:04
our white there's no voice thing
09:06
everybody look up here you can't see the
09:08
picture really clearly but just the
09:10
three shamans the ER sense to tell
09:13
Foreman Shami and just sit down sit to
09:17
eat cow moose it's a Sunday hazel niggas
09:21
a voice bar browser your voice thing
09:23
Mayo cottage so jose de mayo voicing so
09:27
those are things we can get from the
09:28
spectrogram with voice sounds you will
09:31
see a voice bar you will also see these
09:34
four formants we don't need the fourth
09:36
one we'll talk about three okay so those
09:39
are formats those are resonances
09:42
happening in your mouth remember when I
09:43
was making shapes with my hands so the
09:50
first one was lower the second one was
09:51
higher that reflects the resonance of
09:54
the space i'm making with my cupped
09:56
hands the same thing happens in our
09:58
vocal tract woman subtle equine go weeds
10:01
pattinson to lighten Asia they do do the
10:05
digger Kanye and passion syndrome boo
10:07
Yong Lisa who yo call me niggas
10:09
informants lip when she and don't think
10:11
I malebranche boycott just for those of
10:13
you who can understand this much and for
10:15
those of you who are going on yo
10:17
litigate in Johnny hope your house
10:19
so those are formats that you see with
10:21
vowels approximants and nasals they're
10:24
all voiced with voicing you're going to
10:26
see those resonances in the vocal tract
10:29
alright so if you don't get it out it's
10:31
okay just team watch you and we'll come
10:33
back to it in the future it says they
10:36
have go ahead has anywhere from two to
10:39
roughly five parallel hurls horizontal
10:41
bands but we only care about the first
10:46
the only horizontal bands that we care
10:49
about really for phonetics are the first
10:52
door schalke first two are the most
10:57
important we actually care about f32
10:59
rounding and ours so we really only care
11:04
about the first three formats f1 f2 f3
11:07
tea towel being with high guan xin they
11:09
don't tell us information about
11:11
individual sounds that we need to know
11:13
most of that information you'll find in
11:15
the first three formats ok let's
11:17
continue he
11:18
see that the unstressed unstressed
11:21
vowels of the first upset are quite
11:24
short in duration less than 0.05 seconds
11:31
on the run nigga we are yall niggas with
11:34
the homie enjoy five seconds less than
11:38
0.5 sec 0.05 seconds once more less less
11:43
than 0.05 second one smarty so you can
11:47
stop now hope is a seconds it's seconds
11:49
and so it's alright so less than 0.05
11:53
seconds watch less seconds with the app
11:56
and then point you'll go stop okay last
12:01
then you're saying glass it should love
12:04
less yeah less than then 0.05 seconds
12:10
your point 0.05 seconds seconds second
12:16
there we go opposite so that it is not
12:18
pronounced opposite but did you skip a
12:23
line really Sarge seconds on the
12:27
horizontal scale and one of the two has
12:31
completely vanished in that vanished in
12:35
the second opposite so that it is not
12:39
pronounced opposite there are another
12:42
indication opposite opposite isn't
12:45
there's no there's no vowel there at all
12:47
opposite others yeah the schwa
12:49
disappeared opposite there are another
12:53
indication you're our way another like
12:56
other other indications of reduced
12:59
pronunciation in the second production
13:02
of this word all out of the south all
13:06
love all of the segments segments are
13:10
shorter the first vowel has no studies
13:14
studies 90 that is steady steady steady
13:17
state portion see how the segments are
13:22
shorter the first vowel has no studies
13:26
studies they
13:28
oh my god yeah see how the second
13:35
highest start and goes down in frequency
13:38
throughout the vowel we're in the first
13:41
production through massive lado plateau
13:43
madam no no listen I'll tap plateau back
13:47
to twist my mail tab very good the
13:54
second syllable stress plateau we
13:55
wouldn't say plateau but now home and yo
13:57
Joe in the hot Joe me I'll tap plateau
13:59
usually okay active and this is slider
14:03
at the top of the spectrogram spec
14:06
spectrum yeah your system at your
14:08
pronunciation is good overall but hondo
14:11
air when in an handle opening ah so
14:15
they're just giving you a short
14:16
introduction to spectrogram reading
14:18
we've looked at stops voiceless stops
14:22
they're all white and then we get what
14:24
after the burst after we release the
14:27
stop what do we get up what do we get
14:31
after the white part and the spectrogram
14:36
along what kind of line
14:43
what kind of line can go back to the
14:46
beginning of the paragraph to find it
14:49
it's the second line a stop appears as a
14:52
white gap silence followed by a very
14:55
what's the rest thin vertical stripe
15:00
which is the release burst okay look
15:05
again at the P and opposite everything's
15:08
white and then tranche annual you go to
15:11
nigga should make a bow in two to
15:15
the negative in bursts the second thing
15:20
we looked at was fricatives look at the
15:22
fricatives you can just look towards the
15:24
top part of the spectrogram how do we
15:26
find the fricatives look for right dark
15:31
patches to in the upper half of the
15:33
spectrogram those are everybody with the
15:40
first one we were talking about stops
15:42
especially voiceless stops with voice
15:44
stops they're similar but they're
15:46
shorter and they have voicing so the
15:48
first one was about voiceless stops like
15:50
put the second one those dark patches in
15:52
the upper part of the spectrogram are
15:56
freaking toes there we go if you're good
15:59
so we've covered stops fricatives and
16:02
the third thing we're looking at are the
16:06
voice sounds like vowels approximants
16:12
and nasal says everybody found it if you
16:16
haven't found it make sure you find it
16:19
I'm not going to give you detailed
16:22
questions on spectrograms but we do need
16:24
to understand this much since it's
16:25
already here at in this chapter and it
16:29
says that they have anywhere from two to
16:32
roughly five parallel horizontal bands
16:35
what are they called what what are those
16:37
what do those bands reflect those are
16:40
the just hey hey that your sense the
16:43
initiate also sama the lines here is the
16:49
dark lines that go across here what are
16:53
those
16:54
john-boy to detain drd champion formance
16:59
formas where the fricatives we are the
17:03
fricatives where do we see the
17:06
fricatives right upper half of the
17:11
spectrogram it may go below the half
17:13
mark but the upper part of the
17:14
spectrogram that's where we see
17:16
fricatives their dark and they have what
17:19
kind of frequencies high frequencies ok
17:25
so if we covered that now everybody
17:27
knows the white patches for stops
17:29
especially voiceless stops the second
17:31
one was fricatives we look for on the
17:36
spectrogram where do we look for for
17:38
fricatives what part of the spectrogram
17:43
the upper lower part ok and what do we
17:46
see dark patches ok we're clear now on
17:50
those two things the third thing was
17:52
vowels approximants and nasals those are
17:57
the ones that have the four bars we may
17:59
see five bars in some cases actually
18:01
there are more but we only care about
18:03
how many of those bars three the first
18:07
three bars these three bars at the
18:09
bottom ok tisha hey hey da ETO it out or
18:13
treat everybody knows what we're talking
18:14
about is there anybody who does not know
18:17
if you don't know raise your hand and
18:18
that our TA will help you ok so if we
18:22
can you help Amy show her where the bars
18:23
are that we're talking about the
18:24
fricatives I'm sorry performance ok Amy
18:28
you know we're talking about anybody
18:29
else raise your hand if you wanna ta to
18:32
show you where the bars are ok good
18:34
shokera let's do it this way i'm going
18:37
to show all the people in the front row
18:38
and then you show the people behind and
18:40
then everybody show the people behind
18:41
you ok here e % e our senses so yo city
18:49
i'll just use the form and silicones
18:51
info one two three four got it is it
18:57
clear ok you're going to have to go to
18:59
the people behind you and show the rest
19:02
one two three four zatia hater
19:06
those are the formants tell the people
19:08
behind you okay because you're
19:10
responsible for this material and you're
19:12
responsible for telling us if it's not
19:14
clear because we'll make it clear if
19:15
it's not bri show this this is no time
19:18
for shyness it's never time for china's
19:20
in class okay unless you have a teacher
19:22
tells you'd always shut up all right and
19:24
I don't think that happens not at the
19:26
University those are the formants you're
19:29
going to see with what three kinds of
19:31
sounds about excuse me vowels
19:39
approximants nasals what do they all
19:42
have in common why do we put those in a
19:44
group do you think they're all voiced
19:46
their all voiced in addition they are
19:50
all well approximants less so but the
19:54
other two are definitely continuance
19:56
such as you eat so we see them spread
19:59
over a period of time the approximants
20:02
we can put them together with
20:04
continuance because they're definitely
20:05
not stuffs but approximants are shorter
20:08
they are continuance but they're shorter
20:10
nasals and bowels can be quite a bit
20:12
longer all of them will show up on a
20:17
spectrogram with those four bars those
20:19
are formats nice with coach young lady
20:21
she ago mean we don't need to go in
20:24
detail about it if you just know that
20:26
they are resonances in the upper vocal
20:28
tract joseline either shunned out let's
20:31
take up what's it you sounded defiantly
20:33
share combing defying me to delegate
20:36
Yoko ela there are resonances that means
20:39
need a coach and even your goods on con
20:41
gian Papa Shango 52 lightest ringing now
20:45
how you share in which I tongue you wish
20:46
every general don't you sit down sit
20:49
does is bitch at um the Angels the Atari
20:52
Taylor formats okay if you heard that
20:54
much you don't understand it 100% it's
20:56
not important now but you need to know
20:58
that these lines will reflect these
21:01
voice sounds bowels approximants and
21:04
nasals and you will see what range they
21:08
are in do they do those the first
21:11
reformants go as high in frequency as
21:14
the fricatives yes or no
21:18
the first three four months just a
21:20
champion Madonna to join y'all descent
21:23
ow the conformance and you hate I
21:26
pathways young fricatives pin unimog
21:28
alma yes or no no they are not so high
21:33
cummins I shama he bang fricative sighs
21:37
shaman you by now unless it's Owen
21:40
fricatives you milk einzelhandel ET le
21:42
child it Jesus a yaoi share cuz the
21:44
Manama mention cosa niggas is I some
21:47
bamboo ah Tenacious owie we canna to lie
21:51
Shaban Shaban Pujols in the sanjong
21:53
voice sounds you'll each other formats
21:56
kind of my mind means gender are we ok
21:59
so far questions asked questions please
22:03
that's your responsibility please don't
22:05
complain later that it wasn't clear
22:06
because you have to ask now another
22:09
thing they want you to look at is look
22:11
at opposite kasama you shih tzu now how
22:14
you wish it gentle now opposite opposite
22:18
say we'll get more into summer move in
22:19
opposite to schwa and you can it to some
22:24
catch and hold your kind of down nigga
22:25
choix de spectrogram down like it
22:27
somebody answer nigga schwa and tama
22:29
look at the first word is the opposite
22:34
the opposite nigga e if you look here to
22:39
get detail to aid a nigga the nigga mean
22:42
the opposite nigga hands hang cuz the
22:46
opposite sit is that Schwab airing on no
22:51
it's very short so that's what they're
22:53
telling you and top tier 2 2 she
22:59
understood how opposites so nigga Trejo
23:01
at the end how long yo that's way how I
23:02
get you and how come on yo kambui dari
23:05
good move in zai Nali up sit up sit up
23:09
her just upper limb en a nigga earth so
23:12
opposite I think oh sorry they're
23:15
probably talking about a / niggas wha
23:17
opposite SEO langosch wada so up nigga
23:20
wicked one sit we saw each idea it has a
23:24
tree hugger India so opposite up her
23:28
agenda in get going I down is a nigga de
23:31
gauche wha up
23:32
upper all right design does is sit now
23:35
niggas yeah and one opposite your
23:38
drawing because the upper nigga a
23:40
phase-out one ok then in the second one
23:46
opposite Italian nigga India domain and
23:48
chula niggas rado meola up sit up sit
23:51
nigga jajajaja and that often happens we
23:54
had a web page on it like family becomes
23:56
family even in becomes evening etc so
24:01
schwa tamio Joey inertia hall now how
24:05
your sunday in jail you sounded tongue
24:07
commit yourselves to opposite opposite
24:09
ok crema let's finish there are other
24:15
indicators of reduced pronunciation the
24:17
second production we're in the first
24:20
production there was a plateau that's
24:21
right i remember the plateau where the
24:23
suit is lighter at the top of the
24:25
spectrogram so opposite deride sudeshna
24:28
hope you kind of get sued digas looking
24:31
d argus will I be Sammy a nigga 33 hey
24:36
des sorry Sonny bad nigga sister
24:38
julienne so de su viaje has a tear to do
24:42
hey did you eat super janky ow dr
24:46
teachings of Cheong food asleep when im
24:47
a champion will be judging yen so
24:50
descent in pagosa ma yes to the shanty
24:54
and I be Osama singing the da xiao so
24:59
Jojo shows this way frequency good
25:04
hangzhou shows us time time this is
25:09
Jenna the ocean are just a time na hona
25:13
sunshine Joseph Smarr loudness so we
25:18
have three dimensions of santacon gender
25:20
you'll sank a boot on de justice and
25:23
wake home dear alright so now we're
25:27
ready for the next reader go Tina when
25:31
words are said income Nettie speech like
25:34
my beach speech yeah they may be
25:38
pronounced with varying degrees of
25:41
emphasis
25:42
and this results in varying degrees of
25:45
dev double agent didi deviation from the
25:50
citation Rama watch the M from from the
25:56
citation form mm-hmm which can be take
26:00
taken as the most M emphatic
26:04
phonetically for form of the word not
26:07
for full everybody full full all right
26:13
I'm going to have you stop there and
26:14
we're going to try to rush through it a
26:15
bit so when we say words in connected
26:18
speech they're quite different from the
26:21
way they sound in isolation is that
26:23
right Stanley Stanley asked me a
26:25
question after class last time he says
26:27
why do they say this so clearly all the
26:29
time when I check the sound files well
26:32
what was Stanley using for sound files
26:37
right he was using sound files from an
26:40
online dictionary so in the dictionary
26:42
what kind of pronunciation do we get the
26:45
citation form when words occur in
26:48
running speech they're going to be
26:49
reduced a lot of things are going to
26:51
change we're going to have a lot of
26:53
assimilation hello Tom wat attention
26:55
hiyo handle reduction yahoo a julep la
26:58
sao tome haha rule qua assimilation and
27:01
reduction will find a lot of that in
27:03
running speech and it says in chapters
27:05
three and four we didn't go to four yet
27:07
we discussed rules for consonant vowel
27:10
allophones that help us describe the
27:12
patterns of pronunciation found in
27:13
citation forms the range of phonetic
27:16
variability found in connected speech is
27:18
a good deal greater and more subtle that
27:21
means justice like John quad it's like a
27:23
Schiele Oh dong zhuo woman John danisha
27:25
quasar yo cuzzo quakin quads on law we
27:29
can rule wha good you don't tom wash in
27:32
shop things will mush together more in
27:35
speech they will be influencing each
27:37
other more in speech meet on duniya
27:39
neither in again and change hidden in
27:41
cont but when we're speaking we don't do
27:44
that just like the example we had before
27:46
of teaching turgeon's her gentle gentle
27:49
if you're going to read it to a
27:51
foreigner what would you say
27:54
how do you say taxi Jay Chung truly
27:57
would say it very clearly but if you're
27:59
gonna if you're in a hurry to get to
28:01
class on time you have to take a taxi
28:02
I'm dental holla right Jen's hook you're
28:05
not going to say gee tong tool or why
28:07
need we don't say one e its wine ye and
28:10
that's going to happen even more when in
28:14
running speech okay so the range of
28:18
phonetic variability is is even greater
28:21
and more subtle than what you find in
28:23
citation for insanity equator should
28:25
young citation forms na jung hwa jang
28:29
geun young Zola so it's very hard to
28:32
describe the sound parents of
28:34
conversational speech is alternations
28:36
among phonetic symbols quantitative
28:39
measurement of duration amplitude and
28:41
frequency is often a more insightful way
28:44
to proceed I see us a printing mistake a
28:49
typo what should it be top line the
28:53
first line of 109 cross out one letter
28:58
which letter the s in ways is a toda
29:02
this is dense jewel is often a more
29:05
insightful way to proceed so instead of
29:09
describing each individual sound like we
29:11
did in the in the aliphatic rules we're
29:15
going to be using different ways to
29:17
measure the sounds of connected speech
29:20
what are they we're going to use bottom
29:24
on muy bajo su Li and hua what are we
29:26
going to measure one duration means how
29:31
long something last has surged inches
29:33
you dojo is duration pathogens on the
29:36
tongue do its duration number two is
29:40
amplitude which is loudness and then the
29:45
physical measure of amplitude in Chinese
29:47
is called jen foo gen hey gen Delta gen
29:52
food old elf ooh gent who has nothing to
29:55
do with politics alright so Jen fool and
29:57
frequency p nu those are the three
30:01
things we're going to measure because
30:03
the sounds get changed so much and so
30:05
much together it's
30:07
tired to talk about each individual
30:08
sound we're going to measure these three
30:09
things says nevertheless than useful
30:12
observations about phonetic reduction in
30:14
conversational speech can be based on
30:16
careful phonetic transcription Bhutan
30:19
woman soooo soooo meta-gene going
30:22
to a toda henson she woman UK cuenta de
30:25
hond o Jawa dong quai fashion diva drunk
30:28
on chictopia she is young the key
30:31
difference between citation and citation
30:34
speech and connected speech is what the
30:37
variable degree of emphasis placed on
30:40
words in connected speech this is
30:42
something that is not emphasized much in
30:44
English education Taiwan in my
30:46
observation if it's changed somebody
30:48
tell me but there is less emphasis
30:50
pardon the pun placed on emphasis on
30:54
stress in teaching English in Taiwan
30:56
email all she GFE sounds all set so NEMA
31:00
Julia know anybody else Ruby no mayo
31:05
fate sounds also join in now if somebody
31:08
if you were teaching Chinese new gourmet
31:10
off a time song Shashank down each other
31:13
kohima that's the one thing you will not
31:16
compromise on right don't win sides a
31:19
man sloppy dancer your consonant is gone
31:21
your vowel has changed but you will not
31:24
compromise on tone alright actually
31:27
toned haha cuando don't cheat whitey
31:29
the fancy but no matter
31:33
what that tone has to be solid you have
31:35
to know what you're doing you can't just
31:37
say anything if the tone is wrong it's
31:39
not good Chinese it just doesn't work
31:40
the other things you're so he usually
31:43
didn't sloppiness cause the tone you're
31:46
pushing so in English it's the same
31:49
basically stress is at least as
31:51
important as tone in Chinese you have to
31:53
get this dress right or we won't
31:54
understand if somebody keeps saying huh
31:56
huh they're not giving you a hard time
31:59
they probably really didn't understand
32:00
if you've got this dress wrong stress is
32:02
so important in addition we don't just
32:05
have word stress we also have what are
32:08
the three levels compound nouns dress
32:11
right this is sweet words dress to eat
32:14
zone but it's a special kind so those
32:16
three levels we need to keep in mind
32:18
keep them separate word stress
32:20
food Joey fool her means the jong-in is
32:24
another level compound noun stress and
32:27
finally we have sentence intonation
32:29
please review the article in the pseudo
32:33
magazine about this these three levels
32:35
of stress jaja engender hangzhou meow
32:38
nepean pets iconshock because it has
32:41
information that will be covering in
32:43
this chapter just shootin a peon strong
32:45
in yonder and Joanie outta cali peon you
32:48
may get some new stuff out of it we have
32:50
sentence intonation and the things we
32:53
stress in a sentence they reflect what
32:56
the biggest index reflected in sentence
33:01
intonation is what juicy juicy to india
33:04
cafe in the trees on yahoo you go to the
33:06
zoo zoo zoo ma I'll tell you and
33:10
remember this because a lot of things
33:11
will come back to it information value
33:13
information value how important is it
33:17
how new is it hi old washing gentle
33:20
jeongyeon that's information value by
33:24
important we mean because just to
33:27
carry more meaning how the information
33:28
value beat you can choose the light be
33:31
they have higher information value but
33:34
even if it's a and we've already
33:36
mentioned it once what happens when we
33:40
mention it the second time is it so
33:42
Shinji in the second time no information
33:44
value goes down so what happens in
33:47
intonation it becomes unstressed so you
33:51
see sentence intonation is basically all
33:54
about information value how important
33:58
house engine how fresh and new something
34:00
is when it's important it gets stressed
34:03
when it's new it gets stressed she she
34:04
and Joe that's what sentences are face
34:07
on the CT angio as soon as it's joe it
34:10
becomes unstressed so this is really
34:16
really important that's what you need to
34:17
know and because we've got these highs
34:20
and lows of stress in a sentence it
34:23
makes it really hard to analyze and
34:26
transcribe and reflect everything that's
34:28
going on but a spectrogram will show
34:30
that to us joking way p new girl how I
34:34
tongue has it when you're jogging in the
34:37
show hope anyway hun God my tongue dune
34:39
is the town has add one tah today not
34:43
only way they could move a hunting Shima
34:46
I see her Roja hunting she write a full
34:50
vowel not a reduced foul in a stressed
34:53
syllable we get a full vowel that's what
34:55
this is about unstressed syllables will
34:57
often gets get reduced vowels and
35:00
finally how about loudness a stressed
35:03
syllables louder or softer it's louder
35:06
that is not the most important thing
35:08
that's number four but basically pitch
35:11
length vowel clarity loudness those are
35:15
the four things that you will find
35:16
associated with stressed syllables okay
35:19
important that will be in the test i can
35:21
tell you right now hmm let's see the key
35:27
difference is the variation in degree of
35:29
emphasis this degree of emphasis is
35:31
probably related to the amount of
35:33
information that a word conveys there it
35:35
is says so right in the book so you
35:38
better underline that in case you forget
35:40
right information value in the margin or
35:42
in your notebook information value is
35:44
really what is going on the whole time
35:47
we're trying to manage information value
35:51
and reflected in our speech so
35:55
repetitions will be aunt will almost
35:57
always be reduced compared to the first
35:59
mention and here we will focus on the
36:03
phonetics of reduction in the flicks of
36:05
reduction that is semantics romina john
36:07
da Mousa ee i should mean cuz it how can
36:11
you enjoy a dog when she the citation
36:14
speech conversational speech difference
36:16
is particularly noticeable for one class
36:18
of words closed class words such as
36:21
determiners determiners is Gwen sir
36:24
that's what they call them now
36:26
determiners in some systems of
36:29
grammatical analysis conjunctions
36:32
prepositions and they could have also
36:35
put in pronouns and helping verbs right
36:39
Jude answer all of those are very rarely
36:45
emphasizing connected speech speech
36:47
we've already
36:48
that and it's already in that to the
36:50
article so the shoe the article will
36:51
help you review it's in Chinese so it
36:54
will be easier I think to absorb so they
36:58
will contrast with the pronunciations on
37:01
either side of them now remember that
37:03
stress is never an absolute remember one
37:06
important thing about stress it is
37:08
always relative pack and Ling like a
37:11
donkey or a be happy booster so Jerry de
37:13
hann passion was a cheerleader in go
37:16
hongou passion awaken Lin ye got had an
37:20
intruder in quit be Joe pinner galbi
37:25
cha-ching she'd be jail time dun dun
37:28
it's always relative stress is always
37:30
relative it must form a contrast with
37:34
something else then we get stressed if
37:36
there is no contrast if everything is
37:37
loud it's it does no good because there
37:40
is no contrast just eating how Johnson
37:43
you got Haslett yoga beijing now honey
37:45
can doubt you p and x so the hot just as
37:48
nigga eat wat by soda wha what do you
37:50
see in the whole picture are you going
37:52
to see the black background are you
37:54
gonna always going to focus on the
37:55
flower the flower so you have to have
37:58
contrast so stress is a way of putting
38:05
in the foreground something that is
38:06
important thing kept by joni oh don't
38:08
she iran tattoo shangela so you're hazel
38:11
debating you just appear by so which we
38:13
go males no hay by the day be the hot
38:16
you commend your mail stress okay now
38:20
we're talking about clothes class words
38:23
that's another word for function words
38:24
shoes clothes class words are function
38:27
words you entered a shoe Daniel
38:29
bhushan nigga should sit ha commando
38:31
solution Ianto we can invent a content
38:35
where at any time and we do invent them
38:37
all the time but the reduced forms words
38:40
the function words those are in a
38:42
limited they're in a closed class
38:44
there's a limited number of them okay
38:47
but as with other words these words have
38:50
a strong form so if we say T 0 by itself
38:53
how do we pronounce it to write but if
38:58
we put it in a sentence it'll come out
39:00
to
39:01
give it to me give it to it will be
39:04
reduced in a sentence so it has a strong
39:07
form and it has there's there's a
39:10
there's a better example here there's
39:12
also a weak form which occurs when the
39:14
word is an unstressed position we're
39:15
going to have actually no here they have
39:18
only two that's good enough so strong
39:20
form in week four Mayo jonina show how
39:21
hometowns a weak form alright we have
39:26
another table that has three forms but
39:28
right now we're only talking about to so
39:30
look at the table here we have eight is
39:35
the strong form of the food inc 10 so a
39:40
book if I want to be very emphatic but a
39:43
book normally and he and I are going not
39:47
he or I so chunk out a cell and because
39:51
the weak forms the end and or but not
39:55
aunt by the way don't use em and and the
39:59
next one is as you learned as in school
40:01
but we often say as this one you have to
40:03
watch out for the strong form because
40:04
you don't learn it in school I don't
40:05
think as for example down has a deacons
40:08
additionally onion as be onion owes us
40:11
is the week for him can-can that's how
40:15
you tell the difference between hunting
40:17
and folding I can do it I can't do it
40:21
can't wait and chun diao gun is reduced
40:24
I can do it I can do it unless we are
40:27
contrasting it with something else you
40:29
can or you can't I can do it nothing
40:33
chunked out but normally as I can do it
40:35
and you have the same problem in Chinese
40:37
for example yeah but such big wall yeah
40:40
so Kadena have odinga are you sure look
40:46
at my mouth yeah also say gua yeah so
40:50
kanina hypo Dina
40:53
you're not sure right so you probably
40:56
say each other yeah how's the Booya then
40:58
they'll say oh yeah and then you get it
41:01
but do you normally say boy ya know you
41:04
say yeah and yell so they are quite
41:07
similar if you complain about can and
41:08
can't in English you have the same
41:10
problem just so you know that I know
41:12
that from experience because I asked my
41:14
children that question I got the same
41:16
answer three times yeah yeah yeah I
41:18
didn't know if they wanted to not okay
41:21
all right it has other things here in
41:24
the list like has becomes hose he it
41:27
says becomes e you will often become e
41:30
when it's on stress so did he do it did
41:33
he did he do it Mayo Johanna so nigga a
41:37
chance on me own yet her she'd had that
41:39
shoots the 10 min and I got HTML Joan
41:41
Eunice yo nigga hkp on yet okay it's her
41:45
it's her turn if it's stress its return
41:48
it sir today it's sir bike I'm done but
41:53
I don't say hit I don't accept hit well
41:56
good oh no one will mayo down here so
41:58
don't say here say he eat and he are
42:00
okay but not here in my opinion so most
42:04
or must become must must uh-huh he must
42:08
go now mega t kind of waiting with jen
42:10
she I don't I don't like so no no
42:14
it sounds like a bad word besides
42:15
all right so that that I know that he's
42:19
coming I know that I know that the but
42:23
that one is the one I want to and to
42:27
Mexico wood wood wood and that one can
42:31
be reduced a lot like in a contraction
42:34
I'd do it differently I that's that's a
42:39
wood so it becomes very reduced in a
42:41
contraction I guess we will break there
42:46
we're at the top of page 110 during the
42:49
break if you have been assigned an
42:51
exercise to put on the board put it on
42:52
the board during the break try to be
42:53
efficient put them in sequence and the
42:56
rest of you have your exercises ready
42:58
get your red pen ready have your
43:00
notebook ready so that we can get
43:02
through them efficiently if we have time
43:03
which I doubt we'll go back to chapter
43:05
five okay
43:07
okay we're just going to try to go
43:09
through it fairly quickly orally whose
43:14
turn is it now why don't we just start
43:18
here we're going to start with Alex and
43:19
we'll go vertically down each row and
43:22
have your exercises ready red pan ready
43:26
mark in a different color pan if you
43:29
don't have a red pen or a pencil or
43:30
something something that's a different
43:31
color and remember you're going to count
43:33
up the number of mistakes at the end so
43:35
keep track of what you're doing
43:36
everybody listen carefully you will have
43:39
different examples and by the way some
43:41
places they gave you too many blanks did
43:44
you notice you also make a cone by then
43:47
they good nicotiana ty dolla that's a
43:50
new mistake they didn't have that in the
43:52
old edition great this is xin nigga
43:55
introduced so you got eagle NT so
43:59
mechanically this book really needs
44:01
improvement i think content wise it's
44:03
quite good but mechanically there have
44:05
always been problems because people who
44:07
are very busy and thinking very
44:08
important things we don't like to mess
44:10
around with the details but for a book
44:12
this expensive it's not expensive in
44:14
taiwan it's expensive in America very
44:16
very expensive or chin that Wallace is
44:18
door shouts it's not cheese the Jeep I'm
44:20
a Gina kind of puts it for that price I
44:24
think that they can give us a carefully
44:26
proof read book with all the mechanics
44:28
and they couldn't improve the CD they
44:32
really need to improve the CD because
44:34
it's it's hard to find things don't you
44:36
think a shadow you out all day bien yo
44:38
sizzling why I guess translates to the
44:40
dong XI so that is my criticism of this
44:42
new edition the old editions have the
44:45
same problems but the new one has
44:46
additional problems okay let's go Alex
44:51
hop h/o p and tal tal el King ki ng all
45:00
right what is statement to voiceless
45:05
stops are aspirated when they are
45:07
syllable initial can you explain hop to
45:09
me does that have an initial voiceless
45:12
stop
45:15
it has a final voiceless stop so what
45:18
should you have used instead what's an
45:20
example pop instead pop is fine except I
45:24
think it's in the text so but if
45:26
whatever pop is good I just pick pick
45:29
some random words I have what take pay
45:33
and crawl those are my examples it
45:36
doesn't matter jessup PT cake I told
45:37
it's at ocoee let's go on statement 3
45:41
and here we want 7 examples let's go
45:46
back to statement 3 abstracts stops and
45:48
fricatives classified as voiced are
45:50
voiced through only a small part of the
45:52
articulation when they occur at the end
45:54
of an utterance or before a voiceless
45:56
sound for example in try to improve and
46:00
the D when you say add to the D is fully
46:03
voiced but the V is not it's at the end
46:06
go ahead hmm step Ted step step tag Ted
46:14
Ted mmm what does it mean just step to
46:18
go run to step s tep is ta be stabbed ah
46:28
all right now this is why we have so
46:31
many bowel problems and voicing problems
46:33
I heard step so there were too proud no
46:36
three problems tell me the three
46:38
problems I'm not doing it to pick on you
46:40
but this is to help you this will help
46:41
you what are the three problems why did
46:44
I here to step Ted when it should have
46:45
been right number one problem the vowel
46:51
is not a in this case you need to go
46:54
further usually I say put your jaw up
46:56
right for example and it's not ending
46:58
its ending but here it's the opposite
47:01
you need to put your jaw down lower
47:03
tongue lower stat it's Anna it number
47:06
two problem length it's too short that's
47:14
why I heard a short vowel and I it
47:16
sounds like there was a voiceless sound
47:18
after it when it's so short our brain
47:20
say ah the next that that consonant at
47:23
the end is it boy store voiceless voices
47:26
because it's so short it must be
47:27
voiceless so that
47:28
the second problems was too short third
47:30
problem was the voicing of the P it
47:34
should have been be right so three
47:37
problems so Maureen Dean way shuttle
47:40
yardi tondo bogota these sang go home
47:43
and shower voicing so step becomes
47:46
stabbed watch on door so you just come
47:50
home kind of home in your voicing
47:51
cheetah teaching 2g moenia lot on her
47:54
door everyone stabbed Ted now I'm
47:59
exaggerating but not too much stabbed
48:02
Ted that's not exaggerating stabbed Ted
48:05
all right stabbed I only voice it
48:09
halfway through that's the point okay go
48:10
ahead more love Ted love Ted after we
48:16
stabbed him we love him that's really
48:19
contradictory okay love Ted all right
48:23
what else breathe together breathe
48:28
together that's a good one except
48:30
remember to make it longer and it does
48:32
need to be voiced halfway through we say
48:35
that it's not voiced for the second half
48:37
but the first half needs to be voiced
48:38
and that's why this rule makes me
48:40
nervous in Taiwan you take it too
48:42
seriously and use it as an excuse for
48:44
not voicing okay so i'll breathe
48:46
together everyone breathe together keep
48:51
going hook hook Ted mmm hurt 10 okay
48:57
that's voice we need a voice on hug Ted
49:01
make it longer hug Ted okay another one
49:07
mm I think Ted is really confused by now
49:11
I don't have many you should have one
49:16
for each voice abstract right so we have
49:21
burger we have mm-hmm ink i trembled oh
49:27
yo right so fuzz face fuzz face just
49:31
aliens I'll handle mom all the chances
49:33
that guys shoes through the National
49:37
Science with an engine fuzz-face KY c ua
49:39
Mau all right these are just my examples
49:43
for reference bad cat hodgepodge just so
49:48
it turns off bathe fast quite quite a
49:51
sheets out ragtime so you don't eat near
49:54
the phone girl fuzz-face have heart I
49:57
talk to you abba grab cash job Zoe
50:01
didn't chin okay those are my examples
50:04
let's go into statement for next please
50:07
you only need eight so the last four
50:11
blanks are not needed just cross them
50:13
out if you did more that's okay but
50:15
that's closet in so you don't have to go
50:17
ahead obey this big all right let's just
50:22
review the statements otherwise they
50:23
make no sense stops and fricatives are
50:26
voiceless when syllable initial so if
50:29
it's at the beginning of a sentence or
50:31
if it comes right after a voiceless
50:34
sound like a if it comes after a voice
50:41
sound than their voiced right yeah I
50:43
think that's enough so otherwise stops
50:45
and affricates are voiceless when their
50:47
syllable initial go ahead bae this rate
50:52
but here we want them to be voiceless
50:54
right this is statement for so we don't
50:57
want a good day it says that stops and
51:05
affricates our voiceless one syllable
51:07
initial okay so your eyes see what you
51:10
mean but if you have a voiceless sound
51:12
what's your example again obey obey oh I
51:21
used to
51:22
uh vay bay eage hi wet right but that's
51:26
is voiced so is bug going to be
51:29
voiceless or voiced voice because and
51:32
don't say boys it's voiced voice yeah
51:35
fix that one but it's still going to be
51:38
voice because the sound before it is
51:40
voice so that's not an example what
51:42
we're talking about right we want a
51:45
voiceless sound it so if you said for
51:47
example what hit Bob hit Bob that's on
51:54
his voiceless so Bob probably won't be
51:56
voiced or bob is coming soon how do was
51:59
adiga to the harsh ocoee cuz it make a
52:03
beauty Jesus Hannigan ruvolution was a
52:05
true become a male in the ha not not
52:08
Joseph not really voiced right does he
52:13
know does we don't say does he know it
52:16
does he know its initial so we're not
52:19
going to voice it but a dog a dog it's
52:23
not initial Tim in your voice they even
52:25
do you see how it works don't know MA
52:28
can you fix your other examples now just
52:31
take the off if you have an O in front
52:32
of it just just take the whole then
52:36
you'll be okay probably okay oh okay so
52:40
if i use this is it fine this is okay
52:44
yeah well it doesn't hear they're not
52:49
asking for what they're not asking for
52:52
what they're not asking for fricative so
52:55
does this work it says stop or for
53:00
Africa every day slowly enhances high in
53:03
so look is that a stopper in Africa Lou
53:08
is that a stopper in Africa what is it
53:13
with more confidence please it's a
53:16
fricative right blue is a fricative it's
53:19
a fricative so that doesn't work either
53:22
just the outside she can t mode of the
53:24
day let's try again all you need is bud
53:31
Duggar words that start with Boudicca
53:33
boy
53:34
uh-huh dog yeah girl okay Boyd dog girl
53:40
those will do and also Africa judge
53:44
judge okay our old examples right judge
53:47
is always there for us maybe what they
53:53
wanted is that you put a voice sound in
53:55
front of it to show that it becomes
53:57
voice when there's a voice sound in
53:58
front of it may be issued so tight a
54:00
youngie day per day like break a break
54:03
yes you yes you decide how to use okay
54:06
so statement for we're only looking for
54:11
buddha buddha good Joe Nicola that's
54:15
enough we're going on to the next time
54:17
okay number five so what are we doing in
54:21
five voiceless stops ah run aspirated
54:23
after s that's easy okay sky Feinstein
54:27
right however they put that under
54:31
statements six right today so this is
54:34
actually the book says statement six but
54:36
the this this one is actually for
54:40
talking about about about rule number
54:43
five so spice thai sky but are those in
54:47
the book it says your example should not
54:51
include any words that have been to
54:53
transcribe in this book so far have we
54:57
had spice I sky have we yes sorry page
55:04
73 or my point is Joshua Coburn Johnny
55:09
Jinyoung what a leader because I young
55:11
okay and your examples are very old okay
55:15
can you give me some new ones someone
55:22
else
55:24
spin sting and skate ski ski wash it
55:30
okay these are easy to find remember I
55:32
told you a dictionary that can help you
55:34
find words with a specific pattern
55:36
what's it called one look and they have
55:39
a very good search function you can use
55:42
so you just type SP asterisk Doubleday
55:46
SP Shing how you can find all kinds of
55:49
words that start with sp you don't have
55:50
to dig through the dictionary yourself
55:52
so make sure that and this is typical I
55:55
don't think it's just taiwan i think
55:57
it's typical of students in general
55:58
probably humans in general do we usually
56:01
take a lot of time reading the
56:02
instructions if you if you bought a new
56:06
gadget are you going to spend a lot of
56:08
time reading the manual nobody does
56:11
right and that's why we often mess
56:13
things up and we don't get why doesn't
56:14
it work well we didn't follow the
56:15
instructions it's really important and
56:18
things like this that you must read the
56:20
instructions carefully you wait Gong
56:22
Gong Zuo Zhi go to older than so it's a
56:25
good thing we're checking it in class
56:26
because if I just dig a nice she lays to
56:29
the team was that cautious on you would
56:31
get them wrong so no examples from the
56:34
chapter my my personal examples are
56:38
stick spit skip but anything with s plus
56:42
PT or K is fine that's a word in English
56:44
ok kohima let's go in a statement it
56:48
says statement six but now we've already
56:53
done that one let's do this one that
56:54
says today when five it actually is
56:56
seven so the one that says statement
56:58
seven is six that's the one we want to
57:00
do next let's go in order so statement
57:02
six voiceless abstinence are longer than
57:06
the corresponding voice app struments
57:08
went at the end of a syllable now this
57:11
was something that who was it that asked
57:13
me a question about this when you say
57:16
pit or let's say a different word hit
57:22
and hid hit and hid if I give you an
57:26
example a word all by itself can you
57:28
hear that the tee at the end of the word
57:31
is longer than the d can you hear it if
57:33
it's just one word how do you have to
57:36
hear it what do you have to do to hear
57:37
it
57:38
hit me hit me if you put a word after it
57:44
that starts with a consonant then you
57:48
can hear how long that stop is so hit me
57:53
hidden me which one is longer the first
57:58
one is longer is that t or d so the
58:01
voiceless stop is longer than the voice
58:04
stop this is what they're talking about
58:06
so all of you and we talked about it in
58:12
class but I didn't say specifically you
58:13
should do it for this statement for this
58:15
for this exercise so the one that's does
58:17
says statement seven that's really about
58:20
six I want you all to put a word after
58:23
your original word if you don't have a
58:25
word after it because if you just say
58:27
something like hit pick and and what's
58:31
the other one whatever words like that
58:33
they don't show us how long it is you
58:35
need to put a word after that starts
58:36
with a constant then you can really hear
58:38
the difference so for your reference
58:40
this is what I did these are my examples
58:44
hit him hit him laptop lab coat you
58:52
don't have to use my examples but they
58:54
will show you how to do it they're just
58:55
thumpin that's all pickpocket pigtailed
59:01
justice shall be ends it matchstick
59:05
judgment did you all get them I'm going
59:09
to repeat them this is so you know how
59:11
to how to hear the difference in length
59:14
between a final voiceless step and a
59:15
final voice tab quema hit him hit him
59:20
hit him hit him laptop lab coat do you
59:26
notice something about the pitch of that
59:27
final stop too and this is important
59:29
well it'll come out come up in the
59:31
future hit him hit him listen to that
59:36
final stop and hit and hit what do you
59:38
notice about the pitch which one has a
59:41
higher pitch hid him hit him
59:48
the voiceless has a higher pitch so
59:51
you'll find that voicing will drive the
59:53
pitch down and that's really important
59:56
when you're studying Chinese linguistics
59:58
if you studied hungry and just a
60:01
high you to show you in straight this
60:02
will be important because if you have a
60:06
voice sound it drives the tone down
60:08
don't wander some doubt hondo pay a
60:10
decent wage war in the grind she will
60:14
learn about that in the future or maybe
60:16
you will in the future in another class
60:18
but voicing lowers the pitch that's
60:21
important to know so hit him hit him
60:25
laptop lab coat pickpocket pigtail match
60:30
stick judgment those are my my examples
60:33
you need to put a word after it or
60:35
syllable after it that starts with a
60:36
constant in order to hear the difference
60:38
in length is this part clear or not
60:40
everybody tin cho ma so when wherever we
60:43
talk about this we discussed it on NTU
60:46
phonetics you can go back to enter you
60:48
phonetics and you will see the
60:49
discussion ok who was it that asked this
60:52
question I forgot I'm sorry yo your own
60:56
your own one cause I'm in this weird
60:59
that ending with a voiceless stop would
61:00
be child's have the matina to lies in
61:02
our window Wang oh that was you ok so
61:05
now you all know right let's go on to
61:11
statement 5 which is actually statement
61:14
seven and seven is the approximate are
61:17
at least partially voiceless when they
61:19
occur after initial patoka is in play
61:22
twin q okay so examples for statement
61:25
seven called five but actually seven
61:32
twice played cute and proud okay I think
61:39
some of them may have been used but
61:40
those are good examples so we ok for
61:43
statement seven now five turned into
61:45
seven so that the confused part is now
61:48
over we're now it's statement eight we
61:50
want six examples for 8 gestures for
61:55
consecutive stops overlap so that stops
61:58
are unexploded when they occur before
61:59
another stop in words such as apt and
62:02
rubbed what are your examples but adapt
62:08
adapt good sit sit back setback it back
62:13
that's fine kicked kicked good we don't
62:17
say kicked we say kicked we don't
62:19
usually explode it don't don't don't
62:23
good wait wait wait don't stop do you be
62:29
tema and do you bb ed do you bb ed okay
62:33
dub that's good all right I heard
62:36
voiceless pneus that's why I thought it
62:38
was dumped even that's the closest step
62:40
is not a word so make sure you're
62:42
voicing at the end we still need voicing
62:44
everyone dubbed if you say depth I'm not
62:47
going to get it it sounds like you have
62:49
a cold and you're trying to say dumped
62:51
okay dump I dumped it out so dub dub
62:55
those are all good examples do we have
62:57
any questions on statement 8 are we okay
63:00
let's go to nine in many accents of
63:04
English syllable final ptk are
63:07
accompanied by an overlapping glottal
63:08
stop gesture so even if you don't have
63:10
it give some examples stop stop stop
63:16
Scott suck all right as long as it ends
63:19
with syllable final ptk it's fine okay i
63:25
have pack map lit anything's fine
63:27
statement 10 all right what does
63:29
statement 10 let's go back and remind
63:31
ourselves in many accents of English tea
63:35
is replaced by a glottal stop when it
63:36
occurs before an alveolar nasal in the
63:38
same word as in beat mmm examples cute
63:42
kitten good not you know I guess beaten
63:45
density itt okay but the Nats not same
63:49
pronunciation bitten Mehsud Rhonda okay
63:52
written written okay and I have cotton
63:55
neon quoi those are good statement 11
63:59
let's go to 11 and that one is nasals
64:02
are syllabic at the end of the word when
64:04
immediately after a knob strument as in
64:06
leaden chasm go ahead hidden hidden
64:10
hidden right but we wouldn't say hidden
64:13
it's hidden it's a good example but see
64:15
if you can learn nasal plosion hidden
64:17
hidden hit OK garden mm-hmm mechanism
64:25
mechanism mechanism ok alright that's
64:34
fine that's good next one is statement
64:39
12a which is liquids r and l l n RR
64:44
syllabic when at the end of the word
64:46
immediately after a consonant go ahead
64:47
are we ready hi title bottle uh-huh but
64:58
is it syllabic 12a says that they're
65:00
syllabic so curl is that L syllabic it's
65:05
not corolle corolle pepping Milko
65:08
sending like a in gso curl is an
65:10
exception girl and curl are exceptions
65:13
what are your first ones their title
65:15
what else bottle bottle okay
65:20
right right up riddle freezer with
65:25
riddle our Ritter reader reader Oh
65:30
shoulder yay reader uh-huh cutter cutter
65:38
cutter soteriology dilemma color color
65:42
color color color okay that one works
65:46
color is definitely syllabic that's good
65:50
enough I have kebbel funnel cattle
65:55
hanger powder and falter okay those are
66:00
all syllabic let's go on 13a which is
66:05
alveolar stops plus alveolar nasals plus
66:08
stop the sequences become voice taps
66:11
when they occur between two vowels the
66:13
second of which is unstressed Oh Kiki
66:18
what is it Kiki kitty key kitty kitty
66:25
just a shell mama yes okay it's
66:29
dissonant we have alveolar stops this is
66:32
13 a we have alveolar stops and alveolar
66:38
nasal plus stop seek well I guess yeah
66:40
she's only good jokowi let me as well i
66:42
was thinking more of the second one but
66:44
the first one is okay to go ahead um mud
66:47
muddy muddy good uh painting wait pany
66:53
stop PE and why penny penny not hate
66:58
penny penny yep penny ah spirituality
67:04
spirituality or specialities a speech or
67:09
spirituality speeches when you have it
67:14
anything like uh have we don't have this
67:20
word right let me see I have to see it
67:24
spirituality is a word yes be
67:27
spirituality
67:29
okay yes demanded de mannen mm-hmm
67:37
demented everybody knows what that is
67:40
demented totally crazy mm-hmm it means
67:44
you've lost your mind demented what a
67:46
demented idea okay Strich am I want your
67:50
phone 1 K 13 a fun just a minute hang on
68:00
hang on hang on a second did I do
68:02
something around here 13a says alveolar
68:05
stops and alveolar nasal plus stop
68:07
sequences become voice taps so it can be
68:10
alveolar stops or alveolar plus nasal
68:12
becoming taps and that includes TD and n
68:18
is that okay what was your some kind of
68:24
tap including a nasal tab and Saudi can
68:28
also become a tap in this case if you're
68:30
speaking quickly it's not a tap
68:33
underlying Lee but when you're saying it
68:35
fast it sounds like a tap so the
68:37
examples are okay but thank you for
68:39
asking all right I'm sorry Stanley I
68:41
missed that last one um for a fun for me
68:47
Oh Tony funny fall but is am right is
68:53
not the end is ok funny funny yeah ok
68:59
that's actually fine that's enough
69:01
examples so here he has a very Guang
69:04
either tap rule tap alcohol TD + n
69:11
according to what he's asking for here
69:14
so like penny pat he caught he's calling
69:17
it a nasal tab now in our tab rule we
69:21
need to stick to a more young good a
69:23
definition like pretty pretty joseph t
69:26
deepest want and boosts wine t we be
69:30
insane gahunda hand when daddy that's
69:32
our normal tap rule here's a guang eat
69:34
attack ok that's what's going on here
69:37
and these are fine that's interesting
69:41
but for me for
69:42
english teaching and taiwan did the
69:44
stricter tap role I find more useful
69:46
okay the other ones will probably
69:48
confuse you but phonetically its sound
69:50
you mo NT let's go on to 14 oh wait
69:55
let's go over the statement that's just
69:57
dental ization of alveolar consonants
70:01
before dental consonants go ahead first
70:06
one is Evan cool good spell a and th en
70:14
and some anthem and I'm good okay say it
70:18
again and the now it's clear and second
70:22
one is read them read them yeah okay the
70:27
third one is hit them hit them okay all
70:31
you need is three I have seventh corinth
70:34
chickadee me and Phil I'm tongue okay as
70:40
long as that's all cleared ciancia
70:42
alveolar consonant before an interdental
70:46
sound and statement 15 alveolar stops
70:50
are reduced or emitted when between two
70:52
consonants okay my first example is
70:58
asked to ask too good and sick in this
71:02
best kind that's kind good insert one I
71:06
wrote Chris hi Chris pie yeah but it
71:10
should be we have only alveolar
71:13
Christmas see our isp yeah yeah that's
71:17
not that's bilabial can you find an
71:19
alveolar when it has to be either tea or
71:23
deed right
71:31
the pie is okay burnt pi saw Jolla oh
71:36
yeah face on a crisp okay 17 and our
71:44
state our statement is a consonant is
71:47
shortened when it is before an identical
71:49
consonant go ahead so 16 is a home
71:52
organic voiceless stop may occur after a
71:53
nasal before a voiceless fricative
71:55
followed by an unstressed vowel in the
71:57
same word ok this is the app entha sis
71:59
rule go ahead my first exam glories next
72:03
links and certain is something something
72:07
and two different nasals oh yeah you do
72:11
have two different nasals I also dancer
72:14
pincer lengthen hamster those are my
72:17
examples long as you have at least two
72:21
different nasals before a voiceless
72:23
fricative you'll get an up and static
72:25
consonant let's go on now 17 gong cha
72:28
POW Constance shortened when it's before
72:30
an identical consonant examples Oh
72:33
splendid dance a splendid dance good
72:37
terrific class terrific class thank you
72:40
uh-huh hot dog mad good examples I have
72:46
rat tail top part pic cars i picked
72:49
voiceless ones statement 18-wheeler
72:52
staffs become more front before more
72:54
front vowels that's easy go ahead cat
72:57
mm-hmm kite coat kill that's fine those
73:02
all have different places in the vocal
73:05
tract and then statement 19 is the
73:08
lateral ellisville arise when after a
73:10
vowel or before a consonant at the end
73:12
of a word in other words post vocalic l
73:14
it's easier to say post vocalic muy
73:17
hotel much easier go ahead let until let
73:21
intel good light in tile right that
73:26
works ok we're taking we're taking
73:29
strombolian as a unit we're not
73:30
reversing the strong routine so light
73:32
and tile is fine anybody else how about
73:36
pal lap etc and and 4b mmm this is open
73:42
to anybody now
73:43
did you find any exceptions to some of
73:47
these statements I've given you one in
73:48
class remember we just talked about one
73:52
of the exceptions girl and curl right so
73:55
we have a lot of systematic exceptions
73:57
how about another one I also say Rai
74:02
this one girl in Perl girl in curl yeah
74:07
that's an easy one anybody else how
74:09
about exceptions to another rule how
74:11
about for example the epithet accrual we
74:14
found an interesting example one year
74:16
that I have a note on how about niggas
74:20
young jazz is a mom homesick do we have
74:23
a pee in there no we don't say homesick
74:26
that sounds totally ridiculous so the
74:30
rule maybe for it doesn't work in
74:33
compounds it's across a word boundary
74:35
sometimes it doesn't work because you
74:37
would not say homesick you don't it's
74:40
ridiculous we say homesick so it doesn't
74:43
always happen does anybody else have an
74:45
interesting exception or even
74:47
uninteresting any exception anybody
74:51
hyoma Annie do you have any okay those
74:56
are the ones that I found and it was
74:57
enough to answer the question so I left
74:59
it at that and then how about this also
75:02
goes to anybody a statement that
75:04
describes the allophones of huh what
75:07
kind of statement well whose turn maybe
75:09
we should still go in order whose turn
75:11
maybe the house itself age is a spurt
75:16
that I'm not sure whether it is it okay
75:21
what else can when is it not aspirated
75:24
okay that's spelling no that's just
75:28
spelling we don't want to talk about the
75:29
written language we're talking about the
75:30
spoken language where can we find
75:32
something about H look at page 69 second
75:39
of the last paragraph
75:46
I'm Karen why don't you read the second
75:48
of the third sentence on the second of
75:55
the last paragraph it's the third
75:56
paragraph from the end on the page and
75:58
then the third sentence it starts with
76:01
at the beginning at the beginning other
76:05
than beginning beginning right other
76:08
sentence it's like a voiceless vowel but
76:13
can also occur between vowels in words
76:17
or phrases like behind the head okay
76:21
that's enough well I guess you can
76:23
continue as you move from one vowel
76:26
through to another the articulatory
76:31
movement is continuous and her is
76:34
signaled by a weakening of the voicing
76:39
which may not even result in result in a
76:43
completely voiceless sound so huh renser
76:46
song is voiceless right it's just it's
76:48
just breathing but it's always voiceless
76:53
no well it's not always voiceless if it
76:57
occurs where between vowels like ahead
77:03
ahead it becomes partially voiced
77:06
because huh usually we'll just what will
77:09
be silenced we'll just have aspiration
77:12
almost silence but if we have a vow on
77:15
each side it will be partially voiced
77:17
ahead so all we have is the voicing and
77:22
up and head it gets a little weaker
77:24
where the h is you are not a voice thing
77:26
about the Argo moonda Ho Dong Jin make a
77:31
voice think we rule hua you XI but it's
77:35
not completely voiceless was ahead it's
77:38
usually a head your way to invoicing so
77:41
the rule is that H between vowels may be
77:46
partially voiced that's my rule okay so
77:51
we finish that and now let's go very
77:54
quickly through our diagrams and unless
77:56
there are questions remember
77:57
with let's go to our diagrams and this
78:01
will do orally I want everybody just
78:03
shout out shouting out doesn't work very
78:05
well let's just continue one person take
78:07
one whole diagram so let's go to our
78:09
next reader just read the hope I'll read
78:11
the parts that are given and you read
78:14
what goes in the blanks before the vowel
78:16
ends and this is what are we talking
78:18
about now it's the consonants at the end
78:21
of the word Ben H so before the vowel
78:26
ends the soft palate NORs lowers or
78:30
descends so that air comes out through
78:33
NATO charm comes out to the nasal track
78:36
kind of state can escape through the
78:37
nose doko e don't be easy to lie to
78:39
Delilah at the end of the vowel the
78:41
blade of the tongue is raised to make
78:42
contact with the alveolar Ridge the
78:46
preventing air from coming out so do
78:50
rocha that's right coming out through
78:52
the oral tract or escaping through the
78:53
mouth the lips remain open open or apart
78:57
doko e the vocal folds continue to
79:00
vibrate to vibrate or vibrating ocoee
79:03
all right we're done with the first one
79:05
let's go into the second one are you
79:06
ready then the no soft palate is raised
79:10
the soft palate or the villain is raised
79:12
entha and the front of the tongue is
79:16
raised the front of the tongue yeah it's
79:18
the front it's going to the center you
79:20
can see that being raised to so front
79:22
and center would okay do so because you
79:24
can't do one without the other while the
79:26
well the blade of the tongue remains two
79:30
in the same place alright the blade is
79:33
in the same place that's true the tip is
79:38
also pretty much in the same place but
79:40
the blade is what's involved in this
79:41
articulation and then the lips become
79:45
more rounding rounded more rounded or
79:49
label eyes d ocoee labia lized around it
79:52
the vocal folds stops vibrating stop huh
79:57
yes sir yeah and it does it's crucial so
80:00
we need OS yeah they stopped vibrating
80:01
they're apart they are not vibrating is
80:05
everybody following takuma ok let's go
80:08
on
80:09
then the next one the villain the
80:14
villain are soft palate remains closed
80:16
closed or raised ocoee throughout the
80:20
end of the word after a short period the
80:23
blade of the tongue blade of the tongue
80:26
moves forward but oh what are we doing
80:29
the tongue itself I think moves downward
80:32
not forward downward the the tongue
80:34
moves downward but the boy the blade
80:38
remains close enough to the alveolar
80:40
Ridge to make a turban very good to
80:44
cause turbulent or noisy airflow to
80:48
cause the turbulent or noisy airflow so
80:51
the way I did it is that the tongue
80:53
moves downward but the blade tongues
80:55
under shuttle wish I John but the blade
80:58
remains close enough to the alveolar
81:00
Ridge to cause turbulence or noise in
81:02
the air flow and the place not leaps
81:06
lips italia leaps to tell your lips
81:10
uh-huh everybody lips at leaps italia
81:14
the lips are there they're closer to
81:21
each other sunidhi Zuma okay so we're
81:26
going we're saying bench then then are
81:31
they closer to each other then not
81:35
really no so the lips are there they're
81:40
rounded they're apart right they're open
81:45
we already talked about the rounding
81:47
that's their their labia lies we already
81:50
did talk about that so if you put that
81:53
in its okay its correct they are rounded
81:56
they're open their label eyes all of
81:57
those are true they're not closed and
81:59
the vocal folds do not vibrate do not
82:03
vibrate are not vibrating our part
82:05
though are open ocoee alright next is
82:09
annotation let's quickly look at I'll
82:16
not this yet sorry that's in a minute
82:17
let's have our next reader can you just
82:19
read your whole description for the
82:21
first figure
82:23
the soft palate lower somila my soft
82:26
palate is lowered next um the center of
82:30
the Tom move upward moves upward alright
82:34
we're looking at implant does it really
82:36
matter what our tongue is doing implant
82:40
does it really matter what our tongue is
82:42
doing now remember when we were talking
82:45
about four by labels for by labials it
82:47
doesn't really matter what your tongue
82:49
is doing so I said your tongue is not
82:51
touching anything except the upper teeth
82:53
at the sides Joe Pompeian yeah so we've
82:56
hung down as a pub with yoga but your
82:58
tongue is not touching anything it's not
83:00
doing anything special really if you
83:02
want to say it's raised yeah it is
83:04
raised there it's true implant but we
83:07
don't need to do anything special with
83:08
the tongue okay the lips are close to
83:12
each other they're not just close to
83:15
each other they're closed yeah the lips
83:17
touch each other they're pressed
83:19
together is what I said and and the
83:23
vocal booth continuing vibrating they
83:26
are vibrating they continue to vibrate
83:27
is good because that we had a vowel
83:29
before it good how about the next figure
83:31
then the tip of the tongue makes contact
83:34
with their album arrange for the ooh is
83:39
it yeah implant it's true but there's
83:43
something we have to do right away and
83:45
let's just go in order woman Jill
83:46
damiana join jus holla just follow the
83:49
order of the previous page so what will
83:53
we mention first look of them one is
83:56
raised raised the dilemma soft palate
83:59
yeah and the tip of the tongue makes
84:04
contact with it over the ridge ok so
84:07
it's the second one it probably will
84:10
make contact it's heading there and it
84:12
probably already touches go ahead and
84:16
lips are still closed for nuttin that's
84:20
right the lips are still pressed
84:21
together they're still closed good and
84:23
the vocal folds are not vibrating that's
84:26
right and I added and hold back the
84:30
compressed air in the oral tract so the
84:33
lips are together and they're holding
84:34
back the compressed air and the oral
84:36
tract I think did he mention something
84:38
about yeah I guess he didn't say we have
84:43
to say that but I think that's important
84:45
so the lips are closed closed or pressed
84:47
together they're holding back the
84:48
compressed air in the oral tract and the
84:50
vocal folds sorry oh the vocal tone
84:53
amount of library Chad vibrating it open
84:55
we're done okay yeah okay anything else
84:58
should be okay when we start at the for
85:00
instance we're here lovin free memory
85:06
remains amen no it's not read men's it's
85:11
made on a green men remember my name
85:15
cream in three mins mmmm no mmmm Allah
85:21
if you don't say I'm Emma you shouldn't
85:24
say remains say Chinese don't say
85:28
English yeah men man you're saying Emma
85:34
when you try to think English you you
85:36
make a strange sound but if you say
85:38
Chinese it's perfect may may just say
85:40
may me yeah relays you aunt main remains
85:46
there we go yes the venom remain there
85:52
we go but feel needs more eat yeah the
85:55
villain remains very amazed you got it
85:58
raised good and the tip of the tongue
86:02
tongue consciously a villa ridge okay
86:07
remains touching I put to shoot because
86:09
it's still touching go ahead and the lip
86:13
is labeled one of the lives are they
86:16
realized all right for impul in pool are
86:23
they label alized in pool probably a bit
86:26
but the point is that they're apart
86:27
Sarah part yeah
86:29
and the vocal folds okay air we have to
86:33
talk about the air the so through the
86:39
vocal shaft and we're not to the vocal
86:44
folds yet we have to say that the air
86:46
passes out from one or both sides of the
86:48
tongue we're on L right now should I say
86:51
L its hazards on y'all's ago being so
86:54
air is passing out from one or both
86:56
sides of the tongue we have to put that
86:58
in yeah and and the google phones is our
87:04
there for all it could be they could be
87:09
but the picture doesn't say that the
87:11
picture says it's their voice plant so
87:16
they could be after plant because P is
87:18
voiceless but hmm but hear their voice
87:22
that's the way they do it and let's
87:23
let's quickly look for six know cook
87:30
cook feelings raised back of the tongue
87:34
comes close to the alum who wrote this
87:38
to say that ok the alum alum yeah or the
87:42
soft palate and the vocal folds are not
87:46
vibrating and the lips are separated
87:55
alright so for thick it doesn't just
87:58
come close for cut it has to touch for
88:03
cut it has to make contact
88:09
so we have to we have to draw it this
88:12
way so it's closed and it's touching
88:17
okay and then the vocal folds are not
88:24
vibrating and then force here we have
88:28
south palate is raised or the villain is
88:30
raised the back of the tongue first of
88:34
all lowers the tip of the tongue gets
88:38
very close to the alveolar ridge and
88:41
allowing air to escape turbulently or
88:46
noisily from between the tongue tip and
88:48
the alveolar Ridge force did you all
88:51
hear that Lisa you don't have to write
88:53
it in the exact same way but so I have
88:56
the back of the tongue lowers and
88:58
immediately after that the tip of the
89:01
tongue gets very close because he said
89:03
it says here to pay attention to what
89:07
happens first right note especially
89:11
whether the back of your tongue lowers
89:13
before after the tip of the tongue forms
89:15
the articulation does it happen before
89:16
or after does the back of your tongue
89:19
lower before after the tip of the tongue
89:23
touches the alveolar Ridge thick snow
89:30
the snow sick fix for me it happens
89:35
first the back of the tongue comes down
89:37
first then the tip of the tongue goes to
89:40
the alveolar Ridge gets very close and
89:42
it allows the air to pass through
89:44
turbulently between the tongue tip and
89:47
the alveolar Ridge do we have questions
89:49
anybody disagree there for me I tried it
89:53
many times I have to get rid of that
89:54
cook the back of the tongue comes down
89:56
first and then the tongue goes forward
89:58
that's that's the way it works for me I
90:00
tried it several times the lips are
90:02
apart and the vocal folds are not
90:03
vibrating and then the last one is for
90:11
in the vellum is the soft palate is
90:15
lowered the tip of the tongue touches
90:18
the back of the teeth
90:20
probably not the back of the teeth it
90:23
touches the alveolar Ridge I don't I
90:25
don't dental eyes it myself no no it
90:29
sounds like I have a list if I do that
90:30
okay so well boy I pull nioxin for me
90:33
it's alveolar Ridge hmm so the tip of
90:35
the tongue touches the alveolar Ridge
90:42
the lips are apart the lips are rounded
90:45
snow rounding is good that you know to
90:48
the rounding snow because of the Oh your
90:50
lips are rounded and air air passes
90:54
through the nostrils the vocal folds are
90:58
vibrating we have to mention that the
91:00
air goes through the nostrils and not
91:03
out of the mouth it doesn't come out of
91:05
the mouth I think that's important to
91:06
mention because nasalized sounds like a
91:08
we have they're coming from both the
91:10
nose in the mouth but here it's only
91:12
coming out of the nose no air coming out
91:16
of the mouth and air exits through the
91:19
not the nostrils through the nasal
91:20
trapped and the vocal folds are
91:23
vibrating ok so the tongue tip is
91:27
blocking the air from coming out of the
91:28
mouth we only got up to exercise f we
91:32
finished f and that's as far as we're
91:35
going to make it so again I will have to
91:36
postpone the test I think there are
91:39
still so many questions so we'll
91:42
postpone it till the time until next
91:44
monday for wednesday we're going to have
91:46
to work hard on chapter 5 to get through
91:48
it fast because we still have chapter 4
91:50
but i want all of you to go through your
91:52
exercises again correct them carefully
91:54
because a lot of you gave answers that
91:57
were not what the question wanted are
91:59
you all listening now I know the bell
92:00
has rung but we need to be clear on this
92:02
so go over your exercises carefully ding
92:05
dong lens deshita ding dong before
92:08
wednesday we're going to finish marking
92:09
them okay alright we will see you on
92:13
Wednesday