Transcript


00:18
okay before we start let's get all ready
00:20
let's go to chapter 3 we finished
00:23
everything we finished everything except
00:27
for the transcription of the British
00:30
English speak speaker reading Arthur the
00:33
rat and the American English speaker
00:34
then we have performance exercises we'll
00:36
just go around the room everybody read
00:39
some things and then we'll be done with
00:41
that that won't take too long and then
00:43
we're on to chapter 5 so I guess we can
00:46
record how John coega let's look at the
00:51
transcriptions here and see how we did
00:55
for British English once there was the
01:01
this is good was a young rat named off
01:08
but this is not right what's wrong here
01:12
it's not the upside down a the upside
01:16
down a is the sound in pot and let's
01:21
erase this because this is put pots and
01:26
British is palt palt and the open Oh is
01:32
hold hold this is long this is short
01:37
this one is the upside down a hot this
01:41
one is pulled and this one is neither of
01:45
those sounds which sound is this also
01:48
it's just ah it's plain old right side
01:52
up ah alliterate with no hat on it oh
01:56
and I put it if it were a more detailed
02:00
transcription I put a length mark
02:02
awesome so we have no schwa there to
02:06
replace the are but we have length eyes
02:08
very long awesome but as long an
02:11
American to father yeah in time so I is
02:15
the longest fowl there is anyway so tin
02:17
some that don't hunt on the movie in
02:19
American especially in British long and
02:23
short vowels they're more consistent he
02:25
doesn't eat maysoon like a long and
02:28
short cuts in the time do
02:29
so can ensure eating told you I and
02:31
Sheila but this is the longest file we
02:34
have an American it's all so long here
02:36
of all right second line yes yeah that
02:49
was let me see what I wrote here yeah in
02:54
fact I accepted this because that's the
02:57
theoretical pronunciation if you're
02:59
careful there but he didn't say it that
03:01
careful he said the the was I heard that
03:05
too that's the way I transcribed it
03:07
anything else yeah this is actually
03:11
better there I'll accept because that's
03:13
the theoretical correct pronunciation if
03:15
you look it up can we transcribe way out
03:26
with a tee that's an arrow or
03:28
transcription if you want to put a tea
03:30
in there if there's an epithet of tea
03:31
once if you want to that's a narrower
03:34
transcription okay more detail anything
03:37
else let's try to be a little bit fast
03:39
but I want everything to be clear so
03:41
hopefully we can do both without too
03:44
much sacrifice on either and then second
03:46
line is who could blame ah ok all right
03:52
am I using my fingers here who could who
03:54
could what never make up make up let's
04:00
see what I hear hear I think this is
04:03
okay I had I had this sound makeup
04:08
actually as I remember it's probably
04:10
going to be a wedge because it's
04:12
stressed makeup can you don't sit and
04:15
put this in your rules your notes
04:18
regarding phonetic rule telephonic rules
04:21
no not Ella phonic rules these are more
04:23
on the level of compound stress the
04:26
nigga tensed if we have a phrasal verb
04:29
like make up or turn on
04:34
or give up these are all called phrasal
04:38
verbs I don't know if I mentioned this
04:40
before these are all phrasal verbs and
04:43
both words are stressed but this one
04:46
sounds more stressed because it has the
04:50
what kind of stress it's the final
04:53
stress and the utterance so it gets what
04:56
tonic stress keep that in mind because
04:59
some people think this is not stressed
05:01
and this is stressed and that's not true
05:03
both are stressed but because the sheets
05:06
in this in this position is the last is
05:12
the last syllable of that utterance it
05:14
gets tonic stress so it sounds a lot
05:16
more stressed and higher make up turn on
05:19
give up that's the same in British and
05:22
American we both do it and because of
05:25
that I transcribed it a switch makeup
05:29
makeup and nut makeup but up is also
05:32
possible so makeup makeup it may be
05:36
reduced but I think this is better here
05:39
his he may not have voiced it I wrote a
05:45
Z here I heard voicing makeup is mine I
05:49
think there's voicing their and remember
05:52
even if there's voicing it only may go
05:55
through half of the sound however we
05:57
have a voice sound here so there's a
05:59
good chance that the voicing was
06:00
continuous his mind his mind so this
06:03
should be voiced in my opinion so he
06:06
could never we didn't mark the stress
06:07
here once there was a young rat named
06:12
offer all right stresses who could who
06:17
could never make make up his mind
06:26
when ya who wrote Quinn to say that all
06:32
right watch out because I told you many
06:36
times I prefer that you say when I don't
06:38
use one myself but in RP in the more
06:43
Belgian type of British English it does
06:46
not exist at all wandering Junia meola
06:49
so you wouldn't hear it from Peter
06:51
latifolia my british friend tells me
06:53
that many times it's completely gone
06:55
from British English the standard kind
06:57
of British English other dialects may
06:59
have it for example Scottish or some
07:02
other dialects but in standard British
07:05
English it's gone okay so there's not
07:08
going to be a whore there mm-hmm
07:10
whenever stress whenever his friends
07:15
let's use the upside down our it's hard
07:18
because the book has gone back to the
07:19
right side of our whenever his friends
07:22
off Tim ok questions and remember this
07:29
with the SK and don't say axed when
07:32
you're speaking american or any leg any
07:34
standard of standard english dialect and
07:37
I want to share something quick although
07:40
it's going to take more time I got a
07:43
note from us well that a note from a
07:45
student when I was reading a student's
07:46
notes from lab class does it in King
07:49
cook and reading through my students
07:51
notes he said I think it's unfair that
07:55
you require us to know that saying axed
07:58
will offend people or will distract
08:01
people remember I told you that axed is
08:03
non-standard English it's part of
08:06
southern US English and also often black
08:09
English right what can even jump all
08:11
about yes and the thing is if you
08:14
suddenly say xed when you're speaking
08:16
English it distracts your listener
08:18
remember when I told you that because
08:19
they will suddenly be thinking about oh
08:21
that's sound like black English and
08:23
they'll get distracted this student said
08:26
I don't think it's fair to require us to
08:28
make allowances for that because we're
08:31
agents we have nothing to do with
08:33
southern or black English or your race
08:36
relation problems that's not our problem
08:37
we're just agent
08:39
trying to speak English and if we make
08:41
this mistake you shouldn't judge us for
08:43
this do you understand his argument it's
08:46
very heavy but I discussed this with my
08:50
British teacher just a few days ago he
08:52
reacted immediately and very strongly I
08:55
didn't even finish what I was saying he
08:57
says of course it's not bad and then he
09:00
says but you have to learn it to be
09:02
competitive if you don't want to
09:04
distract your listener our reaction is
09:07
so immediate it's it comes from the
09:09
amygdala it doesn't come from our for
09:11
brain the amygdala is all about emotion
09:14
right nicotiana include Nelly okay yeah
09:19
this stuff is processed by our MIG doula
09:21
and it reacts much faster than our for
09:23
brink and remember our for brain is
09:24
clever but it's very slow so when we
09:27
hear that pronunciation it goes straight
09:28
to our emotional Center and we react
09:31
even if we don't go like I did so you
09:35
can say it's not fair but that's not
09:37
going to help you if in the future you
09:39
refuse to remember this do you see what
09:41
I'm saying if I say oh neato voodoo doll
09:45
nothing if I talk to you like that
09:47
what's your feeling you're laughing
09:49
right immediately why I need to boot
09:52
Odawa how do you feel Cherie it sounds
09:59
kind of ridiculous on a foreigner
10:00
especially hang out why brands downtown
10:03
Hoboken house show or nah I me to boot
10:10
Odawa it's you're all laughing you're
10:15
laughing so fast that shows that was an
10:17
emotional response it wasn't a rational
10:19
response now can I can I argue say well
10:23
why should you why should you laugh at
10:26
my Chinese I learned it in Thai 90 or I
10:29
just I just learned it that way do you
10:32
think it's a good idea for me to try to
10:34
go around speaking that way and then
10:36
thinking I'll make a good impression it
10:38
is that what you're going to expect from
10:41
a scholar from that from a professor
10:43
know what are you thinking any
10:50
it's really weird isn't it you have an
10:53
emotional reaction you didn't goo goo
10:55
boo you didn't boohoo their bday that's
10:59
what happens when with your ex
11:00
immediately it's an emotional response I
11:03
just want you to be clear on that you
11:05
can claim it's not fair well it doesn't
11:07
matter whether it's fair or not you'd
11:08
better watch out for it any kind of acts
11:11
is just one example other things may
11:13
cause reactions as well but this is one
11:15
that really does and I've gotten the
11:17
same feedback both from British people
11:20
from Australian people of course from
11:22
Americans Canadians we all have the same
11:25
feeling so you really need to take it
11:26
into consideration okay asked next yes
11:30
aw thank you i did the same thing again
11:35
I was processing it as one of these
11:37
thank you again him let's that's right
11:48
let me see what I've got here whenever
11:52
his friends asked asked him I just have
11:58
an H here an Austin is perfectly
12:01
possible no H is perfectly possible but
12:04
I was trying to be careful when I
12:05
transcribed I think I heard some
12:06
aspiration so if you heard aspiration
12:09
that's good enough for an H but very
12:11
often we would omit it Austin no problem
12:14
because if it's a shih tzu that's not
12:17
stressed that starts with H what can we
12:19
do if it's a function word that starts
12:23
with H and it's not stressed what can we
12:25
do with the H we can omit it put it in
12:28
your notes give it to her give a tour it
12:32
should be if we were careful we would
12:35
say give it to her that's only if we're
12:38
careful nymph attic normally will say
12:41
give it to her give it to her give it to
12:44
him give it to him so we perfectly well
12:47
could have omitted both British and
12:49
American we could omit that H but I
12:51
heard an age myself and up here I'm
12:54
sometimes I'm not processing things as
12:57
carefully as I believe I could okay so
12:59
aust is definitely this a watch out for
13:01
that
13:02
I down a it's the sound and pulp as I
13:04
just pointed out to you okay Jerome you
13:07
find anything else please keep telling
13:09
me anything you find friends should be
13:14
friends asked thank you I'm missing that
13:16
I've got it in my notes anything else in
13:18
the back somebody raised your hand no
13:21
okay up here I often and just blind to a
13:26
lot of the things that I know perfectly
13:28
well so you're going to have to help if
13:30
if he would like to go out with them
13:36
with them as good that's what I heard as
13:38
well let me check my transcription if
13:39
I've got anything else here if he would
13:44
like to go out with them I put I put to
13:51
THS here to the sounds with them with
13:55
them it doesn't really matter you could
13:58
lengthen it with them I heard too but
14:03
you have the right idea here and with by
14:06
the way can be pronounced either with or
14:09
with neg away in yo Shawn qu shang doko
14:13
e so with them with them I heard you to
14:17
those if he would would what did I put
14:25
would I put a wood here not a wood I
14:28
still heard a wood was easier then I got
14:32
flow be haha would like to go out with
14:36
them with them how about the vowel and
14:41
wisdom yeah I put a schwa here this is
14:49
to clear
14:56
if he would like to go out with them
15:00
okay wit charm out exactly okay out
15:14
thank you and I was also looking
15:17
straight at that if he would like if he
15:20
would like to go out with them if he
15:23
would like to go out with him anybody
15:24
else yeah mm-hmm we need the other egg
15:28
thank you just try being up at the board
15:32
it really is hard okay and then buy
15:34
anything else okay don't just rely on
15:38
Jerome for everything here he would Olli
15:44
what's OD uh-huh somebody left out and
15:50
in here and sir I don't know okay he
16:02
would what do I have here answer ok I
16:12
have again or here would is passed as
16:18
possible but I still hear the O sound he
16:21
would he would he would would I don't
16:24
reduce it to a he wed he would well come
16:26
on man mo reduced he would hi zo go and
16:30
I believe in British as well this is
16:32
what I heard he would only answer I
16:36
don't know answer haha okay here we go
16:39
same kind of problem here on sir
16:42
everybody got that he would only answer
16:46
I don't know galt it okay you got it
16:50
uh-huh he would only answer I don't know
16:54
anybody else catch anything what's a
16:57
sure up with Jenna the donkey all right
17:00
we're done with British let's go to
17:02
America
17:03
and I'm going to miss just as many
17:04
things I'm afraid yes thank you okay
17:10
sorry that's way out of the way here he
17:15
he wouldn't say yes oh no or no I'm
17:21
sorry this is the this is supposed to be
17:25
British right so we're gonna have to fix
17:28
this either yeah he he wouldn't say
17:34
wouldn't this is ok we use a little line
17:38
here not a dot you use the dot before
17:40
now we're using a line is this dress
17:43
correct here he wouldn't that's what I
17:48
have what I remember this is what's
17:50
normal for an English speaker he
17:52
wouldn't say he wouldn't say yes or no
17:56
either all right what else did I miss is
18:07
that it but you're talking about yeah
18:10
good he wouldn't say yes know either
18:14
okay anything else huh he would always
18:25
yeah what's shek sexist Mesa Chuck is a
18:32
three it's like a payoff doll doll
18:35
sciences shek and makes me think of
18:37
Shrek that's why whatdaya tula was that
18:41
crisis champagne check I also thought of
18:45
shack just like a poser all right he
18:49
would always shirk making choice where
18:57
is he oh okay making a choice he would
19:04
always shirk he would always suck making
19:09
a choice all right anything else ya know
19:18
he would always he would always know
19:21
it's this one it's this one okay
19:25
anything else all right we're done with
19:29
the British now okay the American once
19:36
in distress once there was wise wise
19:42
which foul it's probably a schwa here
19:46
because was is the shoot students
19:47
unstressed stressed let me see what I
19:49
have I have actually I have a I have a I
19:54
have a wedge here so once there was how
19:59
jyotin there was I'd have to play the CD
20:01
again to make sure but I used a wedge
20:04
here if it's not stressed and if it's
20:07
very reduced then we can use a schwa
20:08
otherwise was we use a wedge a young rat
20:13
upside down is okay an end ah Tywin
20:18
English tell any much can all of you
20:22
please learn the word name properly for
20:24
the rest of your life starting from
20:26
today this is this is a perfect Dungey
20:30
for 10 klish this is such a big
20:34
thing this is the number one bowel
20:35
problem in town
20:36
english let's fix it please it's not in
20:38
them to everyone got it put it in your
20:40
notes in big bold letters named remember
20:47
this please remember underwear okay
20:53
remember underwear and you won't get it
20:55
wrong really remember underwear you're
20:57
going see quietly getting shams I need
20:59
the teroni me and get to shout you will
21:01
remember it better the sillier the
21:03
better and sometimes if it's a bit
21:05
obscene it's even easier to remember
21:07
I've learned that from memory books a
21:09
book I read a whole book about how to
21:11
improve your memory it's called
21:12
moonwalking with Einstein by Joshua for
21:15
and he he would often use a lot of
21:18
really obscene images to remember things
21:20
and he remembered them quite well he's a
21:21
guy after all okay so once there was a
21:26
young rat named this is America in here
21:33
right this is America so we need our
21:38
thur all right did I miss anything else
21:42
yeah oh excuse me there I miss that too
21:54
thank you that's better we don't want
21:56
their it's not really wrong cuz we
21:59
sometimes make it sound like two
22:00
syllables there it's over there it's not
22:04
so bad but this is what we want here
22:06
okay once there was there was there was
22:09
a young rat named Arthur anything else
22:13
alright who could never make up his mind
22:21
all right did we miss anything anybody
22:27
see if i have anything different
22:30
who could never make up his mind this is
22:33
what I have okay if you have any kind of
22:36
Corrections let me know immediately
22:39
whenever we need stress everybody please
22:42
put in your notes please pay attention
22:44
to stress marks in a sentence sometimes
22:47
it's just a single syllable but we need
22:50
to mark the stress if it's a shih tzu in
22:53
the context of the intonation of the
22:55
sentence whenever hiss hiss hiss s sr z
23:05
should be z okay friends friends ok this
23:12
is also Tywin English when you see an S
23:14
everything is suit but many zoos are
23:17
actually asked him whenever he is what
23:22
do we stress friends somewhere else
23:27
asked him huh I was just reading in a
23:30
book about teaching another book I've
23:31
been reading called y know how children
23:34
fail so they show how children fail I
23:36
found it online for free actually it
23:40
says that teachers often signal the
23:43
answer to the students so the students
23:45
don't have to think so I'm saying where
23:47
do we stress it where else we stress fit
23:50
it's exactly what they said it was a an
23:53
exercise where the students had to say
23:55
which column something went into and the
23:57
teacher says which column which
24:00
Culpepper and they she's getting ready
24:02
to write over the correct answer so i
24:04
guess i'm doing that here all right
24:05
whenever his friends asked him good
24:09
anything else i missed ok i really have
24:12
terrible blind spots when i'm up here so
24:14
that's why you're catching so much so
24:15
it's up to you and that will give you
24:17
more more exercise no more practice
24:20
if he would weigh like to go out
24:27
remember this is what kind of a verb
24:30
it's a phrasal verb right so go out and
24:34
actually this one gets a shell tonic we
24:37
haven't been doing tonic because our our
24:39
book doesn't use them yet but we will be
24:41
doing that in this chapter and chapter
24:42
five go out with them with them is it
24:47
them or them let me see I have them go
24:54
out with them I have a schwa here
24:57
anybody else any other Corrections for
25:00
this line ok no this is taking time but
25:03
I think it's worthwhile and then also
25:07
notice that you didn't have to put this
25:09
in but we have a little linking w here
25:12
go out go out and they don't really
25:16
emphasize that or has mentioned it all
25:18
in this book but go out that W will help
25:21
you say it more bjp-led mb just show and
25:27
then he would only answer I don't know
25:31
all right he would only answer you're
25:36
forgetting stress marks he would only
25:39
answer I don't know ok
25:49
he wouldn't say yes or no either some
25:58
Americans say either I think either is
26:00
more common either sounds a little tool
26:02
tool to me it just sounds that way to me
26:06
because I grew up with either and if you
26:07
say either it sounds like you're trying
26:10
to show up anything that gets closer to
26:12
British English will sound showing show
26:14
off e to me in American okay but I have
26:18
a british friend and it doesn't sound
26:19
show off he when he talks except when he
26:21
tries to show off and it's not so happy
26:23
he went head down its own house a nigga
26:25
handbells of the ancient so when he's
26:28
arguing and he wants to be authoritative
26:30
sounding he uses Toby up y'all done
26:33
doing I'm not kidding this is my
26:35
observation because I've known him for
26:36
16 years now a long time so I don't
26:43
think so and then he'll he'll he'll go
26:45
into you know just very generous
26:46
sounding and you should he would only
26:49
answer I don't know and this would be a
26:53
tonic by the way if we were marking that
26:54
he wouldn't say yes or no either he
27:00
would always shirk making a choice okay
27:11
yes
27:15
I think you have to talk louder I would
27:22
agree yes i agree with you here and that
27:24
was another blind spot actually because
27:26
I definitely put a schwa here he
27:28
wouldn't say yes or no either let me see
27:32
if we stress wouldn't yes I have wooden
27:35
stress here he wouldn't especially
27:37
because it's a negative and although
27:40
folding so they look like sheets they
27:43
are they are honorary content words
27:47
foldings are usually stressed because
27:49
their meaning is so important I know I
27:53
don't know one chance shall find the ISA
27:56
self-folding so usually get stressed he
27:59
wouldn't yes good point say yes or no
28:02
either yep yes or no let me see what I
28:10
have I probably that's exactly what I
28:14
have thank you or is the full form this
28:18
is the unreduced form so r is better
28:21
here or is the theoretical answer
28:23
theoretically it's pronounced or in
28:25
practice they said or and that's what I
28:27
have anything else you noticed yes yep
28:34
anything else one more sentence he would
28:38
always shirt making a choice to check
28:41
that this is what I this is what I have
28:48
choice we don't need this ligature here
28:53
tegan nigga ash boo Shalom ligature
28:57
that's understood we almost never use
28:59
that but we do need a stress mark shirt
29:04
needs a stress mark making a choice all
29:07
right anything else you notice that I
29:09
missed ok anything at all anybody we
29:15
finish this part of the exercises the
29:17
next part we need to do really fast are
29:19
you willing to just finish up the
29:21
exercises before break and we'll have a
29:23
clean start for second hour how about
29:25
hot well my job quite quiet
29:27
let's get through the performance
29:28
exercises and then we'll be done with
29:30
chapter 3 all right learn to produce a
29:33
man english sounds first in order to
29:35
recall the sensation of adding and
29:37
subtracting voicing while maintaining a
29:39
constant articulation repeat the
29:41
exercise saying this is everyone now
29:48
we're going to learn voiceless nasals
29:50
and these are useful in some languages
29:53
like burmese and i had a year of burmese
29:55
in hawaii actually i was in hawaii for
29:57
you and I had a very good Burmese
29:59
teacher who was American a really good
30:02
Burmese teacher and so I learned about
30:04
these voiceless nasals so just say mmm
30:09
and you can't really hear the am very
30:12
clearly unless you put a bow laughter it
30:14
for example mom mom if you've got a
30:18
vowel after it then it becomes pretty
30:19
clear we'll do that later in the
30:21
exercises right now let's just do the
30:23
nasals go mmm keep going all right you
30:32
can do that with other nasals too and
30:35
here it says let's try putting some
30:37
vowels in front and after the voiceless
30:40
nasal so like ah ma ma eat me eat me and
30:47
try not to have any gap between the
30:49
consonant vowel they don't want you to
30:51
say e.e they want eat me but you did it
30:55
fine b is repeated with n let's try mmm
31:00
go mmm and say ahh nah-ah nah-ah none
31:09
good and let's try it in ah na Goodell
31:14
Allah and I still remember the meaning
31:18
of flaw flaw means beautiful I'm a flop
31:21
shot down because I'm job in Burmese
31:23
alright are so ha ah ha that's if we use
31:30
an American our bra yep Kui and then ah
31:33
ha
31:35
ah yeah sounds like your brother all
31:39
right let's go on see this one is not
31:44
hard because most of you will learn
31:46
voiceless W's in school is the normal
31:50
pronunciation I was familiar with it but
31:52
didn't use it myself so let's contrast
31:54
everybody whether whether one thing
31:59
Taiwanese sometimes do wrong is they
32:01
make it a velar fricative it's not velar
32:04
it is bilabial so it's whether I got
32:08
Mortada Chinese eliza joint one or both
32:10
our lives it should show home sometime
32:13
when you say like heart in my heart can
32:17
you hear that that's of you in fricative
32:19
all right it shouldn't have that sound
32:22
anyway because it's H but if it's like
32:24
what where when the friction comes from
32:28
the lips so everybody again whether
32:31
whether whether that's pinche witch
32:38
witch witch all right you can
32:43
distinguish them and many Americans do
32:46
but I recommends the sticking with the W
32:49
the plane w the burmese words everybody
32:52
so to lift up is my only those ones mop
32:57
everyone mop and then from is ma ma ma
33:04
ma ok pain nah and then nose is nah
33:15
alright and fish this one's related to
33:18
Chinese good don't want to use it
33:21
hongyuan because some ya gonna get some
33:25
handsome you sheet of it a secret that
33:27
dad's or your hand guns on and how it
33:30
sound yet Ashley took a fun night
33:32
something like a 20 but the point is
33:33
that most calories believe that Chinese
33:36
Burmese and Tibetan are distantly
33:38
related so you're inching and you is one
33:41
of the words that is Tanya you guys are
33:44
hungry on its ah na na ho gia don't she
33:51
is na na what's funny ah ok and thank
34:00
you for reacting good just fish now na
34:04
the qui mal a decision nah nah alright
34:11
and co don't she nah you have to hear my
34:16
nose here nah now it's okay good thanks
34:20
for asking um let's just read a few of
34:25
these words but we need individuals here
34:28
because Annie's right in front of me
34:30
Annie can you start read the first one
34:34
again Quade yeah there's an S there so
34:43
everyone Claude shoots wage okay
34:50
right again mashups shows that's right
34:58
next one I'm behind you go ahead
35:12
good try it again now jus we are you
35:17
into and that's a problem in Taiwan
35:19
English again like like children every
35:22
day children should be children be ionic
35:25
or anytime so jeezum again booster shows
35:32
us again Mack Jen almost right Jim it's
35:40
not jump it's once more mm-hmm that's ba
35:48
boom right watch that M so G zooms ovum
35:53
everyone spoken yeah there shouldn't be
35:57
a vowel there good next try it again try
36:05
to make a little smoother
36:11
ok so it's sit it bet it'll sit it bet
36:18
it'll all right it's to the next time
36:26
okay goon try it again everybody be
36:33
quiet while Julie does it go okay um
36:40
boot three goon mm-hmm good next
36:52
good except stress
36:57
good okay everybody fly but it okay it
37:06
might be a bit of because ours are
37:07
usually that and then let's come back up
37:10
this way go ahead Ruby yeah oh one more
37:15
in the back sorry yeah good everyone
37:23
good all right next
37:34
okay try again the letter good everyone
37:42
it's not evo it's good try it again
37:48
wasn't that fun okay good nurse
38:00
good can you do a smoother
38:09
okay everybody
38:12
remember it's a short it try it
38:15
again tree it too drew g good enough
38:22
next this CB pattern consonant vowel
38:31
pattern is much easier isn't it if it's
38:34
just cv cv it's quite a bit easier
38:36
everybody try that one lela pala manu
38:42
doli doli ok next good every 15 CZ voice
38:56
oovoo hehe ok questions on chapter 3
39:04
anybody questions on chapter 3 the test
39:11
is on monday so try to ask now or on NTU
39:17
phonetics on facebook please do not be
39:20
shy about asking questions you can ask
39:22
classmates but we have that forum and
39:24
everybody goes to facebook i assume so
39:26
please please ask if you have any
39:28
questions at all okay break time try to
39:30
hurry back and we're going to work on
39:32
chapter 5 can I get some help please
39:34
with the board the only thing i want to
39:37
mention is a before you erase it up he
39:41
wouldn't say yes or no some of you two
39:45
of you came up and said you heard hoodia
39:47
egg yes it's not quite yes yo didn't ago
39:52
weighed out his tongue is lower than
39:54
mine usually is listen coyote and add
39:58
the way down it's slower than my egg you
40:01
wouldn't say yes he's saying he wouldn't
40:03
say yes but honey it out he wouldn't say
40:05
yes Jaime ah ah so I would say the
40:08
tongue is a little lower what i would do
40:11
is use the egg plus a lowering symbol
40:14
what's the lowering symbol it's just a
40:18
capital T it looks like a capital T so
40:20
it's a bit lower than we expect so at
40:23
with a lowering symbol
40:25
other questions you want to ask we're
40:29
done with that I think anything else
40:31
that you're able fujita no ma'am okay
40:35
let's please try and make some headway
40:37
with five all right everybody pay
40:40
attention really concentrate so we can
40:42
get through as quickly as possible and
40:44
say exactly where we stop I didn't
40:46
market myself okay so page 110 right for
40:55
some words however there are rules that
40:57
are nearly however for some words
41:00
however there are rules that are nearly
41:03
always a placebo applicable applicable
41:06
applicable is also said that I say
41:09
applicable applicable and above all
41:11
applicable the alternate alternation
41:15
between a before a consonant and a n1
41:20
okay so uh is the booting grants it they
41:23
mean here so I'll before a consonant and
41:26
an before a vowel it's even recognized
41:30
in the spelling all right so there are
41:32
some rules that almost always apply with
41:35
the booting Gwen so we know that we say
41:37
a B for a consonant and earn an airplane
41:42
or an in the full form before a vowel
41:45
however you will hear people say egg
41:49
elephant airplane yo book Beltran and
41:52
the reaction we have is something like X
41:54
me a question please to the change you
41:57
are the finance a poopy aldrin at least
41:59
I have it Judah to achieve an adoption
42:01
to get even deauxma ah eurozone kind
42:04
Rhea all right right similar
42:06
alternations occur with the words the n2
42:09
which are the before consonants and are
42:13
often the two or the two before vows to
42:18
two before vowels listen to your own
42:22
pronunciation of this word see
42:25
pronunciation pronunciation of these
42:28
words in the sentence the the men and
42:32
the old woman when the old one the old
42:36
woman bye
42:37
the old woman went to Britain winter
42:41
mm-hmm went to Britain into america
42:45
america and there's a w linking sound
42:47
there for me a linking linking glide
42:51
there to America or where we're eating
42:54
in w so to Britain into America okay so
42:58
we've got those rules everybody note
43:00
that could be in the test Oh and for the
43:03
indefinite article the V for the
43:07
definite article the book the egg but
43:10
many people don't follow that rule
43:12
anymore I've noticed even among people
43:14
around 40 many of them don't follow that
43:17
rule they'll say the other I say the
43:19
other usually but you hear the other the
43:21
egg etc but in theory we have this rule
43:25
the man the old woman young worker you
43:28
Dahlia mean by the way to Britain to
43:31
America to America one the two examples
43:36
of the will often be Piniella of the
43:39
will often be pronounced differently it
43:43
should be noted however that there is a
43:46
growing tendency there is that there is
43:50
a growing tendency for younger Americans
43:53
English speakers to use a form the in
43:56
all circumstances in now ind all
43:59
circumstances even before a vowel if a
44:03
glottal stop is inserted before where
44:05
it's beginning with a vowel another
44:07
growing tendency in American English
44:09
then the form in the English in the up
44:13
in American English then the forum des
44:15
is even more likely to be used alright
44:18
so this is what i just said there's a
44:20
growing tendency in Britain as well i
44:22
believe and in America definitely of
44:25
saying instead of the other saying the
44:27
other and if you put about I'm sorry a
44:29
glottal stop there a convenience up wen
44:32
Yan Zi other Google you I'm glad I tenia
44:36
if there's a glottal stop there the
44:38
other instead of the other so if we use
44:41
thee usually we have a glide a linking
44:43
glide yeah if we use a glottal stop the
44:46
goes together with a glottal stop the
44:48
other the other
44:49
and I heard it when I was young but I
44:51
always considered it a bit uneducated
44:53
but not as bad as airplane that's really
44:56
bad okay the other what hi Katie Ashok
44:59
because it's right now it's gotten very
45:00
very common even among older people
45:02
among educated very educated people so
45:05
it's not a big deal I will ask you to do
45:07
it my way because I want you to learn it
45:09
that way but don't be surprised if other
45:12
people don't do that I'll do the next
45:14
paragraph some of the words in table 5.1
45:16
are confusing and that the same spelling
45:18
represents two words with different
45:20
meanings to homonyms that means they're
45:23
spelled the same but they have different
45:25
meanings thus the spelling that
45:28
represents a demonstrative pronoun in
45:31
the phrase such as that boy and the man
45:35
negah Naga is that it's a demonstrative
45:39
pronoun what do you call it in Chinese
45:42
Tricia Dyson right but it represents a
45:46
subordinate conjunction in it's also
45:49
called what do they call it I think of
45:53
it in a minute it represents a
45:55
demonstrative a subordinate conjunction
45:57
in he said that women were better and in
46:01
that case we can use the weak form he
46:03
said that he said that complement Iser
46:06
which on tiara ok subordinate
46:09
conjunction so Biaggio should ajantha
46:12
pasok its home xu j it's a bday legit
46:16
sitanshu to Judith ninjitsu came aha but
46:21
it's often called a complement I zernow
46:23
in syntactic analysis complement Iser so
46:28
when it's a complement Iser it's more
46:30
likely to be weakened to that have a
46:33
have a rule quality chongqing should a
46:36
weak form but as a demonstrative pronoun
46:39
we usually say that that one in cement
46:42
men emphatic that thing so then when we
46:45
go don't she said my chunk the other did
46:47
you write that down that's kind of
46:48
important pointing to something saying
46:50
that one not this one cattaneo baby
46:53
toyou so we will often read the strong
46:55
form for demonstrative pronouns and
46:58
similarly one has is an auxiliary verb
47:01
auxiliary verbs
47:02
to dance to don't say auxiliary verb
47:06
make sure you know that auxiliary just
47:08
means helping okay it may be as in she's
47:12
gone so has clearly reduced thousand
47:17
she's gone but it is hers or us when it
47:20
indicates possession she has nice eyes
47:24
she has nice eyes boo aeneans the she's
47:28
nice eyes Chin's isopods when the Buddha
47:31
she's nice high school De Luca died he
47:36
too don't say that has okay alright next
47:40
paragraph at this point we should note a
47:42
weakness in the above discussion we have
47:45
been using phonetic transcription to
47:47
note changes that occur but although
47:49
transcription is a wonderful tool for
47:50
finite itions to use please go on
47:52
practicing it it's not a perfect one
47:55
transcription is a very imperfect tool
47:58
it's extremely useful a very important
48:00
tool but it's imperfect we can't show
48:02
everything in our transcriptions all
48:06
transcriptions use a limited set of
48:08
simple you know woman oh foo how your
48:10
cuz it you yen lenient woman young
48:14
do in talladega you and shooting today
48:16
don't take it in da nigga you just just
48:18
like someone just as two people asked
48:21
about yes as soon as a yes how was the
48:24
yes how your boy transit yes so we're
48:28
going to show that it's a little lower
48:30
the tongue is a little lower for yes yes
48:32
yes we didn't did now we can show that
48:35
with diacritics but there are many
48:36
things that we can't easily show in a
48:38
transcription that's his point here all
48:41
transcriptions use a limited set of
48:43
symbols giving the impression that a
48:44
sound is one thing or another and that's
48:47
exactly the problem we had so whenever
48:49
we have something that's a little
48:51
confusing and a little bit unclear and
48:54
sometimes you're afraid to ask because
48:57
it doesn't sound like a belgian diet do
48:59
y'all know what I'm saying Yoga dong XI
49:01
house down your tea Blues available to
49:03
be the don't change him that's really
49:06
common it's normal but our system leads
49:09
us to believe that it should be either a
49:11
or b
49:12
and if you hear something else and
49:13
there's something wrong with your
49:14
hearing or your brain we often have that
49:16
feeling right so if you had to have to
49:19
decide when bruce says yes if it's at or
49:23
at it's not either it's a slightly lower
49:26
at or it's a very high app we have a
49:30
continuum from one sound to another
49:32
especially with vowels we skipped over
49:35
the vowel the chapter on vowels but
49:37
vowels really a man random because it
49:40
ego vowel panting like a vowels it's yet
49:42
yahoo shantou de song gender go do this
49:46
move in okay that's really
49:49
important because we can put our tongue
49:52
in any place along the line between be
49:56
on short e and E okay all of those are
50:02
vowels we don't use all of them in
50:04
English but they're all possible so we
50:07
have a continuum you go Union treaty so
50:10
things are not always clearly a or b
50:12
often there's something in between and
50:14
our transcriptions don't always reflect
50:16
that reality the word has for example
50:20
has been transcribed as has us or loon
50:24
but there are really lots of
50:26
intermediate gestures that's especially
50:28
true of reduced sounds rubab a rule wada
50:32
in oil hondo putin de haan ji ji na hoye
50:37
in blue yonder you put on the con una
50:40
binti crema are we okay the word to has
50:45
more possibilities than 22 tub there are
50:49
even more than these three and similarly
50:52
in the previous chapter we discussed the
50:55
first syllable in words such as potato
50:56
okay we didn't go to that chapter we
50:58
haven't covered that chapter potato we
51:02
can actually make that vowel voiceless
51:04
listen in theory it's potato potato but
51:09
in practice it's often potato potato
51:13
what happened to the vowel it became
51:16
voiceless because of the the initial
51:21
consonant the initial stop was voiceless
51:24
Plus is that syllable stressed no so we
51:28
often have tomato even as possible even
51:31
though M is stress p ganti Liam photo
51:34
male voice thing I'm not stressing voice
51:37
Marissa voiced right tomato is also
51:40
possible potato is pretty common all
51:46
right so he's saying that we've already
51:47
discussed that we haven't but I hope
51:49
we'll have time before the semesters
51:51
over noting that the vowel can be there
51:53
or not maybe there's a vowel maybe not
51:55
potato potato make a quiet nagamma wind
51:57
Creek right I'll shouts to the depot
51:59
potato crisps oka mamiru momone in
52:02
Nocona but it's really not as absolute
52:05
as that may or june three that yoga una
52:08
magenta there may be anything from just
52:11
up through a single glottal pulse of a
52:14
vowel to rather unusually a full valid
52:18
that I'm sorry a full vowel potato
52:20
that's strange but we would say that if
52:23
we were really emphasizing it that's a
52:26
potato didn't you hear me humble knife
52:29
and we will say that and remember that
52:32
when you use full forms the fuller the
52:34
form the more impatient you sound or the
52:37
more patronizing patronizing means
52:40
thyroid bhai jaan holotype dual you
52:43
don't normally want to sound patronizing
52:45
to other people because how will they
52:47
react what's your first reaction when
52:52
somebody's patronizing towards you oh
52:54
how bum gives you that hun hall that's
52:58
what you guys do to us foreigners all
52:59
the time ok I'm used to it which is xi
53:02
gua abu foundations on but if you did
53:05
that in the West people would get
53:07
irritated that you're being patronizing
53:09
you're treating me like a child if you
53:12
use too many full forms you may sound
53:15
like you're talking to a child or that
53:16
you're being patronizing or that you're
53:18
impatient or that you're angry for many
53:21
reasons so be careful of full forms when
53:24
you want something more reduce this is
53:26
important for your use of language you
53:28
need to be aware of that it's like the X
53:30
problem we can't help but we'll have an
53:32
emotional
53:33
action you just can't claim it's not
53:35
fair it's just the way it is and the
53:37
same thing is true of Chinese ok which
53:42
what about someone little is a job ha ha
53:45
right same thing you sound impatient an
53:48
angry right and if it's normally you say
53:51
what a java then you sound normal but
53:54
y'all touch well it sounds too clear
53:56
right to clear for some reason it's too
53:59
clear either you're being patronizing or
54:02
angry or you think you're deaf you think
54:05
somebody's deaf you're not hearing very
54:07
well ciao ha cool tehama right same
54:11
thing in English so languages do many
54:14
things pretty much the same speech is a
54:17
continuum of gestures that maybe produce
54:19
fully or in reduced form or maybe
54:21
virtually not present at all so he's
54:23
giving you three possibilities but
54:25
there's everything in between you can
54:27
have a very full vowel like tomato
54:30
potato you can have tomato potato with
54:34
voicing or you can have a voiceless
54:36
potato tomato or you can have almost no
54:40
vowel at all potato potato ok next
54:45
paragraph these considerations also
54:47
apply to another way in which words can
54:49
be affected when their current connected
54:51
speeches you already know sounds are
54:53
often affected by a Jason sounds for
54:55
example the N in tenth is articulated on
54:58
the teeth or nearer to them because of
55:00
the following dental fricative so how
55:01
many times have we heard this now many
55:04
times alright many many times similar
55:06
effects commonly occur across word
55:08
boundaries so a word boundary is for
55:11
example the book the boundary is between
55:14
the end book that's a word boundary we
55:16
can have these assimilation effects
55:18
tonghua today she exchanged on yahoo a
55:20
quad suit that's an important point so
55:25
that in phrases such as inza or on the
55:29
the end is realized as a dental as a
55:32
dental end because of the following the
55:34
so watch in the on the is it dint alized
55:39
here in the on the it's two different
55:43
words it's crossing a word boundary but
55:46
it
55:46
the end becoming dental eyes in the on
55:49
the is it becoming gentle eyes be
55:52
careful it's okay with nasals but it's
55:54
not okay with for example certain zoo
55:58
you cannot say adver that's not correct
56:02
for as the for example as the story goes
56:06
don't say as the story goes up one trans
56:09
well we don't do that for nasals it's
56:11
okay for it is not okay for most other
56:13
sounds it's not okay nasals phase hon
56:16
ronny Baynes xiao bai tong hua you can
56:20
put that down because that's true most
56:22
languages as far as i know one of the
56:26
first the first word i could write in
56:28
georgian was the word for mongo which is
56:30
a while I you georgian has very distinct
56:35
sounds just yoga yoga impetus trauma in
56:38
her shop tae Joos it either in Egan's on
56:41
Yun Chu Lai so Georgian is a terribly
56:44
extremely complex language but the
56:46
pronunciation is the least of your
56:47
problems which is Iggy Iggy and I'm in
56:50
joining them how so for Mongo in theory
56:54
it's Mun go ash it is again cuz it's do
56:58
some uranium Mongo so Jesus a Georgian
57:01
kinda messy one by mega in yemen just a
57:03
fun guy that you got you yet and I so a
57:06
big kumquat Mongo okay that's nasal
57:10
they're just very susceptible to
57:12
assimilation finally in this discussion
57:16
of the limitations of transcription
57:17
think how you say phrases like
57:20
fact-finding do you pronounce the T at
57:22
the end of fat did I just now
57:25
fact-finding did i pronounce the T
57:28
fact-finding I most certainly did listen
57:32
fact-finding can you hear it
57:35
fact-finding you're the team because I'm
57:39
an English teacher and I'd be very
57:41
careful with the students if I'm being a
57:43
little sloppy fat finding I still sang
57:45
the tea but it may not be very
57:47
audible I believe it's still there
57:49
usually but you may not hear it very
57:50
clearly most people don't say
57:53
fact-finding we won't say fact-finding
57:56
it sounds really wrong with no T gesture
57:59
nor do they say fact-finding with a
58:03
complete T gesture so we don't omit it
58:05
and we don't make it especially clear
58:08
instead there is probably a small toe
58:11
gesture in which the tip of the tongue
58:13
moves up slightly a similar partial
58:15
gesture probably occurs in phrases like
58:17
apt motto and wrapped parcel you cannot
58:21
say there is or is not a tea so very
58:24
happen in phonetics you can listen to it
58:26
50 times and you're still not sure keep
58:30
this in mind because in the future some
58:31
of you I believe will go on in
58:32
linguistics and this class has a very
58:35
good record of producing a lot of
58:37
successful applicants to the UN soil I
58:40
say that I don't know if it's with some
58:42
pride or what but a lot of the people
58:44
who take this class even one semester
58:46
even if you don't take next semester
58:47
many of you successive successfully get
58:51
into a graduate program in linguistics
58:54
in Taiwan or abroad Condor hunt dojo
58:57
ecology nagar yes law so there are a lot
59:01
of things you need to keep in mind be
59:03
aware of when you're doing linguistics
59:05
when you're doing phonetics and one of
59:07
these years is it there or isn't it it
59:09
may be something in between we're just
59:11
repeating what we said earlier so
59:13
fact-finding fact-finding for me there
59:15
absolutely is a tea but it may not be
59:17
very easy to hear so maybe it's
59:19
something in between ok point is clear
59:23
when one sound is changed into another
59:25
because of the influence of a
59:27
neighboring sound there is said to be a
59:29
process of assimilation pas moi that's a
59:32
show you you need to know that it's in
59:34
bold and the opposite of assimilation is
59:37
dissimilation which is e qua each young
59:40
could a nigga eat there is an
59:43
assimilation of into dental eyes in
59:46
because of the the in the phrase in the
59:49
the assimilation may be complete if the
59:52
nasal becomes absolutely dental or
59:53
partial if it is somewhere between
59:55
dental now
59:56
Papa sole charge of wine consumption
59:59
sujini within kakkonen you'll eat Indian
60:02
it sounds a bit dental but not extremely
60:05
dental your tongue may not stick out but
60:07
it still sounds not dental and it's hard
60:09
to put it into transcription
60:11
anticipatory co articulation you need
60:15
that for the test I'm telling you right
60:16
now anticipatory co articulation I
60:20
believe I mentioned it in a previous
60:21
class yes the opposite is what remember
60:25
her severe that eco science / separative
60:30
/ separative just a way so um I did in
60:33
de cosa non ha in changsha be a mega
60:36
super separative site Utah John bay and
60:40
shabba in sorry team in the NBA in shot
60:43
niggas anticipatory assimilation or Co
60:47
articulation it's a bit difficult to
60:50
distinguish between assimilation and co
60:52
articulation I have distinguished it
60:55
clearly in my own writing because I
60:58
reviewed a whole book about co
60:59
articulation it's sung but fate Honda
61:02
face hunger Drummond oh shoot I was
61:05
going to say cool towel but this is
61:07
going on video so I don't want to insult
61:09
anybody and it was it was hard to read
61:11
it wasn't cool job but it was very very
61:13
technical and very dense the whole book
61:15
was about a co articulation so you can
61:19
distinguish the two but generally I
61:21
don't assimilation good co articulation
61:23
jeevan sound Joseph tonghua when we get
61:26
inside by champion will home in the in
61:27
soybeans young you urge you to be on ha
61:29
that's assimilation all right we have
61:33
anticipatory / separative you need to
61:36
know those two okay anticipatory co
61:40
articulation is by far the most common
61:42
cause of assimilations in English so
61:45
this is normal for English usually we
61:47
are getting ready for the next sound so
61:50
ten the N is getting ready for the first
61:53
so the N is changed other languages
61:56
however use more per separative
61:59
articulations for example French French
62:02
uses more per separative articulation
62:05
let's let's go to the English example
62:07
first in
62:08
process the gesture for one sound is
62:11
affected by anticipating the gesture for
62:13
the next but there are also / separative
62:16
assimilations underline that memorized
62:18
it in which the gesture for one sound
62:20
persevere 'he's the verb that /
62:23
separative comes from again is persevere
62:25
into the gesture for the next sound the
62:28
pronunciation of the phrase it is all
62:31
right is the essen is is it voice tour
62:34
voiceless it should be the s and it is
62:40
it's written as s but is it voice tour
62:43
voiceless it's voiced except in Taiwan
62:47
English it often is voiceless right but
62:49
remember that remember to fix that
62:50
because is is voiced so normally we
62:55
should we should voice the sound that s
62:57
in is now there's a reason for it by the
63:00
way and that is because function words
63:02
in Old English and I think that applies
63:04
to is as well function where it's an old
63:07
English they tended to be voiced you
63:09
listen GUI the nigga shoots to the hot
63:13
Mayo Johnny in the sheets it how do boy
63:16
yo we got free kadir hometown boys a
63:17
voiced and that's why we say of does a
63:21
cool union in shower either we don't say
63:24
oh like you do in Taiwan English right
63:26
of it really is voiced a lot of fun a
63:30
lot of moon we don't say a lot of fun
63:32
it's voiced because in Old English
63:35
function words that were unstressed if
63:38
they had a fricative usually it was
63:40
voiced put that in your notes this is an
63:42
important point that's why that of has
63:46
the only f in our spelling that is
63:49
pronounced vee because in old english it
63:51
was an unstressed function word and the
63:53
f was voiced hmm ok so is maybe voice
63:58
for the same reason but when we say it's
64:03
that good has now turned into what it's
64:07
it's fine it is it is fine it's fine
64:12
what happened to the zoo in its it
64:17
became
64:17
louder everybody please you're almost
64:23
voiceless how about if you have some
64:25
voice when you say guys let's go can you
64:28
have a little more energy it's it's only
64:30
Wednesday right it's not tgif and it's
64:33
not monday so you can I know you can do
64:34
better say it louder that's good enough
64:38
I'll accept that okay so it's it just
64:42
okay it is nigga those of you have
64:46
questions I'm going to repeat it now
64:47
with a giant sit it is mega spelling the
64:51
nigga s make it s handle azuz right it
64:54
is is this is a book right it's pretty
64:57
old but if you make it into the
65:00
contraction it's by moving some gear
65:03
down the tea in it actually affects the
65:09
zoo it turns it into a voiceless so it
65:12
is becomes voiceless it's no voicing
65:16
crema that's an example of perseverate
65:19
of assimilation in English it's not so
65:22
common but that's that's a common word
65:24
but perseverate of assimilation itself
65:26
is not so common in English anticipatory
65:31
assimilation or Co articulation is much
65:33
more common ok there is of course
65:37
nothing slovenly slovenly made sloppy a
65:40
lotta or lazy about using weak forms and
65:43
assimilations a lot of people say it's
65:45
sloppy English or you could say dad so
65:48
is sloppy Chinese and I've heard the
65:50
same thing about Cantonese any language
65:52
only people with artificial notions
65:55
about what constitutes so-called good
65:57
speech could use adjectives such as
65:58
these to label the kind of speech we've
66:00
been describing it's not lazy it's not
66:03
sloppy it's not bad it actually
66:05
increases our efficiency because if the
66:08
meaning is easily predictable it does
66:10
not need the word does not need to be
66:12
pronounced so clearly right nigga eat 17
66:15
to attain tall women a find your creds /
66:18
GG we can use a shortcut because there's
66:22
no point putting a lot of effort into
66:25
something that is already cleared
66:26
information value
66:27
high or low it's very low if the
66:31
information that value is low we will
66:33
tend to reduce it this is important this
66:35
should also go in your notes whenever
66:37
the information value is low we will
66:40
tend to reduce the pronunciation of a
66:43
word will give stress it will neutralize
66:46
the vowel will weaken the vowel so
66:48
things will get weakened when their
66:50
information value is low so we're really
66:53
talking about information structure in
66:55
this whole chapter so rather than being
66:59
labeled lazy it could be described as
67:01
being more efficient in that it conveys
67:02
time da the same meeting with less
67:05
effort so again the lychee CLE tonga
67:08
yeah the East wheat forms and
67:10
assimilations are common in the speech
67:11
of every sort of speaker in both Britain
67:13
and America and other places not
67:15
mentioned Canada Australia South Africa
67:17
etc and it probably every language of
67:20
the world but I have to say like I said
67:22
in a previous class Georgia bgl mailed
67:25
it a shame shall be jel me on is own
67:27
weakening of sounds bijan man yo and
67:31
it's something that amaze me because
67:33
Georgian is such a difficult language
67:34
and you may have had the same experience
67:37
of watching a very small child speaking
67:39
English very well have you ever had that
67:40
experience and you think you're only 34
67:43
years old how can you speak English so
67:45
well and I don't speak that well many
67:48
people have that experience with
67:49
children when I was in Georgia I would
67:51
watch little four-year-old speaking
67:53
fluently and very crisp and clearly hun
67:56
change events white and very lowly and
67:59
it just amazed me that language is so
68:01
hard how can you do that but that's how
68:04
we feel when children master their
68:07
native language even if the language is
68:08
very complex so anyway that was just
68:13
georgian i don't think they have so many
68:15
weak forms that was my experience it's
68:17
much crisper and much less reduced but
68:20
english has a lot of reductions mandarin
68:22
has quite a few as well foreigners who
68:26
make insufficient use of them sound
68:28
stilted neither what we owned is your
68:31
role bhavish ingenuity
68:32
faith on a chunky homegoods do that
68:34
people will notice it and even if they
68:38
don't know exactly what's wrong how it
68:41
got any doubt look at something so much
68:43
any quick bite it you will feel it in
68:45
Chinese as well if doubt power tool
68:48
instead jaza you feel it immediately and
68:50
remember these are all these all cause
68:53
emotional reactions it's not really
68:54
rational all right we have just a tiny
68:57
bit of time to start on stress stress is
68:59
most easily identified in citation forms
69:02
got that I didn't say it loud but this
69:04
is important the citation form is the
69:07
easiest place to find where the stress
69:09
goes in conversational speech speech
69:11
words can be untied say de-emphasized
69:15
and when this happens some of the
69:17
properties of stressed syllables may not
69:19
be realized what's one reason why we may
69:22
not stress for example a Content word if
69:29
it's repeated dr to dr te shan to
69:32
Oceanus oh ho nigah Joey Jones boo Tiana
69:35
or if something else is being contrasted
69:38
here the dong XI suit your focus site
69:41
fun contrast the day I don't want this
69:44
one with that one jihad I don't eat
69:46
rambled oh hey a deal so if you are
69:48
listening to a complete sentence it's
69:50
going to be harder to identify the
69:52
correct stress when you need to know the
69:54
stress go to a dictionary and use an
69:56
online dictionary with audio files is my
69:58
advice that's actually something that
70:00
bothered me about mainland Chinese
70:02
dictionaries because Taiwan the what
70:07
should we call it don't win why are you
70:08
going whatever you want to call it the
70:11
man the Chinese spoken in Taiwan
70:12
you don't have any tension right change
70:16
on bingo tool you have some like what
70:18
does dawn she does and woman I got money
70:21
crazy change them but how about how do
70:23
you say white radish white radish
70:26
somewhat aah buh buh all right you call
70:31
it wobble does anybody call it
70:33
Louisville no not in Taiwan but that's
70:36
the normal way to say it in mainland
70:38
China especially in Beijing Louisville
70:40
and I whenever I use the mainland
70:43
Chinese dictionary I want to know what
70:45
that is not Saudi jisha Catholic also
70:47
loves attention what is a handbook for I
70:49
thought he had turned on a sunday Osama
70:51
I becomes a walk alright so in that case
70:55
because it's already conventionalized
70:57
nikka ball to Luna globo de Bourgh new
71:00
mobility revolution
71:04
nigga Louisville the boy yummy bits
71:06
which we said no so there was no way i
71:09
could find out what tone war was accept
71:12
by listening to people in Taiwan they
71:13
make it a first home right right so
71:16
anyway that's just a sort of counter
71:18
example the dictionary in this case
71:20
would not tell me the tone but if you go
71:22
to a dictionary to check the stress of a
71:24
word in English normally you will get it
71:26
clearly in its citation form from the
71:29
dictionary in running speech you may not
71:31
let's just finish this page this is very
71:34
important in citation forms a stressed
71:38
syllable is usually produced by pushing
71:40
more air out of the lungs in one
71:42
syllable relative to others write it
71:43
down and memorize it because I'm going
71:45
to ask you what is the physical
71:49
realization of stress okay nice it's
71:52
emmanuel certainty by stress nancial I
71:55
this is how you do it that's the only
71:58
thing we can say you made other things
72:00
but this is the only one everybody seems
72:02
to agree on what is it pushing more air
72:08
out of the lungs in one syllable
72:11
relative to others every bit as
72:13
important Pat eating some good Beacon
72:16
Theater don't she told Abby it's always
72:20
relative it's never absolute sweet good
72:23
lean why the angel I beat a hot soak a
72:26
young lee ji to conshy from your lungs
72:30
you need that for the test i can tell
72:32
you right now you need to be able to
72:34
describe what is physically involved in
72:37
producing stress in an english word it
72:40
may also does a dr Gakona because it was
72:43
a geo data it may also have an increase
72:46
in laryngeal activity that means the son
72:48
died often it will the vocal folds will
72:54
vibrate faster where are you going go my
72:59
vocal folds are vibrating faster to
73:01
produce a higher pitch though sometimes
73:04
it goes lower right you're going your go
73:09
wait the stresses on go but did it go
73:12
hide no it went very low so it says
73:15
increase
73:16
and laryngeal activity often it's a
73:18
sharp decrease it goes very low so the
73:21
lint laryngeal part nigga humble weekday
73:24
nigga hun Habakkuk ha but the lung power
73:27
part we agree on you're using more
73:30
effort to push air out of your lungs
73:32
that's important so stress can always be
73:37
defined in terms of something a speaker
73:39
does in one part of an utterance
73:41
relative to another that's the really
73:43
important part compared to something
73:45
else you're doing some more of something
73:47
whatever it is it's difficult to define
73:51
stress from a listeners point of view a
73:53
stressed syllable is often but not
73:54
always louder than an unstressed
73:56
syllable that's number four in our list
73:58
stressed either you'll sugah soo jung
74:01
hyung jin do you remember what they are
74:03
first remember to check again should
74:08
they can show me and Jenna and John yeah
74:10
please read it again it will help you
74:12
with this chapter XI de Jong agenda and
74:14
Zhang Yao Jonah Han Jung Yong hak i'm
74:16
alright so first pitch second links with
74:22
a cook that epithet it could like the
74:24
third thing is clear bowel bowel clarity
74:28
hunching cheetah moving a full vowel
74:30
rather than a if it's a stressed
74:33
syllable the vowel will not be a schwa
74:36
it will be a full vowel that's number
74:39
three first is pitch usually higher
74:41
sometimes much lower to length it will
74:44
be longer three vowel clarity more in
74:48
the change he do that's a decent then
74:51
stress the designer kagem kind of 10
74:55
shoe so we won't use a schwa in a
74:58
stressed syllable it will be a clear
74:59
vowel a full vowel and forth is loudness
75:02
it is louder loudness is not the most
75:05
important that's why we put it at number
75:07
four the most reliable thing let's say
75:12
in declarative utterances it is usually
75:14
but not always on a higher pitch the
75:16
most reliable thing for a listener to
75:18
detect is that a stressed syllable
75:19
frequently has a longer vowel than it
75:22
would have if it were unstressed so even
75:24
if you're whispering you can hear a
75:26
longer vowel you can't hear the
75:28
if you're whispering okay my pitch
75:37
didn't really change but you can hear
75:38
the length you couldn't hear a pitch
75:41
really because I was not voicing
75:43
anything but this does not mean that all
75:46
long vowels are necessarily stressed the
75:49
second and third vowels in radio for
75:51
example are comparatively long listen
75:53
radio EO Faison team tool they're not
75:57
stressed rey de oh how you use anything
76:01
right they're very very clear but
76:04
they're not stressed so unstress does
76:06
not always mean it's going to be a swap
76:08
or reduced some unstressed vowels are
76:10
not reduced at all all right they will
76:13
be a little shorter but they're still
76:14
these are comparatively long but they do
76:17
not have that extra push of air from the
76:19
lungs that occurs on the first foul ray
76:22
ray I'm pushing harder do not so hard
76:25
conversely the vowels in the first
76:27
syllables of cupcake and hit man are
76:31
they stressed the vowels in the first
76:33
syllable of cupcake and hit man are they
76:35
stressed yes but are they really long no
76:39
they're short but they have extra
76:41
respiratory energy and so they are felt
76:45
to be stressed and also pitch cupcake
76:49
hit man we can hear the pitch clearly
76:50
they also have more energy from the
76:52
lungs we must stop do we have any
76:54
questions before we continue nope before
76:57
we end we're not going to continue any
77:00
questions quick okay you have a test on
77:04
Monday next week please come prepared if
77:08
you have questions get in touch with any
77:09
of us just post on into you phonetics
77:11
make sure you come prepared read the
77:14
text carefully family yeah and the rest
77:17
of you that's it we'll see you on Monday