Transcript


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we're in the middle of page 112 think
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we've covered part of it last time but
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we're going to go over it again stress
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has different functions in English first
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of all it can be used in sentences to
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give special emphasis to a word or two
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contrast one word with another that's
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contrastive stress remember the three
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rules for what we stress in a sentence
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of course we have word stress remember
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that we have three levels of stress
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first of all we have word stress then we
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have compound nouns dress and then we
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have sentence intonation and what are
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the three rules of sentence sentence
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intonation to review first stress
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content where its second stress new
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information don't stress old information
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and then stress items and contrast
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everything else is pronounced how I
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don't want this one I want that one how
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do we pronounce everything that's not
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stressed how do we pronounce everything
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in a sentence that is not stressed a low
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flat pitch remember that please a low
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flat pitch deep in gaol everything that
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is not stressed we talked so much about
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stress sometimes we forget to say how we
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pronounce all those words that are not
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stressed and they are in the majority
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most words are not stressed usually in a
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sentence they are pronounced normally in
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a low flat pitch there are some
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exceptions we'll talk about those
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another time but generally for
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statements kundan Jude the unstressed
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words are pronounced with the low flat
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pitch and we can also distinguish
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between nouns and verbs remember insult
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insult overflow and overflow than them
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and we compare that to Chinese what
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don't win you'll give some away to the
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chan chan do you remember hammering
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something ding dings and dents want so
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I'm done so sometimes you use tone in a
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similar way the way we use stress
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sometimes we can distinguish between
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nouns and verbs with stress sometimes
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you use tone for the same perp
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neither one is very systematic in
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English it's a bit systematic but there
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are many many exceptions or you could
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say there's a limited number of examples
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in Chinese there are quite only a very
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few number of examples to sound chew and
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chew chew does it so you have a number
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of examples but not a huge number and
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we're at the bottom of 112 many other
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variations and stress can be associated
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with the grammatical structure of words
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table 5.2 exemplifies the kinds of
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alternations all the words in the first
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column have the main stress on the first
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syllable diplomat photograph monotone
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notice that these words are all what
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kinds of words Joe Carroll il maestro
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are they old english words too angry de
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un sure you ma to you instead of silk
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way ma diplomat photograph monotone
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where did English get these words often
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through French from Latin and Greek
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right Latin and Greek these are
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originally from Latin and Greek often
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they did come through French but not
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always sometimes they were direct
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borrowings or direct creations of words
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so we have the stress on the first
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syllable and all of these diplomat
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photograph monotone but look at the
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second syllable we have a toe xiangning
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su we have an abstract noun made from
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these it's still a noun but the stress
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has shifted to which syllable the second
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diplomat diplomacy photograph
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photography and the bowels change as
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well photograph photography the
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unstressed syllables in both case
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becomes wives but they're different
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syllables monotone ma not knee now in
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the third column we have what kinds of
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words these are adjectives and don't say
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objectives by the way it sounds like
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something totally different adjectives
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and where's the stress now on the third
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syllable diplomatic photographic
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monotonic
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monotonic I don't use this word at all
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so it's kind of strange to me i would
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say salsa de erika india is a better way
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to describe it diplomatic it's the
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second of the last syllable and we call
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that the ante I'm sorry we call that the
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penultimate syllable the last syllable
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is just the last syllable but if it's
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the second to the last syllable we can
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call it the penultimate syllable pen all
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to let the stress is on the penultimate
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syllable if it's on the third to the
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last syllable then we'll call it the
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antepenultimate that's when I started to
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say at the beginning that's on that's
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the third to the last syllable
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antepenultimate third to the last
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penultimate is the second of the last
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ultimate we don't say ultimate usually
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just the last the final syllable so you
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can see how the stress changes in these
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words this is typical of words that are
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from Latin and Greek just allotting you
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can she lie you the white lie you they
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often have patterns like this but words
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that from the original anglo-saxon
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vocabulary usually don't behave like
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that in words like that the stress tends
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to stay on the route it'll stay on the
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root in most cases the original
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anglo-saxon vocabulary tended to be
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monosyllabic like Chinese and when we
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started adding things on usually this
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dress stay down the route okay so we
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could make up a bunch of complex rules
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if we wanted to we could use them to
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predict the location of the stress in
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most English words but it gets really
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complicated and that's why when it comes
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to word stress usually the fastest way
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to find out where the stress is is to go
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be added soon young blades are true to
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tide how to join zanotti kind of nigga
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grades within a thai foods at high tide
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or fine jewel so instead of going
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through all these rules to find out
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which one works what's a faster way to
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find out the stress avoid
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listen to the audio file online or look
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it up in the dictionary native speakers
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know the stress of most words just
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because they've heard them before and it
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gets part of our collection becomes part
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of our collection of audio files in our
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head if we put the wrong stress it
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sounds very funny and we'll have to fix
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it like if we've said photograph many
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times and suddenly we see the word
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photography omagon kaisan in we might
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say photo whoops photography cut outs
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the way fashion just the odd telogen so
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as soon as we say it wrong our audio
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files will give us a little notice that
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say of the stress changes here and it's
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confusing because I know that for the
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word commit commit there's a word and
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its concomitant and the first time I
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said it I said concomitant commit
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committed can commit concomitant whoa
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jetta and clearly but its concomitant
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it's one of those latin words where the
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stress changes so native speakers often
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get her not often often but fairly often
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get it wrong an unfamiliar words think
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it's up with high Shoji de Foix native
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speaker joking huy fong pool will be
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laughed at and corrected by people or
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they might say isn't the stress
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somewhere else or we'll look it up or
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whatever all of these are possible okay
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so native speakers especially with
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unfamiliar words especially with words
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that we read but seldom hear we often
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get this dress wrong we'll have to check
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and here it says that there are very few
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examples of lexical items such as differ
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and defer that have the same syntactic
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function these are both what summits lay
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there both verbs but they have different
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stress patterns differ defer verbs tend
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to put the stress on which syllable of
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their two syllables the second syllable
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like produce is the noun produce is the
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verb reject is the noun reject is the
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verb we have that pattern but it doesn't
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always apply it's not so often that we
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have words that have different stress
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patterns like differ differ
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title down for the leads below and below
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are another pair of words illustrating
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that differences and stress are not
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always differences between nouns and
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verbs billow is a it's a now bill o say
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it done foam a billow the windows
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billowing we have a billow of wind below
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is often an adverb right so we Dinks the
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means to don't soil it's like a pattern
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then they got Joanie into Tapia and that
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is as far as we can go today I guess
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next is going to be degrees of stress
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this is the section is very very
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important if you can't read ahead I know
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you've got a bit of homework before
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wednesday that gets priority that will
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have to be it for today the bell has
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rung does anybody have any questions on
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anything on the test on the text on the
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assignments and work that we've returned
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to you any questions at all that's it
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then we have to run we'll see you on
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Wednesday