Transcript


00:17
there's there's a famous scholar named
00:19
Jennifer Jenkins and she's very very
00:23
good she works in pronunciation and
00:25
promoting the teaching of pronunciation
00:26
and the things that she talks about I
00:30
find myself in great agreement with but
00:32
there's a problem where we really split
00:33
a place where we really split right now
00:36
there's a tendency towards english as a
00:39
lingua franca everybody know what a
00:41
lingua franca is lingua franca some of
00:44
you know I mean what's a lingua franca
00:58
yeah you can call it a yawn you're going
01:01
homie it's a language people have in
01:03
common it is not the language of either
01:06
party in many cases it's not my native
01:09
language it's not your native language
01:10
but because you don't speak Mandarin and
01:13
I don't speak Farsi we communicate in
01:16
English and what this movement says and
01:21
it's very true that more and more
01:23
English does not just exclusively belong
01:25
to native speakers right English is a
01:27
part of the life of practically
01:29
everybody in the world now because it's
01:31
the means that we use to communicate
01:34
when we don't have a shared another
01:36
shared foreign language for foreigners
01:40
in Taiwan our lingua franca tends to be
01:43
English but very often it's Mandarin
01:45
because we're in a mandarin-speaking
01:46
environment not everybody likes speaking
01:48
English so for a lot of my foreign
01:51
friends are lingua franca is Mandarin
01:53
but and that might in the future there
01:56
might be a tendency for mandarin to
01:58
become a lingua franca with the with the
02:00
rise of China now but for now English is
02:03
definitely the world lingua franca and
02:05
their idea is that we do not need to be
02:08
so picky about training in any one
02:10
particular English accent and also you
02:13
can't learn everything well so you just
02:15
should learn some main points well we
02:17
need to prioritize that means you spend
02:20
more time for example on distinguishing
02:22
vowels clearly but we don't have to be
02:25
picky about full if you say if you want
02:28
if you say one two three that's okay
02:30
woman hi
02:31
don't lose the number the end zone we
02:32
won't we won't push you on that we'll
02:34
just concentrate on a few things that
02:36
really interfere with intelligibility
02:40
this is also called English for
02:42
international communication and I can't
02:45
disagree with those parts we should
02:47
prioritize some things are more
02:49
important to intelligibility than others
02:52
that's true another point that Professor
02:56
jenkins said at the end of a talk on
02:57
youtube and i'll put the link up for you
03:00
she said we shouldn't put all the
03:03
responsibility on the speaker we should
03:05
train our listeners to be more aware of
03:07
and sensitive to the many different
03:10
accents of english there are in the
03:11
world and I totally agree with that we
03:15
should also train our listeners but the
03:18
place where we split is are we able to
03:22
train all the listeners that you are
03:24
going to end to interact with in the
03:25
future are we able to know what happened
03:30
what's this there's too many and how
03:34
lucky are you that you got in Thai doc I
03:37
mean you are so lucky not just lucky you
03:39
worked hard for it however you are very
03:42
privileged will say it that way not that
03:44
many people can come to tie dye or the
03:46
better universities in Taiwan they're
03:49
not going to get that kind of training
03:50
and many people don't go to a university
03:51
at all but you may have to interact with
03:54
them you need to you need to get your
03:56
kitchen remodeled or you need to do you
03:59
need to conduct a transaction of the
04:02
bank or whatever it is you need to get
04:04
to interact with many different people
04:06
we can't train all your listeners and
04:09
the problem is that if you are only
04:12
concentrating on minimal intelligibility
04:14
but you still have a very strong accent
04:17
what does our brain do when you first
04:20
see somebody what do we say you know do
04:24
you judge them immediately I mean you
04:27
first your first reaction to somebody
04:28
called it a first impression right does
04:31
that tend to stay with you for a long
04:32
time or do you forget about it and
04:33
change it as you go along that first
04:36
impression you have of somebody
04:40
it stays with you forever doesn't it if
04:42
somebody the very first thing when you
04:45
met them they said something really rude
04:47
it's the first impression you have of
04:49
him or her you're probably going to
04:52
always be kind of careful around that
04:54
person that's a rude person right so
04:57
first impressions really make a
04:58
difference and pronunciation is like
05:02
your mum in if your pronunciation is not
05:05
clear if it's not fluent and confident
05:08
and if it's sometimes here and sometimes
05:12
they are and hard to interpret sometimes
05:14
that person is just going to have an
05:17
impression of you that's somebody who is
05:18
very tiring to talk to and this brings
05:23
us to a book that's really popular right
05:25
now I heard an interview about it this
05:27
morning on vaidya dan hi I still listen
05:30
to the radio I know it's probably only
05:32
one but it's this book which is now
05:34
printed which has now been published in
05:36
Chinese translation called Thinking Fast
05:38
and Slow by daniel kahneman and if you
05:42
have professor she employ as a teacher
05:44
he's probably already recommended it to
05:46
you it's a really wonderful book I had
05:49
already seen his TED talk and I had
05:51
already liked him on facebook and forgot
05:53
about it and then professor she reminded
05:55
me of him and then this book and I got
05:58
it immediately at s late and it's a
06:00
wonderful wonderful book and I recommend
06:02
it to all of you because it tells us how
06:04
our brains work it seems that we
06:06
actually know but we hadn't really had
06:10
them confirmed in a book and
06:12
systematized and he cites lots of
06:15
research that shows how our brains work
06:17
basically we have two systems and that's
06:20
what I've been talking to you about all
06:21
this time I tell you your front brain in
06:23
your back brain right you're slow
06:25
thinking brain and then your automatic
06:27
brain everybody remember that from class
06:29
yeah and I say when you learn language
06:31
you have to keep repeating until it
06:33
becomes automatic right so he talks all
06:38
about that in very concrete terms how
06:40
that works and the way our brains
06:44
normally work in short is whenever we're
06:47
confronted with a new situation we make
06:50
a snap judgment a lightning-fast
06:52
judgment
06:53
judge immediately what we think of it
06:56
and what we're going to do now snap
06:59
judgment in English is sometimes a
07:01
negative term that means you're too
07:03
quick to judge without getting the facts
07:06
first but your automatic brain just has
07:10
a big collection of all of your
07:11
experiences in life all the things that
07:13
thinks is important it has a judgment of
07:15
what should be normal what is normal and
07:18
if something looks a little not normal
07:20
you're going to react immediately
07:21
something's different today that's what
07:24
that part of your brain does it's very
07:25
good at pattern recognition something
07:27
doesn't fit the pattern it reacts it
07:29
says watch out something's different it
07:30
might be dangerous so that part of your
07:33
brain is giving you snap judgments
07:35
immediately it will hand over its
07:38
judgment to the slow thinking brain and
07:40
it will ask the slow thinking brain it
07:42
doesn't really ask because it's
07:43
unconscious we can't really sense that
07:46
part of our brain that part of our brain
07:48
is working very hard and we don't feel
07:49
it it's unconscious it takes up a lot of
07:52
energy and we don't realize it because
07:54
it happens without our consciousness so
07:57
it makes a very quick decision hands it
08:00
over to the slower part of the brain and
08:02
thus lower part of the brain if it
08:05
thinks there's danger it will think
08:07
carefully step by step is this dangerous
08:08
no I guess it's different but it's okay
08:11
you will think but the slow part of the
08:15
brain really hates to work it's lazy
08:19
it's very very lazy you know that when
08:22
you have a difficult problem in front of
08:24
you what do you often do you close the
08:28
book right go to something else or your
08:31
brain will answer an easier question the
08:33
question that you asked me was too
08:34
difficult so I'll think of a related
08:36
question that's easier and I'll answer
08:37
that instead he cites that in the book
08:41
okay this is just background the point
08:44
is that this part of your brain is
08:48
making judgments immediately as soon as
08:49
you hear somebody with an accent that's
08:51
difficult to understand this part of
08:54
your brain is going to say this person
08:56
is hard to listen to I don't want to
08:57
talk till next time it's too tiring or
09:00
it may handle work over to the conscious
09:03
brain which has to now work at decide
09:05
fering everything they're saying how
09:06
that eat dodo you it okay please sit
09:09
down this part of the brain says oh you
09:11
guys just sit so I Tashia da nigga cha
09:15
maha manda nigga boyfriend na hoona john
09:17
monahan my pen Cinque that's what's
09:21
missing from this whole school of
09:23
thought regarding english as a lingua
09:26
franca if you learn English mama who
09:28
will go to chew you may be understood
09:31
but the other person may not want to
09:32
talk to you after a while and that hurts
09:35
you makes you less competitive you're
09:37
not going to get anywhere nobody will
09:39
talk to you so I just want to point that
09:41
out that if you want to get good you
09:44
have to get really good in music is it
09:46
okay if you get most of the notes right
09:48
and some of them wrong no sherry it's
09:53
not because what is it worth listening
09:56
to are you gonna listen to it at all
09:59
does it you all wish it ain't all cuz of
10:01
dads a doula he's don't Union every team
10:03
i know we we demand perfection and music
10:08
right how about in math just a fab event
10:11
daily shell swimming when Sheila the
10:13
incompetent Wilma we demand perfection
10:16
in math and music why do we not demand
10:20
perfection and language learning why is
10:22
that different you need to speak it well
10:27
so people can understand you the most
10:29
easily understood accents are the
10:31
standard accents of the world British
10:33
English American English if you speak
10:35
standard Australian another spills or k2
10:38
if it's a standard that means a large
10:41
number of people recognize it identify
10:43
with it understand it easily so her idea
10:46
is that RP received pronunciation is a
10:51
is a dying dialect not so many people
10:53
speak RP anymore and I told you that
10:55
before fewer and fewer people there
10:58
middle-aged and older and they live in
11:00
the area of London South England many
11:03
people now speak is somewhat different
11:05
accents so because of that she believes
11:07
that RP is not so suitable for teaching
11:10
20-somethings people your age because
11:12
it's it's already old fashioned
11:15
but I had a discussion with my British
11:17
teacher yesterday about this and he says
11:19
but it's still the standard if you want
11:20
to be understood that should be your
11:22
goal the ex is changing and you can pick
11:25
that up when you go to England and you
11:27
find out some pronunciations are
11:28
different maybe you'll adopt them and
11:29
maybe not but only by aiming for the
11:33
standard can you be assured that you
11:35
have really learned the language
11:36
thoroughly in a way that most people
11:38
will understand you so this is where I
11:40
differ you will find people who feel
11:42
strongly about the other side and you
11:44
can listen to them and make your own
11:45
decision but I just want to share that
11:47
with you this stuff is really useful it
11:49
will help you not just because you want
11:52
to mimic pair it some kind of some kind
11:55
of abstract standard but because you
11:58
want to learn the language thoroughly or
12:00
language majors your foreign language
12:01
majors you should know as much about
12:04
language and be aware as much as you can
12:06
be of what you're doing and what is
12:09
involved in language learning not just
12:10
momo whoo-hoo we get each on so for the
12:13
people who say one year one year no one
12:17
where did they get the wall maybe for
12:20
mandarin solo gordini time cause it have
12:22
come a new awareness meal conjured out
12:24
and so generating some cheap Tommy on
12:27
shared how puts it up as a painting
12:28
either in shock I hope shake it had no
12:31
wait Ozzy audience shunda it's really
12:34
hard on the listener okay this part of
12:37
the brain says this is tiring this part
12:39
of the brain says you're giving me a lot
12:41
of work I'm working too hard alright so
12:44
in order for you to be good to be aware
12:46
to really know what you're doing to be
12:48
able to teach students well and so forth
12:50
and so on you need this stuff so
12:52
everything we're doing this class of my
12:53
opinion is going to help you further
12:56
that goal okay that was a long talk was
12:58
after watching this video yesterday I
13:00
want to show it now but i'll put the
13:01
link up so this is an assignment I want
13:03
you to watch this video by professor
13:05
Jennifer Jenkins i'll put the link up so
13:07
put it put it in your notes watch the
13:09
video it's only like eight minutes long
13:11
it's not long it's very clear she does
13:13
good work and what she says is true but
13:16
I told you exactly where we split I
13:17
believe students should learn a standard
13:19
accent if they're on their own in Taiwan
13:21
it has become an excuse for not learning
13:24
grammar well for not learning clear
13:27
pronunciation
13:28
because they'll say well this is Taiwan
13:30
English this is our variety of world
13:32
english it's an excuse and it is not
13:35
taking a listener into account okay so
13:38
Thinking Fast and Slow by Daniel
13:40
Kahneman highly recommend that you can
13:42
get it at at asleep and it's also in
13:44
Chinese can shop without the Chinese and
13:46
also watch this video by Jennifer
13:48
Jenkins and please think about it in
13:51
addition please consider setting up a
13:53
study group you need to go through what
13:56
is left of this textbook sentence by
13:58
sentence the last two chapters five that
14:02
we are just going to finish and then for
14:03
they will be in the final we're not
14:05
having separate tests the tests can kind
14:07
of teaching you the parts that you
14:08
didn't learn well enough well you're not
14:10
going to have that for these chapters
14:11
because we don't have time so I highly
14:13
suggest a study group go around in a
14:16
circle read it sentence by sentence
14:17
anybody have any questions or feedback
14:21
okay we're going to continue we need to
14:25
collect the notes and in your notes you
14:30
should also have taken notes on the
14:32
three should articles plus to web pages
14:34
32 and 33 and we're going to assign a
14:38
new webpage in addition to the video i
14:41
just mentioned by Professor Jenkins
14:43
there's going to be a new web page and
14:45
you can see it under 1220 everybody see
14:49
it up here its web page number 20 web
14:52
page 20 you need to look at this and you
14:55
need to go to the links the links will
14:59
contain a lot of important information
15:01
it's somewhat about this chapter more
15:04
about chapter 4 it's about the structure
15:06
of a syllable easier the g8 go now we
15:10
haven't even defined as syllable because
15:12
the syllable is really difficult to
15:14
define it depends on the language okay
15:17
have we discuss syllables before anybody
15:21
NJ pelham Loma what is this syllable
15:25
okay we're going to discuss it more in
15:28
another chapter especially next semester
15:30
if you hang around but it's very hard to
15:32
define a syllable because if I know we
15:34
did mention a bit remember when I asked
15:36
you how many syllables there
15:38
in canton remember yamaha yama gen tan
15:43
has how many syllables dan dan has how
15:47
many syllables to write but in Japanese
15:51
they have the same word it's a loan from
15:53
Chinese canon canon has how many
15:56
syllables in Japanese the accountant is
16:04
for if they don't call them syllables in
16:06
English we call them something else and
16:10
I'm going to try to think of it right
16:10
now you can count them as four units of
16:17
time units phonological units so can
16:22
they let four beats Khan and Japanese
16:26
count the final in as a separate unit
16:30
okay so cotton pad they will count it as
16:33
for an English speaker a Chinese speaker
16:36
council is to write and in certain
16:39
languages they kind of help as a
16:41
separate syllable the one I can think of
16:44
is called Bella Coola it's a Native
16:45
American language in the Northwest of
16:47
the u.s. so that it's a separate
16:49
syllable and some of my students seem to
16:52
think it's an extra syllable in English
16:54
but in English we don't consider it an
16:56
extra syllable it depends on the
16:58
language it depends on your perception
17:01
your definition of what a syllable is so
17:03
I'm page 20 the web page it's going to
17:06
talk to you about the structure of a
17:09
syllable it's meant to be universal
17:12
general but like I say every language
17:13
will have its own definition of what a
17:15
syllable is so you need to read page 20
17:18
take notes on it include the notes in
17:20
your notes for next Monday okay okay i
17:24
hope to give you your tests very soon
17:27
you will need to think John them and
17:29
hand them in hopefully on Wednesday but
17:31
otherwise we'll be on Monday alright
17:33
we're going to continue in our textbook
17:34
and we will have people read because we
17:37
still need to get practice yeah I think
17:39
we're somewhere about 121 okay page 120
17:44
the last paragraph although one cannot
17:48
entirely protect which syllable will be
17:50
the tonics
17:51
available in an international phrase
17:53
international phrase some general phrase
17:56
everybody wax a Nazi okay in an
18:03
international phrase some general
18:05
statements can be made new information
18:08
is more likely to receive a tonic accent
18:10
than materials in American tonic tonic
18:13
and everyone that Oh a lot of o's you
18:16
will say all and it's not really wrong a
18:18
lot of people actually do say it that
18:19
way but in the Midwest it's I tannic to
18:24
receive a tonic accent then materials
18:26
that has already been an Shin wet then
18:29
oh the material that has already been
18:34
mentioned the topic of a sentence is
18:37
less likely to receive the tonic Essen
18:39
accent then the comment that is made on
18:43
that topic okay stop right there this is
18:46
a lot of information and it's more
18:47
important than it may look here he's
18:50
talking about topic and comment and I
18:53
think we've talked about topic and
18:55
comment in Chinese have we don't win
18:58
topic comment DJ coat iguana okay we
19:01
talked about it a lot in other classes
19:02
like in freshman English where we do a
19:04
lot of translation Chinese is basically
19:10
SVO like English subject verb object
19:13
which define no problem right however
19:17
what is more important in Chinese has to
19:20
do with information structure rather
19:22
than subject verb and object how can
19:26
hide a nigga sunshine Chico viggiano
19:28
Quan Chi are boosted subject object verb
19:30
windy or subject verb object and in
19:35
Chinese I think we've mentioned this the
19:38
most important information always goes
19:40
we're always at the end in Chinese the
19:47
important information always goes at the
19:49
end always may only why always and the
19:54
head of a phrase that has a modification
20:00
that also comes at the end so they show
20:03
you the bullpen yeah easy those at home
20:06
yet like the guy who i saw yesterday in
20:08
chinese becomes se dicen 40 and con
20:18
Valda negligent and by the way when we
20:21
say guy or man whoa Jay nema Brielle's
20:23
your friends on man ring because when
20:25
you hear Mannion in Chinese what do you
20:27
think nigga lineman what do you think
20:33
Tiger Jen can take an area until down to
20:36
your tab Emma what sherry what's the
20:39
difference what is male we know that but
20:44
is there any other difference nicob
20:48
newgen wow nigga reaction jo badal
20:52
chehre when we say nigga newton what's
20:55
your reaction I could see it immediately
20:57
what is it it sounds negative doesn't it
21:03
nigga 9 hotmail numer- okay for me it
21:08
can matter man huh right we can do it
21:12
with either sex nigga naira in Chinese
21:15
we normally don't have to say man we
21:17
don't nigga zhengzhou holla note that in
21:20
your translations it's a fine cook I gel
21:22
de because I noticed that in most of my
21:24
students whenever they see man in
21:26
English it becomes Mannion but you don't
21:27
usually say that in Chinese you just say
21:29
nigga zhengzhou holla because you're not
21:32
really big on noting what they're sexist
21:34
Newcombe and then he can she go mail
21:37
every day 9 unions around good how do
21:40
you own in Banda good nigga nigga
21:42
in Cebu yonder alright so i just want to
21:45
mention that the point it originally was
21:49
the important information goes at the
21:51
end and the head of a phrase goes at the
21:54
end that means the part which is
21:55
modified they show sure the nigga
21:57
bullpen so the guy I saw yesterday in
22:01
once offense Antigua when sued I mean
22:03
since is Judah bday the guy who i saw
22:05
yesterday we can't really do it any
22:08
other way the yesterday by a scene guy
22:11
colima the yesterday by machine guy you
22:16
and colima no we don't do it that way
22:19
but that's what you do in chinese in
22:20
other words all of the modification goes
22:23
before the verb or for the noun also
22:25
before the verb if you're modifying a
22:27
verb but why need show citizen sum up a
22:29
show
22:29
yawns at home yet it's only a latrine a
22:32
young man's at home yet the reason we
22:34
got into this in the first place is the
22:35
idea of topic and comment so in English
22:39
we can say I've already washed the
22:41
clothes I've already washed the clothes
22:43
how would you say that in Chinese think
22:51
about that a good translation that has
22:54
the same focus as the English sentence
22:56
I've already washed the clothes how
22:59
would you say it right some of you have
23:03
it right how about would you see go you
23:05
fool aah or if we do see holla which one
23:09
do you like better d to the Argo all
23:13
right now we say that Chinese is subject
23:16
verb object right wait do you see how
23:19
you fool up but you liked it better when
23:22
I say you foo isn't she holla she holla
23:25
not in one bin sensor and then i tol
23:28
against in summer the object subject
23:31
verb today they see the don't use a
23:34
chain yet so object subject verb to
23:37
almost another young good as the OMA now
23:40
but it has nothing to do with subject
23:42
object verb it has to do with focus and
23:45
focus has to do with what is most
23:47
important and the most important
23:49
information so in China is rather than
23:53
saying it's strictly SPO we usually say
23:57
that Chinese is a topic comment language
24:01
this is very important for your
24:02
translation class for your general
24:04
linguistic knowledge Chinese is
24:06
generally a topic comment language topic
24:10
is that stuff we already know or is that
24:12
new information it's old information
24:14
it's stuff we already know evil that
24:18
means we all know there's a there's a
24:19
stack of dirty clothes that need washing
24:21
we already know that and who's going to
24:24
who's going to wash them is it nears it
24:25
use it somebody else fo de jen suzi
24:28
moments intent on board ready for the
24:30
wimpy YJ c hollow don't dance atari
24:34
sheila mayo tambien yo ass
24:36
home yet and that is called the Tin Man
24:40
evil is the topic and Shahala is the
24:43
comment so this is the way we generally
24:48
try to analyze Chinese and this is not
24:50
about subject verb object it is about
24:53
what information structure information
24:57
structure putting what's important at
24:59
the end in the case of Chinese topic at
25:01
the beginning e to the bluefin stuff
25:04
that's already shared knowledge seen the
25:07
dong XI Xin stand up since she found
25:09
home yet so that's what he's talking
25:11
about here we have it in English to but
25:13
because we don't have a strict topic
25:17
comment rule in English like you do in
25:20
Chinese we will do things differently
25:22
and I will give you an example this is
25:25
basically about translation but it has a
25:28
lot to do also with intonation which are
25:30
talking about in this class this is an
25:32
example from a story by John Steinbeck
25:34
we're reading in freshman English called
25:36
Johnny bear and in the story there's a
25:39
guy who's living near who is edit Goldie
25:44
and he needs to find an apartment if he
25:47
goes far away to look you'll get a nice
25:48
apartment but if he looks only in the
25:50
neighborhood feel get a really lousy
25:51
apartment so he started looking and he
25:54
found an apartment very close to the
25:56
Gandhi to the construction site but it
25:58
was very very wet very lousy don't line
26:04
and tie it was a really lousy apartment
26:06
was dark it was dirty it was small it
26:08
was not nice but he decided to rent it
26:11
anyway because it was close and the
26:15
woman said she would forward his mail to
26:16
him so it was convenient and it was
26:18
closed so he rented it anyway and then
26:20
he said this sentence after all I only
26:24
slept in that dark dank apartment thanks
26:29
and I'm eating I onda after all I only
26:32
slept in that dark dank apartment please
26:35
translate into chinese
26:45
after all I only slept in that dark dank
26:48
apartment
26:52
I conceal to see the wheels turning in
26:55
your brains let's see what you come up
26:57
with there we go ok Jerome try it some
27:05
of you came up with something else what
27:07
else that some of you come up with
27:10
eating what does a sweet side nigga D
27:13
none of the function some of you thought
27:14
that right is that right why is that not
27:17
a good translation
27:26
can you tell me why Jerome having really
27:28
Jerome gave us a good translation why I
27:30
was BTW what does so sweet i'm you get
27:32
mean and they shall comes in why is that
27:34
not a good translation that's a very
27:39
general answer can you be specific
27:47
that's so general it doesn't say why we
27:50
need to sit yeah the first sentence is
27:56
focus on the journal mentions that is he
27:59
focus on I mentioned Iceland I slept in
28:07
somewhere but in the other sin has week
28:11
he focus on now the the part the room I
28:17
slap almost almost you have you have it
28:21
half right give your translation again
28:22
please John okay you have a half right
28:29
can somebody finish it clarify it a bit
28:33
why is that better than beating with the
28:35
substrates I nigut you nod the shop on
28:37
Danny why yeah yes right there okay
28:44
because the whole point of it is it's
28:46
allows the apartment i agree but the
28:48
only thing i do there is sleep so who
28:52
cares so Joey a combo da right that's a
28:56
reason for for renting or for going to a
28:59
cheaper hotel right if you're only going
29:01
to sleep there who cares about luxury
29:02
you're just going to sleep beating was I
29:04
needed district our yeah so that's topic
29:07
information that's really important
29:09
comes at the end and that's very
29:13
relevant to what we're doing now in
29:14
English we didn't do that in Chinese you
29:17
are you have a very very reliable tool
29:20
for making the other person know what is
29:23
important you always put it at the end
29:24
to fit on the end good so don't let
29:26
anybody tell you china says no grammar
29:28
does oh honey i'm gudda it's based on
29:31
information structure to a great extent
29:33
but we don't do that in english so how
29:36
do we let the other person know that the
29:38
important thing is it's only for
29:40
sleeping so who cares we put it in the
29:42
middle of the sentence so how can a
29:44
listener know like you would know in
29:46
chinese because it's at the end how can
29:48
the listener to the English know what is
29:50
really important right you got
29:55
so what you do in Chinese with word
29:58
order Nemo's young you shoot like that
30:01
all the nigga moody woman saw in one is
30:04
a young Sam Adams Eli Dada stress this
30:08
is a very very very important lesson
30:10
everybody make sure it's in your notes
30:12
because many people have been studying
30:15
English for years and decades and they
30:17
even may be professional translators and
30:19
they still make this mistake they still
30:22
have not learned the structure of
30:24
Chinese they know english but they don't
30:26
know chinese at least they don't know
30:28
its structure that's why it's really
30:30
important for you to learn Chinese
30:32
grammar because you can't really
30:35
understand what you're doing in English
30:37
well unless you know what it corresponds
30:39
to in Chinese in Chinese your ears word
30:41
order that's grammar in English we use
30:43
stress so that sentence when we're
30:46
reading it we would say after all I only
30:48
slept in that dark dank room I only
30:52
slept in that dark dank room so homey
30:56
and serious is that way back when when
30:58
you're deep in doubt why don't I male
30:59
don't eat my cheese out how to join your
31:01
team let be indeed how to join y'all she
31:03
okay this is really really important and
31:06
you're going to see things like this in
31:08
these sentences and I want you to think
31:09
of Chinese equivalents you may it's the
31:12
kind of don't you chill I daddy fun you
31:14
think well what would we do in Chinese
31:15
and that will often explained in Chinese
31:17
gujarati von kanel follow me on uh ok
31:21
mmm so it says you can't entirely
31:23
predict which syllable will be the tonic
31:25
syllable we can make some general
31:27
statements new information will get the
31:31
tonic accent we use tonic accent to mark
31:33
new important information and then if we
31:37
still put stuff after at home and I by
31:38
she don't shoot a lot can I just know
31:40
deep in ya half we enjoyed Shula okay so
31:49
it says thus if you're telling someone a
31:50
number of facts about lions you might
31:52
say the sentence shown in for which says
31:55
a lion is a mammal a lion is a mammal
31:59
just a woman genes about attention to
32:02
the Shu Chien oh we are you going away
32:04
that since you
32:05
don't a lion is a mammal did you know
32:08
that the topic of the discussion is
32:12
Lions and the comment on that topic is
32:14
that a lion is a mammal the two speakers
32:17
in for differs slightly in that the
32:19
American English speaker puts accents on
32:21
both line and mammal so when Drew said
32:23
it he said the lion is a mammal you a
32:26
lion what kind of a word is lying it's a
32:29
Content word so of course we are going
32:31
to stress it you can also make it flat
32:34
if we've been talking about lions a long
32:36
time the lion is a mammal it's not a
32:38
fish okay but if it's just a general
32:41
statement we will certainly stress it
32:43
because it's a Content word so it
32:45
depends on how old it is make a joke
32:47
with Judy make a line at song in your
32:49
door die nevertheless even for this
32:54
speaker the tonic accent is the last
32:55
accent of the international phrase for
32:57
both speakers this is on the last word
32:59
mammal making it clear that this is the
33:00
comment the new information that is
33:03
being given about an already know topic
33:06
the tonic accent goes on the new
33:08
information the last content word the
33:12
last important content word in the
33:14
sentence okay and if there are content
33:17
words after that then they are probably
33:19
not important there's contrastive stress
33:21
so great Belin is on joining in a
33:25
discussion of mammals and considering
33:27
that all animals that fit into the
33:28
category that category the comment the
33:31
new information is that a lion fits into
33:33
that category so Lugo metamodel watchu
33:36
sistema since I find what I Ling why
33:41
don't you want and right we're talking
33:44
about what mammals okay uno hockey
33:46
boosters sha'aysha Pluto most mammals if
33:50
that is our topic then talking about a
33:53
lion mentioning a lion will be new
33:55
information no handles on guru don't
33:57
Joseph guru don't want no Joe's 2morrow
34:01
suit a lion is a mammal hey she's Lea
34:04
Michele about Susie it should now of
34:06
course we all know that but just
34:08
assuming it's really fresh here a lion
34:10
is a mammal a lion is a mammal okay took
34:14
it yes sure so various pitch changes are
34:17
possible
34:18
within the time accent and sentences one
34:20
through five the intonation may be
34:22
simply described as having a falling
34:25
contour except for the continuation rise
34:27
in the middle of three okay and three if
34:31
you go back two three that means on the
34:35
previous page okay when we came in we
34:40
had dinner when we came in if they're
34:43
talking about three here another
34:47
possibility is that the tonic syllable
34:49
is marked by a low target followed by a
34:52
rise conaboy hun hun d Hans I want
34:56
samsung so 218 woman yelled a nigga many
35:00
conversations le while am fine you have
35:03
tickets to the Elton John concert you
35:08
have tickets to the Elton John concert
35:11
where is the tonic stress in that
35:13
sentence you have tickets to the Elton
35:19
John concert where is the tonic stress
35:26
you got it all of you seem to have
35:28
gotten it now concert is higher or lower
35:31
than the word John it's higher and we're
35:35
used to having stress is high right for
35:38
example the book is on the table the
35:40
book is on the table it's very high now
35:43
you have tickets to the Elton John
35:46
concert concert goes higher that is
35:51
because why why is concert higher it's
36:01
what kind of a question oh yes no
36:03
question and yes no questions do what
36:06
they go up so in a yes/no question when
36:11
you're going up your tonics dress will
36:13
go low and it will turn back up how's
36:16
the joint wine the d5 this is an
36:17
important thing because Taiwan students
36:20
generally have a hard time hearing tonic
36:22
stress in rising intonation see how the
36:24
yes/no question wow sounds onanism
36:27
aloha taiwan shisn't upon humber only
36:30
team took ty kak Cincinnati and a friend
36:34
of mine who I think I've mentioned
36:35
before ocean general should say Annika
36:37
Johnson Tashia she has done extensive
36:40
research on this she tested students
36:43
originally if they could hear a rising
36:45
tonic accent most of them could not
36:47
native speakers could accept one or two
36:50
ish a native speakers your call
36:51
potential we know it but we may not be
36:54
able to analyze it so the time when
36:57
students mostly could not hear it Dhinka
36:59
chika d by the Australians to hope they
37:00
were tested again how do you think they
37:02
did they did better the training helps
37:06
when you know what to look out for you
37:08
can learn it this is a Christian man go
37:11
so in teaching pronunciation like I said
37:17
it's not just forcing you to adopt a
37:19
certain accent but you're learning a lot
37:20
of the principles about how it works so
37:22
we've learned that stresses go high with
37:25
convince you that go down the book is on
37:26
the table but in a rising intonation
37:28
it's going to go low and it's going to
37:31
turn it's a turning point so do I mind
37:33
the defund there will be a change and
37:35
that's true of tonic stresses in general
37:38
Pat's also yoga pero hoy daddy fun it
37:41
may be very high it may be very low but
37:43
we've got to change and here it turns
37:45
the corner it comes back up you've got
37:48
you got tickets to the Elton John
37:52
concert and that's what he's saying here
37:59
okay it's typical in questions requiring
38:02
the answer what yes or no also d souza
38:06
hang on page 121 requiring yes or no is
38:10
exemplified in six and will be that
38:12
minute for the British speaker the first
38:15
part of the sentence is on a fairly
38:16
level pitch with most of the rise on the
38:19
last word the American speaker has a
38:20
rising pitch for much of the last two
38:22
thirds of the sentence and here's the
38:26
example on the next page will you mail
38:30
me my money and when Bruce reddit he
38:33
said will you will helia Chloe okay knee
38:36
knee on such a shame don't you call you
38:38
will you mail me my
38:40
me and the British will you mail me my
38:42
money so money the Elton John concert
38:47
will you mail me my money there's where
38:51
the tonic is it turns around and goes up
38:53
okay and we will break there and there
38:58
are a couple questions during break
39:00
first of all that word I was blanking
39:02
out on and trying to remember income pun
39:05
and Japanese we don't call each of those
39:07
units as syllable we call them amaura
39:09
mor a this is a useful word it will be
39:12
it will appear in the text book later on
39:14
but I think it's in chat instead
39:16
semester 2 so mor a mora that's a unit a
39:21
phonological unit that's bigger than a
39:23
segment but sometimes it is just a
39:25
segment that's smaller than a syllable
39:27
so con pan nigga is one more on so I'm
39:32
going to pour more ray or more as
39:34
photography tutorial more a sliding
39:37
window for short video because your shoe
39:40
but what more it's a good soup and I
39:41
just initiation we also have more
39:43
in-depth job you're not your comment now
39:45
so Mora Mora Maura's nessa shine ruin
39:49
and a zombie Josh elder hi badal India
39:52
that summertime we go down where it
39:55
counts as a beat and that goes back to
39:58
the original question of how do we
39:59
define a syllable and it's nearly
40:02
impossible so like I said every language
40:05
has its own standards even within a
40:07
language people will hear things as
40:09
different lengths for example fire how
40:12
many syllables does fire add the
40:16
dictionary tells you one but how many do
40:18
you hear I here to buy your five Union
40:23
yeah danyon that's two syllables or
40:26
spoiled how many does that have the
40:29
dictionary tells you one but I hear
40:33
spoil old nigga yoga yodel Union so the
40:38
idea of syllable is very very fuzzy and
40:41
it's really hard to define rigorously
40:45
nobody so far has really succeeded and
40:48
they can't because it keeps moving
40:51
around the definition keeps
40:53
moving around we've always got
40:54
exceptions and then in British English
40:56
secretary secretary how many syllables
41:02
secretary but secretary three it's kind
41:07
of a half of syllable there you with bun
41:09
tuoi yo and we have a lot of that in
41:11
England in American English as well so
41:13
family is there is there a half syllable
41:15
is there a real syllable is there no
41:17
syllable family family family there may
41:20
be something in between so anyway for
41:23
this unit smaller than is syllable at
41:25
least for Japanese in similar situations
41:27
we use the word moron does it go Manuel
41:28
yum de agua y al assess what's the
41:33
difference between a segment and a
41:34
syllable that's easy remember that a
41:36
segment in Chinese is in thon it only
41:38
means either a vowel or consonant for
41:41
example that's a segment e is a segment
41:44
e is also a syllable as an equal e it's
41:48
one segment which happens to also be a
41:50
soul but in jeddah granny and how we're
41:53
going to define syllable I have my
41:54
definition and this might be useful to
41:56
you it is the subjective sensation of a
42:00
beat eep I do grind and all so eep hi
42:06
the nigga down wait you're just syllable
42:09
that's the best definition I can give
42:11
you it's a unit of speech that gives you
42:16
the subjective sensation of one beat so
42:20
impossible impossible four beats four
42:25
syllables now how do you define beat
42:28
like I said it's subjective it's a
42:30
feeling that it counts as a separate
42:32
unit in a line but that's the best
42:35
definition i can give you we don't have
42:36
a really good definition for syllable so
42:39
syllable india Maura I don't have a good
42:42
chinese translation for this does
42:44
anybody know didn't occur to me pass it
42:47
shall we syllable diga down way
42:49
sometimes it's a bit shorter a bit
42:51
faster and we use it for languages like
42:54
Japanese where the count things
42:57
differently and serve it is in black so
43:00
those are the questions that came up on
43:01
syllable in segments also accent
43:04
this is from a question that Stanley
43:07
house during the break he said is it
43:10
good to learn just one accent or more
43:13
access this I started talking about it
43:16
when I was talking about professor
43:17
Jenkins video and this is something I
43:19
feel strongly i believe for speaking
43:22
when you're first learning learn one
43:24
accent consistently you can be aware of
43:26
variations but for your speech choose
43:29
one accent because that will confuse
43:30
your listener the least they tendered in
43:33
pop be jel got Val consistent tawiah
43:36
that you took you did it in ink I system
43:39
ie so for speaking i really recommend
43:41
stick to one accent if you happen to
43:44
move like you started out living in New
43:46
York and then you move to London if you
43:49
move to London learn a British accent
43:51
learn a new one it doesn't mean you get
43:52
rid of your old one you keep that for
43:54
when you need it when you go back to
43:55
America you speak with people who speak
43:58
American English learn a new one add new
44:00
access keys its own job push up push out
44:03
do with y'all arches it finds a deal
44:06
with the other you will never lose your
44:07
town English it will always be there
44:08
somewhere and it's useful sometimes it's
44:11
useful so don't think it's bad and you
44:12
have to throw it away you need it for
44:14
all kinds of situations in Taiwan
44:16
communicating with other Taiwanese you
44:18
sound like a show-off if you insist on a
44:20
standard English accent so every accent
44:23
has its validity but some accents are
44:25
more useful than others and for your
44:27
speech at least in more formal
44:29
situations when it's required I suggest
44:32
you stick with one accent learn one
44:34
accent really well stick with it then if
44:37
you need another accent learn another
44:39
accent and learn that one well and stick
44:41
with that when you're in that situation
44:42
that requires it that's speaking
44:45
listening is a totally different matter
44:48
listening is entirely different when it
44:51
comes to listening we now do live in an
44:53
international world and this is where
44:55
Professor James Magenta's is absolutely
44:57
right we live in an international world
45:00
that largely relies on English to
45:02
communicate which means we'll have many
45:04
many different kinds of English out
45:05
there you should try to speak one clear
45:08
variety but when you're listening be
45:09
ready for absolutely anything ok you
45:13
should be ready for Indian
45:14
you're quite open right so anything I'll
45:17
take this week 1 i'm gonna see what you
45:19
need to get used to it South African
45:21
English Singaporean English wherever it
45:24
is a custom yourself to it listen to all
45:27
kinds of different kinds of English get
45:29
used to them and be able to listen to
45:31
that comfortably and understand that as
45:33
language major you should be doing that
45:35
for listening you should be you should
45:38
be omnivorous omnivorous means Sasha
45:40
doable everything is okay I mean for
45:43
listening speaking and listening is two
45:45
different matters and Stanley gave the
45:50
example he said that someone he said was
45:52
fired for having a British accent in
45:54
American media I find that hard to
45:56
believe maybe there was another reason
45:58
they fired her I don't know what this
45:59
story was but in fact in America we do
46:01
listen to lots of accents in the media
46:03
they have a lot of British accents for
46:05
example on CNN and the other TV stations
46:07
so for listening absolutely you need to
46:10
be able to understand any kind of an
46:13
accent you need to train yourself and
46:14
don't just complain time to get your
46:16
door and hotline don't get used to it
46:18
just learn it ok adjust let's go back to
46:22
the textbook and let's just try to
46:23
finish up chapter 5 i'm going to go over
46:27
a couple things because i don't think
46:29
they have and the content is not that
46:31
dense so i'm going to go over a couple
46:34
and then I'll call on you when we get to
46:35
a chapter and watch you I'm sorry a
46:37
paragraph I want you to read so on page
46:40
122 we just talked about will you mail
46:42
me my money and we're talking about the
46:46
tonic accent or tonic stress and what
46:49
kind of a sentence yes no questions when
46:55
we have what kind of intonation
47:01
rising or falling that's right when we
47:04
have a rising intonation remember the
47:06
tonic accent will go lower and it will
47:09
turn a corner it's a pivotal point with
47:11
John wine and it says now consider what
47:18
you're doing questions that cannot be
47:19
answered by yes or no such as that in
47:22
eight well no here we have seven we
47:24
didn't cover that will you mail me my
47:25
money it's okay let's go over that first
47:29
as with falling contours the syllable
47:33
that has prominent rising contour is not
47:35
necessarily the last stressed syllable
47:37
in an international phrase if the
47:39
question and six is really about whether
47:41
the money will be mailed or whether it
47:43
has to be picked up that and then that
47:45
emphasis will be on an earlier word and
47:47
the pitch will start going up at that
47:49
point so the emphasis will be on an
47:52
earlier word and as soon as you've
47:54
turned the corner on that turning point
47:55
whole min away my man DeSean show wait
47:58
wait assumption it will keep going up
48:00
but we've already passed the tonic
48:02
stress so don't think just because it's
48:03
higher it has the tonic stress that
48:05
tonic stress has that turn around and
48:07
the rest will keep on going higher as
48:10
illustrated in seven for the British
48:12
speaker there's a major rise on mail and
48:14
then after comparatively level piece of
48:17
further rise on money so in this
48:19
sentence in seven will you mail me my
48:21
money where is the tonic accent will you
48:26
mail me my money right and what am I
48:30
suggesting in my question right as
48:34
opposed to as opposed to what so young
48:41
male that are bushes sauna boo salwar
48:44
chillin who's always h into chillin
48:46
sandwich she can walk so will you mail
48:49
me my money or do I have to pick it up
48:50
myself will you mail me my money so the
48:54
different stress there has changed what
48:56
we're asking about me so we t get warm
48:57
eyes without sedici Lena so we can find
49:00
it very clearly in the Chinese
49:01
translation let's translate the first
49:04
one will you mail me my money
49:10
we'll mail me my money are you a chance
49:16
like that we bite antigua wama by 10 to
49:22
get what back until is a way of focusing
49:25
putting the focus on what is important
49:28
and what is something important that
49:31
happens after a dissolute at bars is
49:33
Jian Chinese that's here homey and bcl-2
49:37
me on Yolanda and Joanie are don't wanna
49:42
bother do Chinese grammar everybody
49:44
write this down it will come in handy 5g
49:48
does it bother you why do we use bar to
49:51
jew in which each and get walmart York
49:56
we eat that works in Chinese right if
49:58
you're teaching get warmer that means we
50:01
weren't really talking about money
50:02
before but if I say you hit by chance
50:05
you go wah wah what's the difference
50:11
yeah we're marking the object baza jus
50:14
told on some mark eage object baccio
50:17
you're going to take something and do
50:18
something with it it puts it in focus ok
50:22
hi Bonnie that jolly and thongs I chains
50:23
on yet so it took a chance as soon as
50:26
the ET hands on y'all and what's going
50:28
to come after it there's two things
50:33
about the verbs that are going to come
50:34
after at home and will Michelle don'ts
50:35
to the other day so get on sheets of a
50:37
tuille right so you whip our chins and
50:40
they are two important things number one
50:42
is weekly damn shawarma you about you
50:45
and Gemma okay it's a pool 15 what's
50:49
wrong with it
50:55
Bachchan chances so salsa would you put
50:59
I salsa maybe by 10 edema yeah you're
51:04
trying to fix this bad sentence but you
51:07
have to analyze what you're doing and
51:08
what the problem is you just say no no
51:11
it's not right but why anyway by 10 tema
51:17
see well don't sense them here there we
51:23
go continue okay first of all in Chinese
51:29
I recommend you don't worry so much
51:31
about vso stuff don't think so much
51:35
about that we're talking first of all
51:37
about information structure right and
51:39
the second thing we're going to talk
51:41
about in Chinese is syllabus city just a
51:45
syllable count India the show me an
51:48
injection so your grandeur jose antonio
51:50
de and chinese syllable count
51:53
contributes to rhythm in chinese there
51:55
are syllable count constraints hoy y
51:58
como agra india sure so eager in jessup
52:03
agenda passion tea karima passion tea
52:07
kohima no passing TD akuma akuma passion
52:14
tea karima what's the difference none of
52:17
those of G sure you had the right idea
52:24
you have to put something after it but
52:26
when you got to do doughnuts to forget
52:27
that worry about don't forget it don't
52:29
don't think of the G we don't supply but
52:31
you have to put something after it that
52:32
part was right anybody else by seen T so
52:37
pushing that but bashing tedious ocoee
52:39
why go ahead
52:45
well not just what's the old shoe but
52:49
you have the right idea it's just you
52:50
need two or more what's the ocean 20 so
52:54
what's this occhiali under india in
52:56
chinese syllable count is part of the
52:59
grammar rules nieminen 15 waves le
53:01
meilleur bhagwat india shoe the greater
53:04
Serena bad surgery home in the dances to
53:08
Sashi arteaga India tasali uncle sangguk
53:14
lee ok I'll torch eli yokley sangolli
53:18
ocoee coaster Chima and surely uncle
53:23
Alex
53:27
it's bizarre and you speak this language
53:30
so well you can't I took a class in
53:42
Chinese grammar so I probably know more
53:43
than they do I learned us back in fast
53:47
year we used we used salyers okay i can
53:50
recommend a book if you really want the
53:52
whole picture in the most wonderful book
53:56
on Chinese grammar ever written in my
53:57
opinion is don't go far the 15 by Jove
54:01
engine and it's not sorry and Jung your
54:05
crochet son sugar young man or young
54:07
okay boozing eager young so how are you
54:09
engine if you don't know this this this
54:12
way that a linguist he's the man I
54:14
admire most in Chinese linguists
54:15
linguistics so what would osha so what
54:19
you ain't shooting yet it's all your
54:20
engine okay dogs need all the top you
54:23
ain't done it yet gentle with her then
54:25
it's all you read his book in Chinese he
54:28
calls don't go Hollywood fine he wrote
54:30
it in English it's called a grammar of
54:31
slope in Chinese teaching job I'll up it
54:34
is G abandon Jana and I don't know why
54:38
because it's simply the greatest book on
54:40
Chinese grammar ever written in my
54:41
opinion and isn't that funny we need two
54:45
syllables or more she ought lianca
54:47
nga'esha and that's not the only
54:49
situation when it happens but that's the
54:51
only one I'll talk about now Michel down
54:53
to engage son oh there okay so you learn
54:56
something about Chinese nobody ever told
54:58
you that in school right and they
55:00
probably won't that's why I think they
55:03
should teach a class on Chinese grammar
55:05
here in our department everybody needs
55:07
it there's a second thing with that
55:10
particular box is Jude there's another
55:12
thing you should know julianka njy
55:14
hireling ye go and this is going to be
55:18
something about verbs but it all comes
55:19
back to phonetics in some ways so it's
55:22
worth mentioning
55:27
and I think it's pronounced teyla it's
55:30
one of those words I use a lot in my
55:32
research but i never i hardly ever say
55:34
teeluk an 80 look tail it means that it
55:38
has a goal and it can be finished and a
55:42
tail it means positive hun i'm finding a
55:45
donkey that means it doesn't have enough
55:47
clearance inking is that teeluk or 80
55:54
lik AE like it's just a bunch of fat
55:59
there I don't have a particular goal and
56:00
I haven't finished any particular action
56:03
cuz it how about will buy french alarm
56:05
up that's teeluk ok it has a goal it's
56:09
finished we're done so if it is middle
56:13
went on the free-throw line of shooting
56:15
that's a teeluk kind of a verb so after
56:18
baza G we need to look verbs some kind
56:22
of a tailored verb now you can find
56:24
words you'll say and it's young circle e
56:26
basta chained shut so buco you do it
56:31
Basha changsha Misha is that a good
56:33
sentence what about searching shines
56:35
yeah is that good to me it's ok but not
56:40
that wonderful pop doing about sage
56:43
insisting sound thoma how's that much
56:46
better right you think it's better all
56:48
right because John comb is that T lick
56:51
or 80 like 80 link and you can see the
56:54
origin because I literally needs to take
56:56
in your hand right eat bajwa needs to
57:00
take in your hand that means something
57:02
you can hold in your hand and truly do
57:04
that's the idea of a box of G I'm going
57:07
to take this thing and putting it into
57:10
focus now and I'm going to take care of
57:13
it finish it alright so that's something
57:17
you need to know about and this this has
57:19
to do with emphasis so a lot of things
57:22
that we're doing here with intonation
57:23
you're going to have to do with grammar
57:25
in Chinese and there are rules for it so
57:27
are you ever ever going to agree with
57:29
somebody who says chinese has no grammar
57:31
you never use should not okay because
57:34
Chinese has
57:35
very very glinting the grammar it's very
57:37
simple straightforward I think it's the
57:39
most elegant grammar in the whole world
57:41
that's my personal opinion I majored in
57:44
Chinese I love Chinese so when you get
57:46
into it you'll see Chinese does things
57:49
so simply and elegantly because in a
57:52
shoe we always look for the simplest
57:54
most elegant solution as the best right
57:56
Occam's razor the simplest explanation
57:59
is the best and to me Chinese do things
58:01
in a very direct and simple way an
58:03
elegant way and clear in spite of what
58:06
everybody says about Chinese so these
58:08
are just a few of the rules now in
58:10
English we have to do a lot of these
58:11
things with intonation because we do not
58:12
have equivalent rules in English we do
58:15
it with intonation when we don't use
58:17
sheep we don't bother Jesus you don't
58:19
she so you always your ladies to the
58:20
dome she because it's he been shot don't
58:22
wanna handle this year so far woman
58:24
anyway you know you're in there I've got
58:25
out God actually got it wasn't it in in
58:29
sight I mean that's really a useful
58:31
thing to know let's finish this
58:34
paragraph here so will you mail me my
58:39
money that's are you going to mail it to
58:44
me or or do I have to pick it up now
58:46
consider what you're doing questions
58:47
that cannot be answered by yes or no
58:49
there many possible ways of answering
58:53
but probably the most neutral thing with
58:56
a is with a falling contour starting on
58:59
the final stressed syllable for example
59:01
what are you doing what are you doing
59:03
the final content word has the tonic
59:06
accent the conduct attacks dress and it
59:08
falls that's the general rule which you
59:10
should already know from the sugar to
59:12
one job what are you doing where are you
59:14
going what time is it it's a pretty
59:17
reliable rule we can make the intonation
59:19
go up but it has a different meaning if
59:21
I say what time is it normally I'll say
59:25
what time is it and you'll answer it's
59:27
920 oh it's 940 now actually but if I
59:32
say what time is it what does that mean
59:36
I'm surprised oh my gosh I'm she summer
59:40
why I'm not
59:42
I thought I have a lot more time what
59:44
time is it that means we on each home
59:46
fool children you know how it ain't all
59:48
up ok so we do have a rising intonation
59:51
but it has an entirely different meaning
59:57
see apparently the British speaker has
60:00
instead put the tonic accent very early
60:02
in the question on when so when will you
60:08
mail me my money and you can do it both
60:10
ways if you look at this example on the
60:13
top of 123 when will you mail me my
60:16
money kawaii or when will you mail me my
60:19
money just look down on down it's Han
60:21
Kuang but not in guys the following has
60:25
a rising intonation if it's a wh
60:27
question is it usually rising or falling
60:29
falling very good very good and what are
60:33
the five whs who what where when why I
60:39
will get it how who what where when why
60:41
how joke about them go to your bachelor
60:43
so when will you mail me my money when
60:47
will you mail mail me my money so
60:49
clearly that's kind of a tongue twister
60:50
when will you mail me my money and I'm
60:53
using intonation is safe out ISA mr.
60:55
hull cookie quiet Ian and here when
60:59
Bruce does it when will you mean mail me
61:01
my money that means I'm still not clear
61:05
it could you please make it clear you
61:07
probably said it once and I didn't get
61:09
it can you repeat it please when will
61:11
you mail me my money so actually they're
61:13
doing different things here in this
61:15
chapter we're seeing how goes she hundra
61:18
dong XI high share the book oh she's so
61:19
take a lot of good notes in class it
61:22
should clarify some of these questions
61:24
as we saw in 3 a small rising intonation
61:27
occurs in the middle of sentences
61:29
typically at the end of an international
61:31
phrase another example is given a nine
61:33
again there's a difference between the
61:34
British and the American English speaker
61:35
the British speaker has a fall followed
61:38
by a rise in the word winning the
61:40
American English speaker has a sharp
61:42
rise followed by a large fall that
61:44
levels off at the end so when you are
61:47
winning I will run away when you are
61:49
winning I will
61:50
away both of these are okay when you are
61:53
winning I will run away when you are
61:55
winning pause continuation rise a
61:58
continuation rise pause that's the
62:01
correct order I will run away when you
62:04
are winning has a tub uhm gal so I
62:05
nagesh to help Jules another shithole
62:07
both are fine they have different
62:09
emphasis a list of items all right does
62:13
it lead you doesn't it don't eat and we
62:15
may have covered that before so things
62:19
in a list they'll go up up up and down
62:21
and there's another variation of that
62:24
they'll go up up up up and down so red
62:29
white and blue red white yellow and blue
62:34
so you don't variation the lambeth ocoee
62:36
dr go should sorry even beyond qua and
62:38
so we knew Ana Lenny Mary and Nora exact
62:43
same thing and the American English does
62:46
pretty much the same next page any
62:49
questions note that yes no questions can
62:52
often be rewarded so that they fit into
62:54
this rising pattern signaling that there
62:56
is more to come the British speaker has
62:58
arrives on money followed by a regular
63:00
sentence ending with a fall on or not
63:03
the American English speaker has arise
63:05
starting on money and continuing through
63:07
the or not which again drops into a
63:10
creaky voice at the end this final file
63:13
is not very evident on the recording but
63:15
it's there so the general impression is
63:17
of rising intonation at the end so I'm
63:19
just going to perform them you can
63:20
listen to your own CD will you mail me
63:23
my money or not that's the first one
63:26
will you mail me my money or not now
63:28
what feeling does that question give you
63:30
is he very patient no Nick dolly t we
63:34
take a walk Dombey you need a dolly in
63:36
there for the Chinese and the American
63:40
says will you mail me my money or not
63:42
but basically it's the same thing here
63:45
it's useful to distinguish between two
63:48
kinds of rising intonation in one which
63:50
typically occurs in yes/no questions
63:52
there's a large upward movement of pitch
63:54
in the other the continuation rise that
63:57
usually occurs in the middle of the
63:58
sentence in the in
64:00
the other the continuation rise that
64:01
usually occurs in the middle of
64:02
sentences there is a smaller upward
64:05
movement that's what we call singing a
64:07
little song okay if you do this I'll be
64:11
happy if you do this this we've got a
64:15
ton of stress going high goes down and
64:17
we have a continuation rise and here
64:21
he's talking about yes go on hmm let's
64:28
see in the other these two in two
64:31
nations often are often used contrastive
64:33
Lee the sallow rising intonation on an
64:36
utterance means that there is something
64:38
more to come that's the continuation
64:40
rise we're just talking about there's a
64:42
slightly rising intonation in the
64:44
utterances 12 and 13 and that's we're
64:47
asking a question these are the kinds of
64:49
utterances one makes when listening to
64:51
someone telling a story he says they're
64:53
different but actually they're the same
64:55
principle the un's I see Yamba so i ran
65:00
into mary yesterday yes okay i ran into
65:06
mary yesterday yes or we could say and
65:09
and that's also a continuation rise
65:13
means I want to hear the rest of the
65:14
story and if you want an example of it
65:16
go to the many conversations and
65:18
freshman English freshman English many
65:20
conversations yo eco manganese and Rio
65:23
queda and then since i saw i have
65:25
tickets to the elton john concert
65:26
remember and the girl says and what's
65:32
she saying yes she's saying are you
65:36
gonna ask me out and do you think he
65:38
does well to teen shot by foot go to the
65:45
conversation actually he does so you can
65:47
hear a pretty good example of that i'd
65:50
like to hear the rest of the story
65:51
intonation it's basically the same thing
65:53
but we don't have a tonic stress there
65:55
Justin you ain't mayo tonic stress hi
65:57
boo yah so I like this but not that the
66:01
tonic is that's the continuation rice
66:05
and then when we say and there's no
66:08
tonic there right now should sit mayo
66:10
tonic so that's why we don't have that
66:12
pitch that's really the only two
66:14
difference between the two take a
66:15
chapter Joseph be jel male Jonathan I
66:18
think that intonation studies in the US
66:20
are still quite weak and the reason I've
66:23
given before is a lot of people have not
66:25
done enough comparisons with other
66:27
languages and heard people do it wrong
66:28
if you hear people doing it wrong you
66:31
will quickly figure out what the rule is
66:33
because they're not doing it right you
66:34
have to tell them why it's wrong that's
66:36
how i got what i learned about english
66:39
intonation is by listening to tao in
66:41
english i think no that's not quite
66:42
right you'll tell McQuaid's a downside
66:44
to it and the students call oh there's a
66:46
rule and then they got it right ok so
66:48
hearing mistakes is a blessing it's a
66:51
gift remember that mistakes are always a
66:52
gift there are many things you will
66:54
never ever learn unless you hear a
66:56
mistake mistakes are often the only in
66:59
sight you will get into something so
67:01
appreciate every mistake that comes by
67:02
but learn from your mistakes if there is
67:05
a larger rising pitch as in 14 and 15
67:08
there is a change in meaning to
67:10
something more like did you say yes did
67:13
you say go on the British speaker uses
67:16
more than seventy-five percent of this
67:17
of his full range and the American
67:19
speaker uses an even greater range it
67:21
should be noted however that people are
67:23
not entirely consistent in the way they
67:25
use this difference in intonation it
67:26
depends on how excitable and how excited
67:29
they are right so yes I'm trying to be
67:35
calm and then here yes and if I'm
67:39
getting a patient it'll get more and
67:40
more exaggerated so often it has to do
67:43
with your emotional state both rising
67:45
and falling into nations can occur
67:47
within the same tonic accent if someone
67:50
tells you something that surprises you
67:51
you might have a distinct file rise on
67:54
the tiny syllable followed by a further
67:56
rise on the remainder of the
67:57
international phrase both speakers in 16
67:59
follow this pattern so your mom will
68:03
marry a lawyer and your mom will marry a
68:08
lawyer I thought that Mary was gonna
68:11
marry a lawyer cuz of realizing me mama
68:12
yeah okay you got your then she
68:15
granny mama kayo joke when I don't along
68:18
ok so your mom will marry a lawyer your
68:22
mom
68:23
your mom will marry a lawyer there's our
68:26
tonic a deep drop and then turning back
68:29
up she's like oh I'm gone down the young
68:32
the meal simile why the english in the
68:35
British and the American are about the
68:36
same there are also distinct intonation
68:38
patterns one can use when answering
68:40
addressing or calling someone the answer
68:42
to a question such as who is that over
68:44
there is shown in 17 and then the
68:46
British speaker got that we'll skip that
68:48
look at 17 so on page 126 we can have
69:00
Laura Laura that's a mom calling a kid
69:04
or you're calling your children in a
69:06
crowd and then we have Laura Laura
69:13
that's less calling out to them it's
69:16
just sort of guy nila and actually we
69:20
should listen to the CD for this one
69:22
because they have their own ideas of
69:24
what they should sound like so that's
69:26
listen point all right so um statement
69:31
of the name what's your name Laura Laura
69:33
all right that's one way of doing it and
69:35
addressing laura is Laura Laura and
69:38
calling from a distance for that's what
69:43
they're describing here in 17 18 and 19
69:48
we can sum up many differences in
69:50
intonation by referring to the different
69:52
ways in which a name can be said
69:53
particularly if the name is long enough
69:55
to show the pitch curve reasonably fully
69:57
me neatly out you didn't get yeah you're
70:00
eating the Chengdu China qingdao ticket
70:04
intonation Samia make a attention curves
70:08
2324 show different pronunciations of
70:11
the name Amelia 20 is a simple statement
70:14
equivalent to her name is Amelia so 20
70:16
million everyone Amelia good 21 is the
70:21
question equivalent to two did you say
70:23
Amelia so that would be Amelia good and
70:30
22 is the form with the in continuation
70:34
rise which might be used when
70:35
addressing Amelia indicating that it's
70:38
her turn to speak so guy needs a holla
70:40
Amelia Amelia mm-hmm and 23 is a
70:48
question expressing surprise equivalent
70:50
to was it really Amelia who did that
70:52
Amelia Amelia where's that too i wanted
70:58
to default on which syllable and me is
71:02
the stressed syllable so stress Joseph
71:04
wait Taisha is a good one why the
71:06
defense ago tonic syllable does a ship
71:08
being qua so Amelia Amelia and Amelia
71:15
and then Amelia it was you and then we
71:19
have the next one let's see 23 is a
71:24
question expressing surprise and then 24
71:28
is the form for a strong reaction
71:31
reprimanding Amelia that means scolding
71:33
her dad maja Amelia it sounds like
71:37
you're talking to a dog because
71:38
something done something bad okay Amelia
71:42
sometimes we use this jokingly so if she
71:45
said a bad word had downloads whooa no
71:48
in your heads of wind guy down school ha
71:50
men since I Pompeian kind of weight to a
71:52
changing as well Amelia does he doesn't
71:55
know quite humbling guy so sometimes we
71:59
do this sarcastically Amelia you should
72:01
be ashamed of yourself all right should
72:04
we try all those again Amelia Amelia
72:09
Amelia Amelia Amelia okay so the
72:18
important thing is you need to know the
72:19
stressed syllable because that's where
72:21
all the action takes place that's where
72:22
the changes take place you have it one
72:24
of the most important points is that
72:25
intonation cannot be as neatly specified
72:28
as other aspects of speech now they say
72:31
that and that is true to some extent but
72:33
as you read in the sugar article those
72:36
articles are pretty fast and hard to
72:38
Suze liquido and if you know enough
72:40
rules you can figure it out pretty well
72:42
adding on what we all know about emotion
72:45
because emotions universe
72:47
so not just among humans but among
72:49
animals many animals can sense it
72:51
immediately and very accurately because
72:53
they are processed in the old part of
72:55
our brain which we share with other
72:56
animals by the way you know the movie my
73:00
fair lady right now he'll show me and
73:03
you know that there's a lot in there
73:05
about phonetics and pronunciation did
73:08
you know that Professor ladder
73:09
was the consultant for that movie you
73:12
knew that ok so that's an important
73:14
thing to know he's very he was very
73:15
proud of that rightly so he did the
73:17
consulting for that movie ok it says it
73:23
can't be specified as neatly in Title II
73:25
but in fact there are rules and if that
73:28
students you learn those rules you will
73:30
know what's going on you can do many
73:32
variations on the rules from what we
73:34
know as humans that's universal but once
73:37
there are rules and they definitely help
73:39
and there are very quite reliable rules
73:42
so it's not as fuzzy as they make it
73:44
sound here so this is in my opinion a
73:47
chapter that could use some
73:48
strengthening English has been described
73:51
mainly by considering phonemic contrast
73:53
we have noted that there are 22
73:55
consonants in most ones of English a
73:57
specific number of vowels in each accent
73:59
each of the contrasting vowels and
74:00
consonants has certain phonetic
74:02
properties contrast and intonation are
74:04
more difficult to pin down so he's
74:06
saying that home eating fancy dejando
74:08
decision muy baja me I'll show de mi
74:10
chain tool but it's harder to do with
74:12
intonation usually an international
74:16
phrase the last in an international
74:18
phrase the last dress syllable that can
74:19
face the new information is the time its
74:21
syllable we know that and that's
74:22
extremely important it has a falling
74:25
pitch unless it's part of a sentence in
74:27
which there is another international
74:28
phrase to follow woman Josie island
74:31
until teen quanzhou younger continuation
74:33
rice or at least the lack of a final
74:35
fall questions that can be answered by
74:38
yes or no usually have a rising
74:41
intonation and one that's larger than
74:43
the continuation rice questions
74:47
beginning with a question word such as
74:49
who what where when why and how usually
74:51
have a following pitch but intonation is
74:54
highly colored by individual
74:56
dissidia handle good and Sylhet attica
74:58
donkey but that's one of the things that
75:00
makes speech so much fun everybody's
75:03
corks everybody's a little funny habits
75:05
the way they express themselves you can
75:07
do a lot of variations on intonation
75:09
that express your own individuality it's
75:12
much more affected by the speaker's mood
75:14
and attitude to the topic being
75:16
discussed then are the vowels and
75:18
consonants that make up words in the
75:19
discussion so there's a lot more emotion
75:22
that goes into intonation then into the
75:25
vowels and consonants in short that's
75:26
what he's saying ok next part we're
75:29
going to be talking about Toby and I'm
75:30
telling out we are not going to be
75:32
tested on Toby we're not going to be
75:33
tested on Toby I just want you to read
75:36
through it yourself that they have these
75:38
different ways of marking high pitches
75:41
low pitches and nuclear pitch access and
75:48
boundary tones so read through it
75:51
yourself another thing that they use
75:54
which is quite useful and select clearer
75:56
and easier to learn is breaks because
75:58
Toby means tones and breaks indices so
76:04
tones does a pitch neon Chappelle pitch
76:06
it's a way of marking the intonation of
76:09
a sentence with just some just a few
76:11
symbols letters and asterisks and so
76:14
forth and so on and you can also mark
76:17
breaks and you can mark them according
76:20
to how long they are Tommy then the
76:23
break Joseph you could go it in the
76:25
shorts it so read that yourself we're
76:27
not going to cover that in class will
76:28
not be tested on it toby is useful but I
76:31
strongly recommend learning it from a
76:34
different source oh my word says Omnius
76:36
that you always you're confusing this
76:37
will go to the country I'll give you an
76:39
example of why i think that at the top
76:40
of 129 you see where it says Amelia
76:44
Amelia and you see where it has the IPA
76:49
just like your charms Johnny what's on
76:50
top ER Joel yeah he's you moan about so
76:54
Amelia they have a low scar that's the
76:57
tonic pitch the tonic accent passage
77:00
online daddy found on
77:02
olia its high I hunting a percentage to
77:05
your boundary marker young man up it's
77:07
okay you think are we gonna roll up but
77:10
they got a system of yonder Amelia the
77:14
up since i'ma be older there's a schwab
77:18
but how did they market in Toby nothing
77:23
that's the problem we need to know
77:25
whether it's higher low so it could be
77:27
Amelia or Amelia it doesn't tell you so
77:31
that's one of the things I find
77:33
confusing about the system I think all
77:35
these things need to be marked we need
77:36
to know where the starting pitches
77:37
that's just an example so i think toby
77:41
is certainly useful and you'll probably
77:42
have to you will need to learn it if you
77:44
continue in phonetics but I advise
77:46
learning it from another source just one
77:49
last thing before we go and we have
77:50
finished the chapter will have finished
77:52
it very soon um here we're talking about
77:57
something called down drift this is on
77:59
page 13 that means at the beginning of a
78:04
paragraph I said this in a different
78:05
class we start on a high pitch with a
78:07
lot of energy the further we go in the
78:10
paragraph the less energy we have and we
78:11
go down lower and lower the pitch goes
78:14
lower this happens on the sentence level
78:16
the first part of the sentence is high
78:18
energy and we have a lower pitch towards
78:21
the end even on the tonic syllable the
78:23
down drift or the down stepping will
78:25
push down the tone so keep that in mind
78:28
that's the important part of 130 you
78:30
have to read it yourself that at the end
78:33
of a sentence our energy kind of Peters
78:35
out Peter that's not a song going you by
78:37
the way so our Peters out is a mama who
78:40
rules shall I and it happens at the end
78:42
of the paragraph when we start a new
78:43
topic we're full of energy and it gets
78:45
high again so this slow moving down is
78:49
called down drift and going down step by
78:52
step we call that down stepping an
78:54
example they have here is one that we've
78:58
seen before Mary's younger brother
79:00
wanted 50 chocolate peanuts listen
79:03
Mary's younger brother wanted 50
79:06
chocolate p
79:07
it's getting lower and lower that's down
79:10
drift down drift and it's also called
79:14
declination mmm and that's it we
79:19
finished chapter five the Bell has rung
79:21
anybody have questions don't forget to
79:25
watch the video don't forget to look at
79:28
page 20 the web page 20 about syllable
79:31
structure and you need to hand in your
79:34
exercises on this chapter win next
79:38
monday right and if you have any overdue
79:40
assignments make sure you hand those in
79:43
we are going to start on chapter for
79:45
next time and if you're really gasping
79:48
for breath I suggest you consider a
79:50
study group read the chapters they're
79:52
not really that long read them in a
79:54
circle one by one make sure you
79:55
understand everything it will definitely
79:57
help you in the final ok questions we
80:02
are done for today we'll see on
80:03
Wednesday