Transcript


00:17
also regarding the Christmas carols that
00:20
we're going to see the second hour on
00:21
Monday the 24th you all know about the
00:25
handout that you need to print out right
00:26
there will be one more page the reason
00:29
is because we're only going to do three
00:31
pearls but they're all rather exotic
00:33
languages did you see what languages
00:35
we're going to sink what organ is mine
00:40
oh let me tighten english i said chakali
00:52
that's the correct deviation wouldn't
00:55
understand it otherwise weird smells
00:57
check check so check georgian and
01:02
scottish gaelic saddish gaelic is the
01:06
one that's hardest to read because the
01:08
spelling is so different from the
01:10
pronunciation so if you look at the
01:12
spelling the actual pronunciation is
01:14
very different from what you would
01:15
expect so I'm going to post IPA symbols
01:19
for Scottish otherwise it's going to be
01:21
very hard to do and I only just do
01:23
transcription myself listening to the
01:25
song online I don't know scottish gaelic
01:27
so i thought it is a really really
01:29
beautiful song that's an interesting
01:31
sounds in it so i thought we would do
01:33
something different this year i haven't
01:35
done this one over here to the other
01:36
ones i have 200 years so i will give you
01:39
another handout with IPA for the
01:42
scottish gaelic clears ok so you need to
01:45
point out one webpage and I haven't
01:48
posted it yet but I shouldn't have
01:52
I hope that you are started on your
01:56
assignment to transcribe the first
01:58
paragraph of choco being into Mandarin
02:01
IPA IPA transcription of mandarin do you
02:06
have any questions that you guys like to
02:08
ask right now because I'm not going to
02:09
spend time on it today we'll work on it
02:11
on monday first hour anybody have any
02:13
questions you'd like to ask right off
02:15
about the Chinese transcription exercise
02:18
start on it early because it's something
02:20
new for you it's all the harder because
02:24
it's your native language if it were not
02:25
your native language is a language some
02:27
things would be easier I find that for
02:29
me I often say I'll say well this place
02:32
a British but my British is not very
02:33
good well English is my native language
02:36
I should be able to do better but the
02:38
thing is I have pretty high standards
02:39
and I have a British teacher and he
02:40
encourages me that if I say it wrong I
02:42
can hear his voice hi Patti good the
02:46
funny thing is are not afraid to
02:48
pronounce other languages because I
02:50
don't have that intimidation of it be my
02:53
native language see amore each other is
02:56
about the girl because should you feel
02:58
you should know it already but for
02:59
another language you have a blank slate
03:01
and you just do it and probably do it
03:04
more accurately because you don't have
03:05
all of the prejudices and expectations
03:07
from your native language so a lot of
03:09
things I do in British I'm just
03:11
converting from America right just like
03:14
where you try to speak
03:15
you survive or you drive iron chef and
03:19
then often it's not quite good right go
03:23
so even if your native speaker sometimes
03:25
you do that and hold on like what's a
03:27
poopit what's it a good day take a guy
03:30
named Tina your Coney Niger Mali page
03:33
each other container that happens so
03:36
what happens to you with me night you
03:38
have been student with British English I
03:39
think I know a lot of the theory and I
03:41
can produce a reasonable version when I
03:44
have to but it's harder with your native
03:46
language because you've got all of this
03:48
interference from your own dialect which
03:50
is different and will lead you astray
03:52
sometimes when you have a totally new
03:54
language you don't have anything to lead
03:55
you astray everything is new like slate
03:57
often you do much better because you
03:59
don't have a lot of confusing
04:00
information whatever you don't I'm
04:02
saying so that's the kind of funny thing
04:05
so my Scottish will not necessarily be
04:07
good it happens that there are not many
04:09
native speakers of scottish gaelic left
04:12
it as a dying language and the Scottish
04:14
people admit this they're trying to say
04:16
that they teach it in schools and
04:18
elsewhere but not many people speak it
04:21
anymore it's not used for everyday
04:23
communication in most situations but
04:26
they also believe it's worth keeping
04:28
it's a very beautiful language with a
04:30
beautiful culture especially to use
04:32
culture of all the gaelic languages they
04:35
have a wonderful music culture so the
04:37
language design I think I'll strongly
04:39
Kim you say so if you look online we'll
04:42
find quite a few songs in scottish
04:44
gaelic your people who sing them may not
04:48
be actual speakers of scottish gaelic
04:50
maybe some know a little but not
04:52
necessarily implemented speaker so
04:56
that's for monday one more sheet to
04:59
print out you need to have copy the bow
05:03
elephone rules to chapter four and those
05:07
are due on wednesday in addition if we
05:10
finish the chapter today i hope we do
05:12
you also need to do the exercises for
05:15
chapter four and they are also quite
05:19
complex are quite a few of them you need
05:22
to do work with one lick one book
05:24
dictionary so start early on the
05:27
exercises for checking for Thor quite a
05:29
few items you need to use one look don't
05:32
try to do with some other writers use
05:35
one little save you a lot of time and
05:37
try to be exhaustive when they asked you
05:40
to list if a certain combination of
05:43
sounds occurs in English try to list all
05:45
the less over words you can find so
05:48
you're the scientist even just
05:51
come little guillotine what's this way
05:54
ok so for Wednesday you have the
05:58
Mandarin IPA exercise and copy the bowel
06:02
ala forum rules they're short willing
06:04
are part of that is you need to think
06:06
while you are copied by hand so you
06:08
understand huachen copy if you're just
06:10
copying mindlessly something to do much
06:12
good you need to understand as you
06:13
bright and that's the point of slowing
06:15
you down by writing them so that you
06:16
think about them and understand them and
06:19
also the exercises for chapter for those
06:21
three things are all due on Wednesday
06:22
okay Clemont potential run and don't
06:26
forget a handout for monday for singing
06:30
any questions before we go out you have
06:33
any overdue work you need to hand in
06:35
make sure you do it do it drain break
06:37
since you've already started we're going
06:39
to continue with chapter four that's
06:40
what you're going tight
06:47
everybody ready page 92 I know that we
06:51
finished too I think right three as you
06:55
can see from figure 4.2 both of the
06:59
update for 12 everybody remember a
07:02
little song at the end the continuation
07:04
rise because it has a tonic syllable and
07:07
at the tonic will be high you come down
07:10
low and then you come up again a little
07:11
bit so how should we say this 4.22 has a
07:18
tonic right so 4.2 who 4.21 good I see
07:27
you can see from figure 4.2 both of the
07:31
tip top post up and buy the watch Oh F
07:34
yeah because it's such a common word
07:36
gets antigua the sequa and it's going to
07:38
take some effort to change its not oh
07:41
and went up of please fix that a little
07:45
bit but a little star something biting
07:46
or not so you fix it a couple of the
07:48
little words you need to change how do
07:50
you say SI y s many of you said it wrong
07:57
and then the majority took over with the
07:59
correct answer it says says yeah because
08:03
of this Oh problem that reminded me of
08:05
other words that are very very common
08:08
and wrong and often don't get fixed
08:10
because they're such ingrained habits
08:21
yes
08:23
is pronounced like this
08:33
Wednesday's in school some of you Ray
08:35
she tried modell seeds in finding some
08:39
of you can it's not right so says some
08:41
dialects actually do say that with a
08:43
nice and English and said it's not safe
08:47
it's said and it's so common you think
08:50
people will notice but because you
08:52
probably said it so many times in school
08:55
before you're not really paying
08:56
attention when people say the word so
08:58
you're not hearing at pronunciation says
09:00
said our first word was up we went up oh
09:07
oh right another common one this one we
09:12
say this very good because o which
09:24
everyone because because city hose or
09:27
anything like that ok because and how do
09:32
we'll have to review this one because I
09:34
still hear it
09:42
have we said just one
09:47
I want to ask you a question that X you
09:50
a question you're going to ask us let's
09:53
try to the third person singular say
09:55
that yeah having taken after you've got
09:58
three three constants in a row so if
10:02
you're just sloppy to come on x it's not
10:06
that hard but you have to slow down and
10:09
say the one at a time when asked ask
10:16
yeah please be careful about these
10:20
because right away people lady label you
10:23
is either educated or not so educated on
10:25
how you pronounce these words so if you
10:28
say acts immediately get this label it
10:30
down so educated and I don't think
10:32
anybody else to do that groups that's
10:34
what I'm i said then sit up ask ass SMS
10:46
there we go both of the tip phones I o
10:52
as in hi as in as in hi how start for
11:01
more start start from more or less the
11:06
same talk alo central wall position sing
11:11
the analysts to everybody same same
11:14
exact that goes with name we practice
11:18
saying
11:20
it all tastes then we went to see and
11:29
hear try to link remember to link to the
11:34
game otherwise it sounds really choppy
11:37
when you're reading so as in hi how
11:40
start from more or less more more or
11:44
less more or less and continue me midway
11:50
between a and AA and in BBC English
11:54
closer to 0 then to any of the other
11:58
loans Oh strange here but that's because
12:02
it's the British other talking about
12:04
which is not a little but it's more like
12:06
hot cup of tea cup cup so it's getting
12:10
close to 0 in British English so that
12:12
that looks strange it's because you're
12:14
thinking in America which is the natural
12:16
thing to do in this environment so it's
12:19
closer to off and then let's look at the
12:24
my old spaces that we saw in the
12:27
preceding page on page 91 student was
12:33
asking after class about how you
12:36
interpret all these lines here and we
12:41
have a lot of times and dips on the mana
12:43
phones are represented by way five dots
12:47
right black ops the diphthongs have
12:50
wedges and one end is thicker wider and
12:55
what is the point the figure end is the
12:59
more prominent in it's not necessarily
13:01
where you start it's not necessarily
13:03
starts it's the more prominent part of
13:06
the diphthong and diphthongs with the
13:10
more prominent part at the end are
13:11
called at the end I'm call rice and
13:17
diphthongs are going up to something
13:19
more prominent and we have only one
13:21
rising dibs on and where is it you right
13:25
so that's why it starts out very cheap
13:27
as a year is very shortly not so
13:29
prominent the prominent part of you is
13:31
equal parts that's why the line gets
13:34
thicker it's wider that's the only
13:37
rising diphthong we have in the English
13:40
among the English diphthong all of the
13:42
others are what kind of diphthongs
13:44
following the thumbs and for these we
13:46
start we're at the point right start at
13:50
the point and then go to the thicker
13:52
part the wider part and that that is the
13:57
case for all the following just on so
14:00
for example for a we started a go to e
14:04
88 and it starts where the thicker part
14:07
goes down to the point a it doesn't go
14:11
down those excuse me it goes it's
14:13
confusing we call it up Albin diphthong
14:15
because it's following in prominence
14:17
those are some of the ways ostensibly
14:19
salam shop so that's why i'm falling and
14:22
rising because you
14:23
just move it so a to e not quite to eat
14:27
and it's not exactly it either you see
14:30
the thick part of the 5a going up to the
14:32
point that's true for the other
14:34
diphthongs we have I starts somewhere in
14:37
the middle between at and off and that's
14:39
what you just read you see app the low
14:42
Franco I is a little background then in
14:45
the middle we've got seen either i'm in
14:47
a bit he smells it at eight so if you
14:51
ever want to find how to pronounce that
14:53
vowel it's not add it's on I to between
14:56
just taking a duck I'm and save in
15:00
Chinese take off you know that is that
15:07
that is that simple come on to the
15:09
eighth justice dignity so by doing that
15:12
where you can find it very easily and
15:14
that's about where the Scottish that is
15:18
one of these both for at and on so they
15:21
will say both hats and father with the
15:25
same vowel packed by the high father
15:27
they both get the same vowel and it's
15:29
about their top of listening a deeper so
15:33
we have AA or at it goes to eat shut up
15:36
for i then we start again a place close
15:40
to that for all starts about it add and
15:43
goes up towards look there's a height
15:45
Emil watch and got up oh so then we get
15:48
out and for American we have old
15:54
starting with the oh it's close to off
15:57
and the oak just an old society fun
16:01
going out to I me about Luna Macau that
16:05
would
16:06
booty and this is only that guy this
16:09
does not mean your tumble to exactly
16:11
this in your mouth so should eat cool it
16:14
just gives you an idea of how it works
16:15
this is just what they calculated based
16:19
on some data but everyone's going to be
16:21
a bit different guises of yangtze for
16:24
American it's 0 for British you'll see
16:26
that for that diphthong we're starting
16:29
more and more central place and it's 00
16:31
instead of instead of 0 both okay and
16:36
then finally we have boy it's a bit
16:39
different for British and American you
16:41
can see with American it starts more
16:44
front of more back it's a bit more
16:49
friends and I keep telling you not to
16:51
make way too long remember let me say
16:53
boy I tell you to say boy boy make it
16:58
shorter that's one place where the
17:00
bottle is too long and turning which
17:01
usually time when English vowels are too
17:03
short this is one that's too long the
17:05
all part of the oi diphthong so don't
17:09
say boy it's boy or were in America but
17:13
it's further back in British and a bit
17:15
longer British I've noticed I am a good
17:17
teacher so his oi is a bit different
17:20
from mine he's out time you get the
17:22
homie anything you don't have to worry
17:24
about those details i'm not going to
17:25
text you on details like that but just
17:27
be aware of it and make sure you can
17:28
understand what they're showing is in
17:30
these figures and then i think i covered
17:34
most things except for the British
17:35
upside down neo melted to a and remember
17:38
that's the short vowel and it is often
17:42
it often occurs where we have 0 in
17:45
spelling a Quixote palt palt it's a
17:49
short sound it's got a bit of browning
17:51
and it's a bit low honey
17:53
below but halt black the goat identified
17:58
upside out only in British don't use it
18:01
in America normally you could for some
18:04
dialects so that it might confuse you
18:06
know just as it one of the she did we
18:11
miss anything so II would you it'd be an
18:17
a at at I out boy over British or
18:24
American think that covers everything in
18:27
the picture is that out there anybody
18:31
have any questions drawing everything
18:32
clear the questions okay we're reading
18:39
it says the Oxford Dictionary of
18:43
pronunciation for current America
18:45
procuring English transcribes American I
18:47
asleep in British English and remember
18:52
that something is pronounced why in what
18:57
situation and
19:02
it's not just Canadian we have that in
19:05
mainstream American dialect in adults as
19:08
well so you salsa for an example
19:11
bachelor Delta is nice like the full
19:14
shoe is nice nice nice don't forget to
19:18
elites definitely can the lucky thing
19:20
you can hear the difference knife knives
19:23
so for I it's not as though la is a
19:28
perfect replacement it's a replacement
19:30
in what situation a good replacement in
19:32
what situation when the sound after the
19:37
diphthong is voiceless cannot go away
19:42
Smith's voice look great too soon I
19:45
won't be in the in solution dash at all
19:48
I just leave it hi Yoshi uncle so I nite
19:53
nite life lives like wives light live
20:01
light he lied to me like five I won't
20:06
push on the hot just like the ocean
20:09
limoges I that's one of the two
20:13
differents I have Canadian raising the
20:15
other one is au in Canadian but not in
20:18
American in most other dialogues it is
20:20
also in strategy as well so load loud in
20:23
canadia that's the other dibs on that is
20:26
Canadian reason to Canada so notice out
20:30
but an American is just well about Bo
20:32
toffee is that out there since we're
20:35
talking about diff box it's good to get
20:37
that sorted out again you talked about
20:39
it before in class but
20:42
it wasn't here maybe he don't remember
20:44
ok let's continue they say the word I
20:49
bet very slowly and try to isolate the
20:53
first part of the it started probably
20:55
yeah I still a part of it say perfect
20:58
hope you know you said you can see the
21:02
denier you're nothing just fill my part
21:06
of it you see guy again part of it
21:08
Harken odds only no booty if it comes up
21:13
tap right t is a lot going on Tom
21:16
because attack so to make it return part
21:20
of it too part of it compare this with
21:28
the vowels at up as in that bug father
21:33
alright so where I is the different i
21:37
right stokke ye but its I and boy and he
21:44
wants you to just listen to the first
21:45
half of the diphthong so you can isolate
21:48
the first foul so everybody say I
21:52
alright how slow down and don't say the
21:54
ecard I
22:00
it's not ah it's not a I
22:05
can you find your Tanya's try to feel
22:09
where you're Talia's when you say just
22:11
the first half of right all right so
22:21
you'll find that this ah ok but you want
22:23
to compare it to app and up and up so
22:26
make that sound then compared to app
22:28
make that sound compare it to up make
22:31
that sound compared to odd to get now on
22:33
your own I
22:42
all right so is the first part of the
22:47
different I like any of those other
22:49
vowels those three bells it's not at
22:52
it's not up and it's not something else
22:54
it's lower than up it's sort of in that
22:56
area but it's more so the point here is
23:00
that either of the components of a
23:03
diphthong normally does not exist in
23:05
that language certainly not English as a
23:07
monocyte Jazz's from 0 in de llanta pika
23:12
chocolate cat away Anika Belinda
23:17
shin-soo Choo shin-soo adamo in the Navy
23:21
good strong in Uganda chaffoteaux
23:25
William that's clear that's the point
23:28
you much today okay continue now make a
23:33
mapmaker now make a long i guess in
23:37
father and then say the word I is it
23:41
began with this sound all right let's
23:44
try that instead of saying i use the odd
23:47
father to replace the first component of
23:50
the diff lock say ah now say I I
23:57
it's still understandable it's not that
24:00
bad but it sounds a little I write the
24:07
result should be so nice result result
24:10
should be something like some phones or
24:15
some should be like some forms of new
24:22
form forms of New York or London cockney
24:27
English class its not New York acne New
24:31
York's liga AI DOTA each other or London
24:34
copy of New York or London cockney
24:38
English pronunciation of I ok we talk
24:41
sometimes about New York dialect and
24:44
earth the most i think the most notable
24:47
vowel is 0 because it gets really
24:50
exaggerated it's been as coffee and the
24:52
west coast i can say coffee coffee i say
24:54
coffee but in New York is coffee coffee
24:58
coffee coffee all right but there is
25:02
also a bit different and if you
25:04
exaggerate the Abba cats on my father
25:06
and I the maybe you sound like you're
25:09
speaking in New York dialect ah ah I I
25:12
don't know how accurate that is this
25:15
little granite cell fraction or London
25:17
cockney what's the
25:19
nigga don't you the orange 82 cockney
25:22
comet couldn't come at five judges
25:28
kinds of other cognitive some public and
25:33
original that's right contrast comparing
25:39
it so just like some form some other
25:42
pronunciations some other pronunciations
25:45
starting for example with the bow for
25:50
example with the road app as yeah and
25:54
then back in week in it with case in
26:01
this case lipstick again and Samiha just
26:06
like some and other all of these are
26:10
used contrasted Lee so like some forms
26:14
of New York try some other
26:16
pronunciations in this case the sound of
26:19
dough should contrastive so what is this
26:22
tell you what is she go in your
26:23
pronunciation notes you have to
26:25
understand what you're reading and you
26:27
have to understand what came before it
26:29
you have to understand what can be for
26:31
it and what you're reading now and you
26:35
have to understand what you're reading
26:36
now is referring to because I had to
26:39
lose a summer job wait i forgot Utley on
26:42
ice cream right I think the normal
26:45
Taiwan way of reading English is you
26:47
read word by word by word by word you're
26:49
not even thinking of it took us some
26:51
cheese and some don't you baby do you
26:53
think you think that most time you think
26:55
things like that when the reading
26:56
English rashad AMA I don't think so
27:00
at least I can tell by my ears that my
27:03
students they're too busy reading the
27:05
campaign's of what some is doing there
27:08
some of the assumptions you doing it to
27:09
you so you now have finished almost a
27:13
whole semester phonetics you're going to
27:15
be different you need to usually read
27:18
ahead now chef du Bois p.m. and start
27:20
marking things otherwise when you're
27:23
busy reading your brain can't handle so
27:25
many tasks will forget that take it onto
27:28
yo your daily questions so y'all told me
27:31
did you hear what I'm saying we had to
27:34
text markup you have to think what is
27:36
referring to what otherwise you won't
27:38
know what it's supposed to get stressed
27:40
music why do I have to think so much and
27:43
put stress on these words i've been i've
27:47
been living 18 years without picking you
27:49
up this before why do i have to figure
27:50
out this now right the thing is why do
27:53
we do this why is important to learn
27:56
these things and start doing a throne
27:57
speech how does only actually
28:07
exactly that's the whole answer because
28:09
without that the listener is going to
28:11
have to struggle to understand what it
28:13
is you're talking about you don't stress
28:15
these things your listener will be
28:16
confused they'll get confused i'll have
28:19
to think hard figure out some actually
28:21
an interesting bubble but they have to
28:23
do everything that you don't do anything
28:26
that you don't do you wash your hands
28:27
with responsibility somebody has to do
28:30
it it doesn't just it doesn't float out
28:33
into outer space we're just wanting to
28:35
get 20 hours of butea everything you
28:38
don't do who has to do it the listener
28:40
has to do it for you but you're the one
28:43
who's speaking of reading it's your
28:45
responsibility that's like I said where
28:48
I differ from Professor Jenkins she
28:50
believes the listeners need to take more
28:51
responsibility yes as learners we do
28:54
need to try hard to understand everybody
28:56
all kinds of access I totally agree but
28:59
as a speaker we should do everything
29:01
that we are able to make it easier for
29:04
the other person we don't want to make
29:05
somebody suffer when we can't believe it
29:08
why do you want to make somebody else
29:09
suffer if they suffer too much they
29:11
don't want to talk to you anymore it's
29:12
just too tiring as I've said before
29:14
that's why you need to think of these
29:16
ahead of time put this dress where it
29:18
belongs the listener will get right away
29:20
what you're trying to say they won't
29:23
have to waste energy and you can
29:24
concentrate in content rather than on
29:26
the technical details in mechanics to
29:29
see it's really very important because
29:32
you want to be nice to you listener and
29:34
that's a good reason
29:38
in this case the result is a somewhat
29:43
affected pronunciation alright so we
29:46
already tried up with I let's try add
29:49
with how does that sign say at and then
29:51
you say the first part I ok
29:58
my eye hurts my apron and he says it
30:03
probably sounds like if someone affected
30:05
pronunciation what's affected what's
30:10
affected pencil tool cool she has a
30:16
really effective sounding accent for
30:18
speech sounds really affected is it
30:21
wrong to Moya chat a fact accomplices
30:25
alright so that's this paragraph you
30:27
spend a lot of time on it I hope you got
30:28
some things out of the sea on roads in
30:30
the paragraph event will also understood
30:33
a paragraph as well I'm going to do the
30:35
next one myself and I'm a silicide
30:38
meters but I want to also make sure that
30:40
you slowly the disc on I I music the
30:46
diphthong I as in high by moves toward a
30:50
high front vowel but in most ones of
30:51
English it does not go much beyond a mid
30:54
front vowel say a word such as by ID
30:57
from the north in America and we have
31:00
high vowels our vowels are quite high
31:01
and I don't go all the way to e4 by e by
31:05
E it's too much but I go pretty high
31:08
it's not just it buy it buy it doesn't
31:12
work for me x pac why about me so
31:15
whatever he says here my vowels are
31:17
hired to me this some more natural so i
31:20
talked about it quite without you look
31:22
as a hike without e say a word to just
31:26
by making it end with a vowel f as in
31:28
bed we're going to do the same thing now
31:30
with the second part of the diss song
31:33
instead of changing the and I we're
31:36
going to change the second part the e
31:38
part if we make it as in bed so I let's
31:42
change I to i hope mrs. bed then they
31:44
get it everybody say it if all right
31:48
make that the second part of I try I
31:52
I ok a diphthong of this kind probably
31:58
has a smaller change in quality that
31:59
occurs in to normal pronunciation so
32:02
eight solo pack it gets all the
32:05
negativity neither we tell times the IE
32:07
has a I I drew the Delta yoga today so
32:13
he said kind of use it your time doesn't
32:16
make such a long trip unless you are
32:19
from a place like we're like middle of
32:25
the paragraph 6 line Texas or somewhere
32:30
in this out because a lot of diphthongs
32:32
in American English in standard American
32:34
English are in fact amount of thumbs in
32:37
the South but some sounds actually get
32:41
maybe even longer this is one that gets
32:43
cut shorter like black I like it my life
32:46
instead of like I say like Texas is
32:49
something like like okay so they pretty
32:53
much drop the second part of the defiant
32:55
in in IE but in someone in some sounds
32:59
even some modifiers like add they will
33:02
turn into two syllables in some southern
33:04
dialects so which will shorten up which
33:06
I don't get it beat up blood goes it
33:08
down to like four at and can and sunset
33:12
of Daleks basic painting I can I can't
33:15
okay it made sense of its on the other
33:18
ETA that's worth putting in your notes
33:20
you will notice that in the speech of
33:23
speakers of southern English it suffered
33:27
the southern part of us from the
33:29
southern part of us speaking that booty
33:30
on ok so KN KN for can-can km but I you
33:37
have something like a black mmm so they
33:42
will make the diphthong and by and dying
33:46
to longmont of dimes bye dad I don't
33:49
want to die
33:50
I want to buy something they say then
33:54
say by deliberately making it end with a
33:56
vowel it isn't bid so let's say bye but
34:00
make the e into it bye-bye okay that
34:05
sounds weird to this file is usually
34:07
slightly higher than the ending of this
34:09
diphthong for many speakers in English
34:11
is lower for me it's lowered for me so
34:14
this part doesn't agree with how I said
34:15
finally say bye with a vowel E as in
34:18
heat at the end now you're going to make
34:20
it really high and exaggerated to me
34:22
that sounds better than bye-bye it
34:26
sounds almost okay for me try it bye we
34:31
say that when we want to be either
34:33
really clear or sarcastic for example
34:38
that's a good body if you want to be
34:41
silly it's not natural and normal but we
34:43
use it for fun sometimes but for me it's
34:46
better than bad but is it just on
34:49
southern by iggy is closer the way I say
34:51
it there this is a much larger change in
34:54
quality than normally occurs in this
34:56
work also for me but some speakers of
34:58
Scottish English and Canadian English
35:00
have a diphthong of this kind of words
35:02
such as site which is different from the
35:04
diphthong that they have inside what is
35:07
he talking about here he's saying that
35:12
the dibs on his site sounds different
35:14
from that inside he's talking about
35:18
Canadian raising that we just discussed
35:20
just now that's another pair of examples
35:23
just like knife knives site site site is
35:27
IE side is I site side and I have it
35:32
very clearly next page 93 the dis one oh
35:35
and how usually starts with the quality
35:37
very similar
35:38
at the beginning of high so we're now
35:41
comparing which to dispose I am I and
35:50
what not uh please ah right well
35:56
comparing I and now just finished
35:58
talking about I so if you're getting a
36:02
little lost if you need to know about I
36:03
just go back over these paragraphs he's
36:05
trying to wait makeup body that either
36:08
they now go tell the fun nothing way so
36:12
now we're going to do the same thing
36:13
with I will finish this paragraph I'll
36:16
usually starts with a vowel that's very
36:18
similar to the one that starts out to
36:20
diss song and high so I oh how they
36:24
catch egan how the door my way just have
36:26
a duel and that's why we use your mouth
36:29
today we use the same symbol that you
36:31
learn in school long ago with with kk if
36:33
you learn kk try to say owl as if it
36:36
started first of all let's say i'll
36:37
everyone ow oh it's very very similar to
36:42
mandarin good good bore you to all the
36:45
ink pen GG toggle door you know my legs
36:48
are you try to say owl as if it started
36:51
with ad as in had so everyone say ad and
36:56
now use it for the first part of al al
36:59
al owl I think some people do speak like
37:04
that but I certainly don't some speakers
37:06
of the type of English spoken around
37:08
London and the Thames Estuary to tell
37:11
good job tens I bet you wouldn't have
37:14
said that if I didn't tell you right
37:17
knee and kind of horse or things better
37:20
day to get in tens tens the Thames
37:24
Estuary and sent out so often called
37:27
estuary English to go to Tempe Walsh
37:30
inside that bag satchel would say he
37:32
shouted as I import her door and itching
37:34
boo sit down Dalton PDC the evening
37:37
listen estuary English just about
37:40
Sachin's equal to 1 2 3 1 2 3 and
37:43
building like a building that find faith
37:46
on a4 p.m. when I found out in Gordon
37:50
and gina g photo/sue may own a
37:52
go-between whole Adele those who build
37:54
yoga using again right in British in SJ
37:59
English and young people's British
38:01
English so some of them have a
38:03
complicated movement in this diphthong
38:05
making a sequence of qualities like
38:07
those in n as in bed I as in bud and
38:11
always in food so it's 00 something like
38:17
that so how how now brown cow just lay
38:22
sit down the fight on boolean anyway
38:23
well poop Yalta was the elements without
38:25
back isaac on yeah some people have this
38:28
diphthong or if we all share it will be
38:30
able to end just recognize it and have
38:33
fun with it of course don't make make
38:35
fun of it if people speak that way it's
38:37
just the way they speak and that was
38:39
about let's take a break we're going to
38:41
continue and we're going to try to move
38:42
kind of fast now we've just finished
38:45
talking about which two diphthongs i am
38:50
out and next we're going to talk about a
38:53
second paragraph on page 93 the dismount
38:57
a isn't hey varies considerably in
38:59
different forms of english from american
39:01
english speakers have a diphthong
39:02
starting with about very like it in head
39:05
as shown the upper part of figure 4.2
39:09
you can look at it if you want to most
39:11
BBC english speakers and many Midwestern
39:13
Americans have a smaller diphthong
39:15
starting closer to it as in hid so a or
39:19
eight it just kind of settle the gold
39:22
eluant e36 Oh Toby LDS junk off a a
39:26
without my dogs on 80 s true English as
39:31
described above has a larger diphthong
39:33
so that word such as mate take sound
39:37
somewhat like might type and that's sort
39:40
of the the stereotype we have of cockney
39:44
estuary
39:46
in English that they copy means young
39:48
I'm an agenda so Mike and Ike might
39:51
tight and that is pretty common if you
39:53
listen to I CRT I know you don't listen
39:55
to the radio but just to hear it there
39:58
is a British announcer named Gavin
40:00
Phipps how the codeine toggle just dance
40:03
isn't just I make tight yo dan I the way
40:06
down conversely others including many
40:13
Scots have a higher Bible am on a song
40:15
that can be written as a take take make
40:19
instead of make its make take and they
40:24
had something like that in Hawaii when I
40:26
was there by Hawaii come and gently
40:28
don't eat window kitchen so chin down
40:30
boy young teen fun i'm gonna eat my job
40:33
pitch it kind of puts a your pigeon
40:35
because we eat Byron how to make up AE
40:37
then ada kind of daughter so in some
40:40
dialects it is not quite so much of a
40:43
diphthong and that I understand is why I
40:45
can't even not just use the letter e as
40:48
a symbol for a he felt it wasn't very
40:51
diff formal but that creates problems in
40:53
Taiwan English because that's why you
40:55
say things like mech instead of make and
40:58
that in Taiwan English so kk e bi own
41:02
the nigga e home in Sana'a Daggett in
41:05
teaching salsa ghosh drama mean and
41:06
standard american english and in British
41:09
so a device with jitters you go dude
41:12
thumb stick II don't think I just
41:15
buh-buh-buh-buh-buh galton to do mmm
41:18
check your own pronunciation and see how
41:21
you should represent it let's just say
41:23
it um let's say a couple words with age
41:26
usually time when students have no
41:28
problem with hey hey Zig is a meal when
41:30
T everybody hey say but if you put a
41:34
vowel at the end it becomes different
41:37
for example hate a lot of people say hat
41:40
I had him okay well balls of time Jesus
41:45
Italian ass hate hate
41:50
they hate mate mate made please watch
41:56
that a that's the number one problem in
41:59
Taiwan English in my opinion what's your
42:01
name should be what's your name yo just
42:03
a home man goes on the e drilling into
42:07
being hoping you're being that I one tub
42:11
of Iranian tool what's your name what's
42:13
your name should be what's your name
42:15
Annie come out to get a de novo e book
42:18
went home answer em and was edith soy
42:21
ptk bdg depot kwanzaa manana sorry onion
42:24
80 the gallant curly antique just eating
42:28
our teaching city because in my 27 years
42:31
of observation take it means to babble
42:33
fernandomania toilet so AE 82 layout
42:37
code should be in the next diphthong
42:40
they're going to talk about here is 0 it
42:42
as a hoe and hoe is too tall by the way
42:46
d tau I learned that from the Taiwanese
42:49
folk songs uh-huh help that somehow okay
42:53
oh um it can be regarded as the back
42:56
counter part of a 80 chamo in a daddy
43:01
now oh so homo eat or jaw or so oh he's
43:07
such a muy shower door either home in
43:10
the negative answer Oh everyone oh this
43:15
is also problem in Taiwan English a lot
43:17
of people say no instead of known so
43:20
bummed out kk invalid oh jesus you know
43:23
200 shikha sharma in good for you aldila
43:27
OG woozy anthems guns how are ye olde
43:31
over oh I hope face hanging in fate on
43:35
the fail even a nigga a tic angels in
43:37
with an a so so he'll die Tommy did they
43:40
they take fate so go to the eighth homey
43:46
and a bit e a a dot e na tum logo time
43:51
because when I have students read this
43:53
usually
43:54
they say it perfectly okay everybody say
44:00
this now this good okay let's try that
44:09
perfect what word is that right read it
44:15
like this not fat or fat excuse me the
44:22
wrong stroke here or fit no no it should
44:30
be they eat and think of this whenever
44:35
you read a think of this part aje and
44:39
you will get it because you can do it
44:40
perfectly in Chinese which means all you
44:42
have to do is carry it over to English
44:44
although that's hard because as soon as
44:46
you think your race turns on English it
44:49
turns on the wrong bowels so you say
44:52
I'll say say 80 and Chinese they say a
44:55
doctor e AE 80 ok now say faii Faye is
45:00
ok now put it to you at the end bat I
45:04
said don't say it in English save in
45:06
Chinese ok Faye that and it goes over
45:10
and over and over again because your
45:12
brain has got this deeply deeply
45:14
ingrained habit it's really hard to
45:16
change you have to take a hammer and
45:18
chisel and chisel it out and then
45:19
replace it with Chinese Chinese won't
45:22
make it perfect so use Chinese to get
45:25
there and it'll be fine let's see 40
45:30
it's the bad version of a it is
45:34
principally a movement in the high-low
45:36
dimension usage is what had some old out
45:39
is it is it high to low or low to high
45:43
high to low or low to high low-to-high
45:47
start some bit lower and it goes higher
45:49
but in most forms of rid of it British
45:51
English we don't say Oh quite like that
45:54
it
45:54
oh oh so it's more front back be dope
45:59
danzo media so shwat a little nigga way
46:02
to now hung up whoa-ho-ho me I'll call
46:06
the diva oh so everyone American Oh
46:09
British oh ok it's not perfect I overdo
46:14
it but that's about how it works the
46:18
remaining diphthong moving in the upper
46:20
direction is oi upward direction as a as
46:23
in boy again the stiff Bob does not end
46:26
in a very high bowel it often ends with
46:29
a vowel similar to that in bed and
46:31
that's true more of British English than
46:33
American English boy boy would it he had
46:36
called up so a lot of the things he says
46:39
here when he says the vowel doesn't go
46:41
very high I think it's more British at
46:44
least mine from Minnesota are pretty
46:46
high boy boy e I no doubt eat but it's
46:49
pretty high he says we might as well
46:51
have transcribed it as boa now that
46:54
sounds like Naboo town to me so this is
46:57
not applicable to my kind of English
47:01
okay so just remember don't make the all
47:05
part to la everyone boy boy toy poison
47:14
coil it said okay next elastic bond is
47:22
the US and Q it differs from all other
47:25
diphthongs in that the more prominent
47:27
part occurs at the beginning or end I
47:33
just gonna sit there at the end has to
47:36
be more of you and laur okay I think all
47:38
right so the more prominent part occurs
47:41
at the end you you the year is a Hawaii
47:44
it's a glide and a glide is the part of
47:48
the diphthong that is not so prominent
47:51
Xiaomi mean and beat up with gentle
47:53
Jelani so yup is applying here it
47:57
supplies and I eat years ago phi e which
48:01
opposition to the pool friend it's a
48:04
glide so foggy because it is the only
48:08
bowel this kind many books on English
48:10
phonetics do not even consider the
48:12
diphthong they treated as a sequence of
48:14
a consonant followed by about yet Kaleta
48:17
muffin sheet eco fine grain in was
48:20
either changing in approximate jaza
48:22
eager yvonne de dah mo in Honduras
48:26
Timothy she we have considered it to be
48:29
a diphthong because of the way of
48:30
patterns in English he's talking about
48:33
the distribution of you in English words
48:36
and when we're talking about patterns
48:37
and distributions we're talking about
48:39
what area of study of it is it phonetics
48:47
and phonology phonology fun pay how the
48:51
moisture how the pattern have a great
48:54
solemnity don't use a sweet phonology so
48:57
when we're talking about how patterns
48:58
for talking about phonology historically
49:01
it is a vowel just like the other
49:03
promise we have been considering
49:05
furthermore if it is not about then we
49:09
have to say that there's a whole series
49:11
of consonant clusters in English that
49:12
can occur before only one vowel now you
49:16
have to think here to get what you say
49:18
the sounds at the beginning of pew
49:22
beauty q spew skew and foremost speakers
49:27
of British English tuned to do soo Zeus
49:31
new view I don't say then that Wayne's
49:34
do if we if we analyze the vowel as a
49:39
monofin what are we going to do with
49:42
that yet we have to put it somewhere so
49:47
he's saying that you probably would have
49:49
to put it with the first consonant so
49:50
then we have a lot of strange constants
49:52
instead of just hook book cook etc we
49:56
now have hooked yeah but yeah
50:02
good skill do you see what you say make
50:06
it here your target if I'm fine and
50:08
we're gonna know a nigga here push
50:09
through it you dip it in the fire
50:12
look-a-here y'all gonna get slim pins I
50:14
HD so then we have for example who and
50:19
cue now go put on the TV / and here
50:22
google niga neomu yo SI que tengo in the
50:26
UU do you understand this logic now
50:29
Karen you get it no um Julia you get it
50:34
can you explain it to the class in
50:36
Chinese please
50:41
this dibs on intuition part
50:46
Glad should be
50:47
I'm fine with this
50:51
that's exactly it I don't know if
50:53
everybody getting somebody else Jamie to
50:54
get it can you explain to the same
50:57
Chinese all right okay claim on so he's
51:17
saying we gotta put that years somewhere
51:19
and if we we don't if we don't like the
51:22
idea that the yield belongs with the
51:23
vowel o becomes you with the year there
51:26
then we consider that a different okay
51:28
we don't like that idea we have to put
51:30
the heel with the continent and becomes
51:32
for example club and pure so even a
51:35
put-down cope with hong duc de how do
51:38
you think that we should has it a whole
51:40
set of continents in english with you
51:42
look after it in with a in tone door
51:45
shop would be a quick tour to hunt door
51:47
right some herb whip up put up her and
51:52
for the girl with benson put a cup here
51:55
here cute european thing why I eat
51:58
durian the woman shouts aunt Wilma no
52:01
sorry nigga year I second moon fans are
52:04
each that's the argument that he is
52:06
presenting here or it's not actually it
52:10
was a dually de lui lui good c equals
52:13
downtown or seek a cluster because each
52:15
one you guys are my strong right so it's
52:18
not a separate set of new consonants but
52:21
it's a separate set of consonant
52:22
clusters you have benign mail peel down
52:26
the cluster yo pro we have played pray
52:30
etc we have clay and tay at 40 we have
52:36
trade etc twin TW and cook us what we
52:42
have quit so but not me oh dear what's
52:46
the deal damage each wine male down the
52:50
cluster ok to narrow down potential
52:53
or shortened guys they got deleted scene
52:55
in push it passport well my dear I'll
52:57
serve those scenes up see you trying but
53:01
Nigel fails at it's me trying because
53:03
any Video Suite you look why not just
53:06
Europeans and singing holder the other
53:09
thing John hey play dances but we don't
53:13
originally have pay PA male sounds it's
53:17
neat wife ok now it's there Rihanna so
53:20
what say you down the good day alright
53:21
so chilly down yup day he says that in
53:26
order to keep that in order so we don't
53:28
have to how's it a whole bunch of new
53:30
consonant clusters we need to put the
53:32
yoke with the or it makes more sense to
53:34
put the heel with the and there are no
53:38
English words beginning with PA or k
53:41
yeah we have can but we don't have can
53:45
we don't we have to have pay but not PA
53:48
so this yields had a fun page views i
53:51
use a channel 82 shin look at j how do
53:54
you the champ wait is a good day to shin
53:56
get a deep on me people keep quiet
53:59
sounds a good to each one is that not
54:01
clear yeah anybody not clear raise your
54:05
hand ok one more explanation and eight
54:09
go ahead do it in chinese please if you
54:13
can explain Oh
54:34
clean chance a consonant cluster like in
54:38
play pray stay straight Jimmy a suit Leo
54:43
host and ugly in just with either you go
54:47
to net that's what we're talking about
54:49
with constant cluster but that clear
54:51
with clear data they were countdown
54:53
potential okay and anything else you
54:55
want to ask I thought you're going to
54:57
explain because a couple of people set
54:59
to go you Wiz male bard'ika you the
55:03
infancy Vegas Rama II see you in today
55:06
Year Hudson and solutions i odish and
55:11
topical inclusions idea the more easy
55:13
chair so we have for example hat p80
55:17
packed right but is it possible to have
55:20
P at you when you know PS family down de
55:23
Mayo kazuyo pew pew surrounding in a
55:28
negative Magda jump you beautifully fuse
55:33
ocoee where else we have it hundo nigga
55:39
years I messaging with Gianna there's a
55:41
few good pew stew some people say still
55:45
most people say stew but in British its
55:47
tilt you so did a jerk the swoosh it's a
55:52
shame use the chin collusion is that is
55:55
that clear now a minha clima wasn't
55:58
angel okay just one more time man
56:03
why do you want to consider this as a
56:10
diphthong easy just look at you y'all
56:13
can't ooh found out each way soon enough
56:15
you may put down a lot when we have a
56:17
word like few or a word like pew now how
56:23
the email sit down sit okay let's see if
56:32
we have this year as the second element
56:35
of a consonant cluster we're talking
56:38
about consonant clusters here okay ami
56:44
tomake a constant clusters or someone to
56:47
each one just with eco eco in tier 10
56:51
mins to lianca eat rabbits and guinea
56:54
shots say 10 is equal to G nest of it
56:57
right because the stay s T stay was it
57:01
that busy in mah make it up to each one
57:04
that's a consonant cluster ok so say
57:07
stay no problem but can we have SE SE
57:15
and CA go down the EMA stage the curry
57:23
straight across and see your keys
57:26
straight cuz we're not good we found
57:30
Zach as horny as we go go to any good
57:33
see you tryna say stay straight only
57:38
when T coz a CA you when you're down in
57:41
LA your tender dama not see a spoken on
57:45
so yes park which we share the device on
57:50
I'm your chance to show you some ativan
57:52
nigga your site so you know very true
57:55
time to change some young that you
57:58
go
58:00
only before you so the only time we're
58:04
going to see this yeah after a consonant
58:07
is f is before you so cute is ok right
58:14
but how about kit is that ok key it or
58:20
he at is that ok or yet is that ok it
58:27
doesn't work with any vowel except you
58:31
so kia co even deconvolution edges like
58:35
you to chat so that makes this thing
58:39
that we should do what with that you
58:41
should we should we consider it a
58:44
consonant cluster like for example crow
58:48
crow can occur be for what crap crap
58:53
crap is not at the root of crap just
58:56
wanted to avoid that word crap is ok
58:59
crate is okay crowd went to write a seat
59:06
here hmm crowd is okay crowd is okay
59:16
what else crown well that's all so
59:21
whatever the point is that crook can
59:24
occur in front of many different kinds
59:27
of vowels right crook likely a creep you
59:33
can easily crib is a word idiot Cody oh
59:37
yeah puss like hey arts which ends I
59:41
hand what with all the movie jannat male
59:43
20 cuz here can we say yeah right gout
59:49
gout cipal Kenna even male down to eat
59:53
yeah only occurs where the vowel is you
59:59
so for that reason we're thinking that
60:01
instead of considering cute as a cluster
60:05
like
60:06
crook or club it makes more sense to
60:09
consider it part of the bottle alright
60:14
if you still don't get it you're going
60:15
to have to ask a classmate after class
60:16
don't wanna tell me that alright so for
60:19
that reason it's because of the way it
60:21
patterns its distribution makes this
60:24
thing that this yup belongs to the oat
60:27
and we shouldn't consider it a separate
60:29
continent that would be part of a
60:31
consonant cluster any Mon this is
60:35
important it will probably be on the
60:36
test make sure it's clear make sure it's
60:39
clear in your mind if it's not clear
60:40
read it over ass discuss whatever posts
60:44
on into your pathetic whatever it takes
60:47
so it will make a lot of things much
60:50
simpler if we just consider you a part
60:52
of the vowel so it's our only rising
60:55
diphthongs that you want wait either
60:56
rising diphthong let's continue now
60:59
we're going out to a new section page 94
61:01
we're talking about rohtak vowels and
61:03
these are vowels that have our coloring
61:06
and our comes after them which is
61:09
pronounced in rohtak dialects like
61:12
American English like general American
61:14
but not in many dialects that are
61:18
similar to standard British like
61:20
Australia and South African generally
61:21
don't have it I can only say with a
61:25
speak with confidence about standard
61:26
British though they definitely don't
61:28
have hours after vowels the only common
61:31
stressed vowel of American English not
61:34
shown in figure 4.2 is herb and he
61:39
writes it with it looks like a number
61:40
three with a hook on it as in sir heard
61:42
fer this follow does not fit on the
61:45
chart because it cannot be described
61:46
simply in terms of the features high low
61:49
front back rounded unrounded remember
61:51
those are the three kinds of features
61:53
that we usually use we usually can use
61:56
to describe a vowel how is it high or
61:58
low is it front or back rugged or under
62:01
to sign Club and those are the also they
62:05
correspond to the three formats format
62:08
14 min 24 min 3 ok so you want to sign
62:13
go woman I have all denied now should we
62:15
go homie taun taun joke golem but for
62:18
this herb we can't we can't use just
62:22
these three features to describe rota
62:24
sighs vowels or our coloring the vowel
62:29
earth can be said to be our colored it
62:31
involves an additional feature called
62:33
rota cessation and as I mentioned before
62:35
I believe that term was coined by
62:38
professor john wells he invented that
62:40
term and everybody uses it now just like
62:43
high low and front back the feature rota
62:44
cessation describes an auditory property
62:48
the art coloring of a vowel now if we
62:51
are describing a sound in terms of an
62:54
auditory property then is that sound
62:56
more like a consonant or more like a
62:58
vowel it's more like a vowel so our is
63:03
actually much like a vowel and it also
63:07
behaves like a vowel for example in the
63:10
American English tact rule like dirty
63:15
der like this wouldn't want me know our
63:18
the end of the goatee you'll eat cuz it
63:22
nigga hi suit put signs attack dirty
63:24
suena got our job site a Polish let your
63:27
chat kappa lecture argit on you to the
63:30
movie okay so our behaves a lot like a
63:34
vowel we're not going to count it is
63:36
about it's still an approximate but
63:38
because we need to describe it
63:40
auditorily that tells us that it
63:42
probably is more like a vowel which is
63:44
very much like about when we describe
63:47
the height of a vowel you're saying
63:48
something about how it sounds rather
63:50
than something about the tongue gesture
63:52
necessary to produce it we say this many
63:54
times we see it many many times in my
63:56
pocket similarly when we describe a
63:59
sound as a rotor size battle we are
64:01
saying something about how it sounds so
64:04
rotas' ization look it's a teenage Santa
64:06
who's the cell phone how needle NT diet
64:09
yep photos in it you need us to help
64:11
penetrate ren jia yo joseph she'll show
64:16
up little moisture don't talk cuz any
64:18
question a don't SWAT kind of boo
64:21
go like now choosing our art the change
64:25
it jeevan san jose well you done battle
64:27
in sheltered euler teach I shall article
64:30
or book or needs Mottola because there
64:33
are too many different ways of making an
64:34
art the transcription for the phrase my
64:38
sister is bird and most forms of
64:41
American English would be my sister's
64:44
cooked schwa bird that's a three the
64:48
oval with an earth not everybody does it
64:51
this way some people just use Schwab for
64:53
this dress one as well Rhodes's vowels
64:56
are often called retroflex tiles but
64:58
there are at least two distinct ways in
65:00
which art coloring can be produced see
65:02
figure 4.3 you've got these pictures on
65:06
the right now these are produced I
65:10
believe with magnetic resonance imaging
65:12
to mr a MRI tents and these shavings
65:15
yeah and some speakers have the tip of
65:20
the tongue raised as in a retroflex
65:22
consonant so if i say birdie shut up a
65:27
giant go to gender earth so creates a
65:30
mafada samantha the speaker shown in the
65:33
top panel of work by three how it uses
65:35
or has this type of tongue configuration
65:38
in a look at his tongue you can see it
65:41
top picture and 4.3 and adama you won't
65:46
come out us little downs up one side of
65:48
it alright that's the retro flick style
65:52
of art in english to go starts its
65:55
journey sure
65:56
I in five all right that's the thumb is
66:01
pointing straight up and it's starting
66:03
to curl back a little dirty what codes
66:05
on my name it's not my usual way of
66:07
doing it though others such as the
66:12
speaker in the bottom panel keep the tip
66:14
down and produce a high bunch tongue
66:17
position so look at the second picture
66:19
what kind of nigga should hope so that's
66:22
something jeez I III I hope child on the
66:24
galleons in your mouth yes is oh no hon
66:28
hold up sounds it here und nashik John
66:30
is that right alright that's the second
66:33
kind of way to make an arm that's the
66:36
bunch art because it should hope these I
66:39
see the function was address or the
66:41
phone shuts of subtleties ATT the bunch
66:43
tongue the function so those are the two
66:46
main ways you can make an art and they
66:49
sound similar but not exactly alike for
66:52
me the third eating or earth nigga are
66:55
the way don't be jealous all bunched up
66:57
would you have me or they give them
66:58
applause I'm are the wake up does it
67:00
look so why do you go down shoot dirty
67:03
listen to me doing the 2 i'm not good at
67:05
the gesture kind because i don't usually
67:07
do that so dirty 30 birdie i think the
67:12
biggest difference is what changes if
67:15
you register d dirty huh go ahead
67:27
that's probably just me when I try to
67:29
perform so like this probably this out
67:32
and after yeah it's going in the
67:36
direction of the bowel the Bible changes
67:38
a bit the vowel will change and you find
67:41
that in Mandarin you could try it out
67:44
how do you say son say again all right
67:50
you're our is not really strong right
67:52
but you do have some kind of an arm
67:54
because if somebody says oh that sounds
67:57
not very educated is that right dime on
67:59
T ties with Joey Tony Melville girl was
68:02
it kind of just a phase on each I'm
68:03
stratifying is that right or not that's
68:14
right that's right and so you will have
68:17
less sighs has anyone shown me all our
68:20
way mom why don't I went yeah but that's
68:28
it okay would you say that in a more
68:31
formal situation alright alright so as d
68:38
that the Argo which do you prefer and I
68:42
don't want to be a boy in you're in I
68:43
just want to be talking normally now
68:45
which one do you prefer one or two one
68:47
arts that was a little to Beijing okay
68:50
ards and 20 you prefer one right to is
68:56
common dr go and talk about the red but
69:00
its marked chi co in marking what your
69:02
though we gonna wait casual is so you
69:05
say oh how sensitive but it's still
69:09
marked you guys are way too weak having
69:11
a fine too yo ed n be job hear me nigga
69:14
Beltran the ganja right some people are
69:18
not it i agree with your Jerome I know
69:19
it's very common cuz I'll go high
69:21
surgery or Denmark at least in a formal
69:24
situation I think you'll put
69:25
little bit of an are there if the art is
69:27
completely gone I think it's marked
69:29
because I really really noticed that
69:31
most people have a little bit of an hour
69:32
it's not like a baking and painting it
69:35
will come out artisan and I think the
69:37
main difference is but vowel is also
69:39
different the reason I brought it up in
69:41
Chinese is because you say earth or been
69:46
bitching ours is not fashion about
69:48
actual artists so that agenda Soho they
69:53
got more in facial instance it don't
69:55
more intellectual life that was my point
69:57
so in dirty birdie and dirty you found
70:03
me a more jettisoning up moving with
70:04
Sony's young so that's why for my ears
70:06
to my ears retro flex and punched are
70:09
are not exactly the same they both
70:11
produce an art but very often the vowel
70:14
gets more changed in the retro flex
70:18
version real it relative to what I'm
70:20
used to so early dirty birdie or earth
70:25
or to home in the dark Jean 30 or Derby
70:30
okay but I'm at a good print producer of
70:32
a retrofits because I don't use it much
70:34
myself but anyway I'm only way so in
70:36
chef they both produce are because of my
70:39
the way why drink young because your
70:41
tongues in a different place what kind
70:42
of learn train young so these two
70:46
gestures produce a very similar auditory
70:49
effect does a teen class of mine shantha
70:51
x-ray studies of speech I guess this is
70:54
an MRI I guess these are actually x-rays
70:56
okay they look something like mr alright
71:00
um x-ray studies of speech have shown
71:03
them in both these ways of producing a
71:05
rota sized quality there's usually a
71:07
constriction in the pharynx caused by
71:10
retraction of the part of the tongue
71:12
near the epiglottis so for both of the
71:14
arse need a shuttle the whole via wait
71:17
team how did it get be a way to sit
71:20
something I got just so good
71:22
I 1800 try to see if you can feel it say
71:28
oh you look I get out so they'll home in
71:32
tunica make a ference into Yvonne wheat
71:34
genome out try it right or or can you
71:39
feel the back of your tongue that whole
71:40
area is getting tight try it graduated
71:45
I'll wait to admire all right ours do
71:47
that in Chinese in English as well near
71:52
the epic lies the most noticeable
71:54
difference among accents of English is
71:56
in whether they have our colored vowels
71:58
so a adult eating when equipped all the
72:00
whole Indian town how about as hobby
72:03
jokes are you dig up our movie Hoda are
72:06
never get Valenti in many forms of
72:08
American English Rhoda cessation occurs
72:10
when vowels are followed by our as in
72:13
beard Baird bard board poor tire hour so
72:21
we pronounce the arse access that
72:23
permits some form of our after a Bible
72:26
are said to be rotating Rho uses
72:28
Chihuahua are to get slim also our age
72:31
ultimate Shiva rohtak so could you to
72:33
get sympathy on these Edinson the rota
72:35
cessation of the vowel is often not so
72:37
evident at the beginning of the vowel
72:39
something of the quality of the
72:42
individual vowel remains but in sir
72:45
heard are at the point here and I've
72:48
mentioned it before but let's repeat it
72:49
for this foul or this vowel the whole
72:57
vowel is our cuts home hope that way
73:00
jose our Comment fungi tune into a home
73:03
answer Irv Irv they got our starts right
73:06
from the beginning so early early ich
73:10
heisse ajoy yards i but that's not true
73:13
the other vowels for example art the
73:16
word part the first part of the vowel is
73:21
just a there's no are there art Oh Burt
73:25
you creep like that
73:27
tell me but doesn't even believe
73:29
homemade by sia art coloring everybody
73:32
try early you can feel that tightness
73:36
right at the beginning early art can you
73:42
feel that the beginning is just a plain
73:44
vowel the are only comes about halfway
73:46
through and you can see this
73:48
instrumentally yo male pot don't step
73:52
the ground fish yet each sheet I today
73:54
on the hot you can see it so that's the
73:57
important thing for Earth that's the
73:59
only one that is are all the way through
74:01
all the other vowels like or are etc
74:05
they will all have just the vowel itself
74:10
at the beginning of the artist nights
74:11
about halfway through that part is clear
74:13
anyone so it's so far as the quality of
74:22
this power can be described in terms of
74:23
the features high low in front back it
74:25
appears to be a mid-central vowel such
74:28
as a with added Rhoda cessation
74:30
passionately on down show her that it in
74:32
the heart it's MidCentral vowel it's a
74:36
myth central role of side Josh I wrote a
74:39
cessation oh oh okay so Jim holes I
74:45
don't get sunshine yet I don't yen take
74:48
jaws are negotiable hope y'all go rancid
74:51
retrofits younger and should bunched up
74:53
the function okay routing accents are
74:58
the norm in most parts of North America
75:00
however in some parts of us they don't
75:02
have postal kalakaar or sometimes it's
75:05
inconsistent yo soy yo yo so mail nambu
75:08
child would you know so you know so mail
75:10
new year uShip they were prevalent
75:13
throughout Britain in Shakespeare's time
75:14
and still occur in the West Country
75:16
Scotland and other regions distant from
75:19
London in Wakanda defunct yes I yo are
75:22
yes y'all we hold our because if Joseph
75:25
Belton
75:26
the mail I have had food industry email
75:29
cuz it equal hello diva Ric audience
75:32
will I ok try to find a speaker of
75:37
English with an accent that is opposite
75:39
of yours wrote eight or nine Roger as
75:41
the case may be listen to their bowels
75:44
in words such as mirror fairer sure poor
75:48
pure and compare them with your own okay
75:50
the best that I can do in British
75:52
English is something like this would be
75:53
mera mera mera and I think that was
75:57
pretty good it sounds good to my ears
75:59
Sarah Sarah why don't we try those
76:02
American and British I went mirror
76:05
mirror uh-huh Ferrer it's hard to say
76:10
fairer Sarah there sure shoma poor poor
76:23
huh cure pura pura is pure English mmm
76:30
ok your ship is another girl time but
76:33
that's how it works standard babies
76:35
English is not roaming and has
76:37
diphthongs not shown in figure 4.2 going
76:41
from a vowel near the outside of the
76:42
bowel bowel space to a central Val we
76:44
talked about those last but when you
76:47
were talking about in another chance
76:49
chapter 2 Lightning in chapter 2 we
76:51
already covered this and these are
76:55
described as iya and add so for example
76:57
here is here and there is that let's
77:02
just try those here yeah there there
77:07
some speakers have a lump at instead of
77:10
a particularly before our is in faerie
77:14
and bearing so um very very your shirt
77:20
enjoys it I'll be all time fairy that's
77:24
what I have fairy in American fair fair
77:27
and bury some people have a centering
77:30
diphthong look inward such as pool pool
77:33
pool but it's not being replaced
77:37
Oh Paul he's very cool and that's why
77:40
you've heard of I will change when we
77:41
were doing the words just now so
77:43
everybody the old way is cool oh cool
77:47
the current weight is Paul Paul he's
77:51
very cold we also noticed in chapter 2
77:55
that some speakers have a centering
77:56
diphthong that we did not call it that
77:58
in words like hire and fire for those by
78:02
centering diff lock means that we're
78:03
losing part of the dibs on it's going
78:06
towards schwa that's how Shannon schwa
78:07
so everyone had five okay as a
78:13
conclusion of this section we will
78:15
consider the ways in which bow is a
78:16
different accents or indeed of different
78:18
languages can differ each accent or
78:24
language contrast the number a certain
78:27
number of vowels the first difference
78:28
between two accents may be in the number
78:30
of vowels in contrast California English
78:33
for example differs from many Midwestern
78:35
accents of English and having lost the
78:36
contrast between ah and OO as in cat vs
78:41
clock so there is one fewer vowel in the
78:43
California system but like I said it is
78:46
not about fifty percent of the u.s. and
78:47
that's a useful number about half the
78:49
u.s. does not distinguish and it's not
78:52
just California it's all over the
78:53
country Minnesota lots of people don't
78:55
distinguish anymore I'm similarly most
78:59
British English accents have systemic
79:01
differences for most American English
79:03
accents in that they have additional
79:05
vowels distinguishing cart hot cord by
79:09
vowels that we can represent by ah all
79:13
an old so-called caught and cold those
79:18
are the three British ones in American
79:20
it's cart hot court another way what
79:24
Jackson's can differ is in the vowels
79:25
that occur in certain words both BBC
79:29
English and American newscaster English
79:31
have owls that could be symbolized by ad
79:32
and AH as in fat and father but be nice
79:36
English has the AA and gloss and lost
79:39
while American English
79:40
a subclass lost and British and glass
79:44
last an American but don't make the
79:47
mistake of thinking that all the odds
79:50
are i'll be as an American turning to
79:53
autumn British will sit down sir for
79:55
example can can see am canon in British
79:59
is can it's not common so it's very
80:03
complicated I don't think they even have
80:06
a good set of rules my British teacher
80:08
has not figured them all out himself he
80:10
gets the wrong occasionally not to pick
80:11
on him but um it's not trade forward
80:15
people so the soil that make sure that
80:16
app then into the eye I'll make sure
80:19
that ass it easier to add you wouldn't
80:21
make sure the asset used to the eye now
80:24
I'm gonna in spelling you wish it hola
80:27
take it jumped in that tone time suits
80:30
spelling then your old upon now we did
80:32
upside down the hall to the a so
80:35
American cod British cult nigga be
80:38
judging back cuz I'll gonna add to the
80:41
guanxi hundred-foot socket standard
80:44
northern having at all right excuse me
80:47
yeah standard northern British English
80:49
has ADD so the very first time I figured
80:52
this out I was listening to the BBC and
80:54
I heard somebody who I thought was
80:57
British and suddenly he sounded American
80:59
and then he saw the British again it was
81:00
totally confusing me so they would say
81:03
things like the ball is live in a castle
81:08
I thought we bowled us there's no are
81:11
but Castle castle resume should Iran
81:14
life has to equal babe Borden in with a
81:17
babe Aldrin that activated an ass ok and
81:21
they are noticed in this out because of
81:23
that map now holding like HIV is like
81:27
hot a they will say a cook so it
81:31
up and British in the south is
81:34
butta in the north okay butta it's
81:38
recording in your notes in will babe oh
81:41
you should belted into the art with
81:44
in-app eat or thing for the other each
81:49
of the app with you
81:50
that I will be an app so the other
81:53
issues that are like loss they will say
81:56
class i ho no girls are into the DA v
82:00
like but they'll say foot but a butter
82:06
will become water okay and that really
82:11
confused me the first time and that's
82:12
when I realized that's when my teacher
82:14
explained to me the difference this kind
82:17
of difference between absence is known
82:18
as a difference in distribution of our
82:21
qualities as opposed to a difference in
82:22
system the number of distinct bowels so
82:27
in summation throw yo are you throw your
82:30
ad fun paper young add it this might be
82:34
in the test the distribution is
82:35
different how the thin pace of we have
82:37
is it yang yo ho yo yo i EOS does a
82:40
third take we yeah finally some
82:45
differences between access are simply a
82:47
matter of vowel quality two accents can
82:49
have exactly the same vowel systems and
82:51
the same vowel distributions but the
82:52
vowels can different quality those
82:54
Texans and Midwestern Americans have
82:56
similar vowel systems and distributions
82:58
that use different ways of
82:59
distinguishing the vowels in words such
83:01
as pie and the word for father hi so hi
83:05
hotness a nigga people kind of high and
83:09
how father's a paw paw paw paw ty segall
83:14
trivia because as well pi being pot
83:18
people's is what had you done you Father
83:20
down do you see what I'm saying so I say
83:24
hi in the southeast like hot apple pie
83:27
but for Baba they say Paul Moyer you'll
83:31
be in LA got it clear what is long it's
83:36
okay okay ma huh so southerners will say
83:41
path and paw whereas Midwesterners will
83:44
say hi and pop or to take a British
83:47
English example in old-fashioned cockney
83:49
English and admire Esther English accent
83:52
may have the same vowel distinctions the
83:54
same
83:54
systems and use them in the same words
83:56
but use different vowel qualities
83:58
cockney will have vowels best
84:00
representatives early and I in mate and
84:03
Mike so they say might and might mate
84:06
might sweet how about ma te mate the
84:10
interval might be way hi Japan San MIG
84:13
HT that interbred right following push
84:16
it will shoot you ain't Mike Nick it's a
84:18
great bien so mate might wait the
84:22
innocent might might might might claim
84:27
on okay Esther English pronounces these
84:33
words like a mate and might mate might
84:37
all right try to compare your own accent
84:39
in English with another accent and say
84:41
which of the vowel differences are best
84:42
described as differences in the system
84:44
of owls which are differences of
84:46
distribution and which involve just
84:47
differences in biology so for these
84:50
three things I will try to give you
84:51
examples the system is different when it
84:55
comes to AA and up for me for example
85:03
pot pot for me is ah but in British it's
85:08
going to be all so we have a different
85:10
system here which is doubles as a fam
85:13
halo which is an egg assistant make it
85:15
does systemic difference so for last
85:20
they say glossy say glass not just a
85:23
third page cuz if they go tick up aachen
85:26
all the wind tea pots and plot or
85:28
jittery Jesus system the winter you wait
85:30
who's an elite you took what don't you
85:32
to pull up pull on your cell grades are
85:34
fine that is this systemic difference
85:36
okay distribution Joseph in hey boo Yong
85:40
graves of we on the systemic sin paid
85:43
via niggas a distribution now i'm gonna
85:47
say hosted value we are cup in American
85:53
both in American and in British we write
85:56
it like this but we say cup in American
85:58
and cop and bridge make it's a valuable
86:00
tone for how eons listen
86:03
someone's Junior doesn't answer I say
86:05
equal young me that's a difference in
86:07
value okay come on so you add in AA ja
86:13
my son into home full sack Master System
86:17
foo young now since to take a thin paper
86:21
we on apply not just the distribution so
86:25
we take a lenient distribution system
86:27
known and confusing what did you have a
86:28
watch of each angel wasn't it Austria
86:30
bail cuz / journal damn attempt and
86:33
don't say you're kidding fancy McQuaid's
86:35
of bhutan your shitty last as a fan pay
86:37
or you so don't worry too much about
86:38
that this one has a different value cup
86:41
cop okay cream on if the vowels are
86:46
getting if the rules are getting really
86:47
complicated you can't predict them then
86:49
we've got a systemic difference okay
86:52
does it then maybe we on the pilots
86:54
distribution so that's this we're going
86:57
on to unstressed syllables with bells
86:59
going to ring pretty soon we haven't
87:02
finished the chapter we will finish it
87:05
on wednesday for sure but start doing
87:09
the exercises because on wednesday if
87:12
they are still do because we don't have
87:14
much time left so do the exercises for
87:16
chapter to copy the bowel allophones the
87:21
rules by hand just like you did last
87:23
night for the consonants and also have
87:26
your IPA transcriptions of mandarin
87:28
ready those are the three things we're
87:30
going to concentrate on we're going to
87:33
do that first hour on monday we're going
87:35
to work continue working on the book
87:37
actually we should finish the book on
87:38
monday will finish the book on monday
87:39
and then for wednesday will correct your
87:44
IPA transcriptions and hopefully your
87:46
sizes as well okay is that all clear now
87:49
good all right we'll see you on Monday